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Josip Broz Tito i nacionalni identitet Muslimana u Bosni i Hercegovini – dva viđenja

Author(s): Husnija Kamberović / Language(s): Serbian Publication Year: 0

The process of affirmation of Muslim national identity started during the 1960’s. This process was initiated by the governing communist political elite, and was led by intellectuals who were, by working on this task, actually working on a party assignment. Communists of Bosnia and Herzegovina were politically supported by Josip Broz Tito in this mission, whilst the intellectuals, trying to scientifically prove the existence of the Muslim nation, often referred to Tito as the key argument about the existence of this identity. From the beginning of the 90’s, the perception of Tito’s role in the affirmation of Muslim national identity in some segments of Bosniak intellectual circles underwent a radical change. In the new picture Tito was singled out as the key culprit for the late recognition of the Muslim nation. This paper, however, presents a thesis according to which the change in the perception of Tito’s role towards Muslim national identity was not a result of scientific maturing but merely a reflection of the contemporary political situation.

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Uloga Josipa Broza Tita u definisanju srpskog etničkog prostora

Author(s): Branko Nadoveza / Language(s): Serbian Publication Year: 0

Thanks to his personal activity and historical circumstances Josip Broz Tito managed to define the ethnical and territorial boundaries of the Serbian people. The two basic periods of his activity were 1937-1945 and from 1946 to his death. The solutions to the national question offered by the Communist Party of Yugoslavia could be compared with the solution of the nationality question proposed by the Croat Peasant Party that presupposed the division of the Kingdom of Yugoslavia into historical provinces. In paper special attention was devoted to the definition of the borders of the Autonomous Province of Kosovo. The author quoted particularly intensively the critique of the Yugoslav Communists by political emigres.

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SNOWBALL FIGHTS

Author(s): Višnja Baćanović / Language(s): English Publication Year: 0

At the meeting of sociology students from South-Eastern Europe in Ljubljana, in 2002, the representatives of each country were asked to present their homeland. Lacking inspiration, but of the mind that we had to do something about it, the students from Croatia and we, the students from Serbia, have decided to make, I dare say, a performance. We went out and had a snowball fight. Croats against Serbs (or the other way round). As soon as we had finished our snowball fight, we set down to the table to have more fun. We don’t know even now if our colleagues from Bulgaria, Romania or Moldavia were fully aware of our intention, but we were. The talks we had then were very important for each of us.

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Demokratska tranzicija i identiteti

Author(s): Jovan Komšić / Language(s): Serbian Publication Year: 0

Strukturiranjem analize u četiri ključna segmenta:1) Protivrečja nacije i višeznačja identiteta; 2) Politike identiteta i multikulturalizam; 3) Tranzicioni identitetski inženjering u Srbiji i 4/ Projekcije budućnosti i šanse multikulturalnih strategija, autor argumentuje sledeću tezu: bez obzira na mnoge izazove multikulturalizma i dramatično otvorena pitanja ekonomsko-finansijske i izbegličke krize, politike identiteta u EU (nacionalnih i evropskog) ne mogu zadržati preimućstvo dostignutih i, na globalnom planu, unikatnih civilizacijskih vrednosti, niti se mogu pokazati delotovornim na planu konsolidacije demokratije i integracije tranzicionih društava, ukoliko moć definicije identiteta zadobiju (ili, pak, zadrže) ksenofobi i etnonacionalisti. Umesto tradicionalnih pojmova i (ultra)konzervativnih (anti)politika, kriza zahteva nove ideje i strategije i, zato, treba dati stvarnu šansu multikulturalizmu.

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Can Turks be Germans? - Symbolic Boundary Perception of Turkish Residents in Germany

Author(s): Nils Witte / Language(s): English Publication Year: 0

This paper deals with immigrants’ perceived exclusion as an aspect of their naturalization intention. It demonstrates how immigrants perceive exclusion in different ways. The analysis draws on 13 in-depth interviews with Turkish permanent residents in the German city-state of Hamburg. The interviews were conducted as part of a mixed-methods study that investigates the role of symbolic boundaries in naturalization intentions of Turkish residents in Germany. The case of Turkish residents is relevant because they constitute the largest group of resident aliens in Germany (22% of foreign pop.) (Statistisches Bundesamt, 2013a) and their naturalization rate is low compared to other third-country nationals. Their annual naturalization rate was barely 5% in the last 20 years, although the majority is eligible for German citizenship (Statistisches Bundesamt, 2013b). Finally, the requirement to renounce their former passport makes an examination of symbolic aspects of citizenship particularly interesting.

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Negotiating identity and coping with urban space among young Kurdish migrants in Istanbul

Author(s): Karol Kaczorowski / Language(s): English Publication Year: 0

Many existing studies on Kurdish migration concentrate on displacement and expulsion experienced by Kurds in various parts of Kurdistan and especially between 1970 and 1999 in Turkey. However it can be observed that since the beginning of the twenty-first century migration have also played a substantial role in the mobility of Kurds, owing to stabilization in Southern Kurdistan (i.e. Autonomous Kurdistan Region in Iraq) and improvement of minority rights in Turkey due to the accession process with the EU, the economic and educational needs became more influential in the decisions of Kurdish migrants in twenty first century. To my best knowledge, it appears that there is a shortage of studies examining economic migration and new spatial movements of the Kurds in the twenty-first century Turkey.

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Turkish women in Alsace: Language maintenance and shift in negotiating integration

Author(s): Feray J. Baskin / Language(s): English Publication Year: 0

European political themes in the 21st century are overwhelmingly dominated by concerns about the nature of national identity, the role of Islam in democratic society, and the impact of immigrants and their descendants on the perceived cultural homogeneity among the majority of EU countries (Modood, 2013; Meer & Modood 2013; Joppke, 2007; Crul et al., 2012; Akgönül, 2009). The immigration policies of the European Union have been critical towards immigrant populations in the sense that policies have been inconsistent and heavily focused on assimilationist processes.

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From retreating to resisting: How Austrian-Turkish women deal with experiences of racism

Author(s): Katharina Hametner / Language(s): English Publication Year: 0

Recent European discourse on integration (e.g. debates about integration tests or national cultural values) focuses more and more on a societal model which understands integration not as societal participation and equality of opportunities (Alexander, 2013; Hess and Moser, 2009; Kaya, 2012) but as cultural assimilation. The markers of difference used in this hegemonial integration discourse work particularly along the axis of cultural difference, a characteristic of a (new) form of racism called “neo-racism” (Balibar, 1991) or “differential racism” (Taguieff, 2000) which focuses on cultural difference instead of biological aspects. Neo-racist arguments are based on the assumption that “cultural groups” are incompatible and xenophobia is a quasinatural attempt to protect one’s “own culture” (Balibar, 1991; Çinar, 1999; Terkessidis, 1998). Thus social categories as culture are naturalized by referring to an underlying essence – a process of psychological essentialism – and “merging different groups” appears as dangerous (Holtz & Wagner, 2009).

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“Rewriting” Turkish-German cinema from the bottom-up: Turkish emigration cinema

Author(s): Ömer Alkin / Language(s): English Publication Year: 0

Films from Germany dealing with any aspect of Turkish-German migration, such as the box-office successes Fack Ju Göhte (2014) and Almanya – Welcome to Germany (2011) are often considered as “TurkishGerman cinema”. Nevertheless, what first comes to mind with this problematic term of “transnationalism” in the field of film (Higbee & Hwee, 2010) are the internationally celebrated films Head On (2004) and Edge of Heaven (2007) by Turkish-German director Fatih Akin. However, the term is to be questioned. Which parameters determine the belonging of a film to Turkish-German cinema? Is a film by a German director with Turkish migration background already a Turkish-German film due to the transcultural biographical reference of the director, even if the film does not contain any references to the social reality of Turkish migration, as it is the case in the Hollywood mystery film Premonition (2007) by director Mennan Yapo – which would be an essentialist and biologistic understanding of national cinema? For a discussion of the term it is crucial to analyse comprehensively the historical context. The fact that this does not happen becomes apparent in the marginal position of the Turkish films in the discourse regarding Turkish-German cinema. The Turkish films about emigration from the 1970’s and 80’s by Turkish directors like Serif Gören or Yavuz Figenli are not considered as a part of this transnational film history. But ‘Turkish-German film’ history has already attracted a considerable amount of academic interest (e. g. Burns, 2006, 2007, 2013, Göktürk, 2000a, 2000b, Ezli, 2009, 2010, Halft, 2011, Hake & Mennel, 2012) without really considering what the term actually refers to. I want to critique such writing because I will argue that it reproduces Eurocentrism and an epistemological one-sided-ness. Before giving arguments for a more comprehensive understanding of Turkish-German cinema, which includes Turkish emigration cinema, it is useful to understand the discussions surrounding the academic writing of the history of Turkish-German cinema first. It offers an insight into film history that can be read as a two-stage process of the appropriate representations of Turkish emigrants in Germany.

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Transnational Identity among the Bulgarian-Turkish Migrants in Turkey

Author(s): Özge Kaytan / Language(s): English Publication Year: 0

multiple constructions, including memories, experiences, observations and many more in the case of migrants. Nevertheless, migration is not a finite event, it is an ongoing process in which migrants deal with different life patterns and social relationships, which have economic, social and cultural characteristics (Basch et al. 1994; Glick-Schiller et al. 1992, Guarnizo and Smith 1998; Levitt 1999, 2001 in Park, 2007:201). The Bulgarian-Turkish migrants have transnational identities, which have multiple attachments to more than one space, and indicate an interplay between ethnicity and nationality. The borders of nation-states do not determine the transnational identity perception of migrants. These borders may only indicate political confinements. However, for Bulgarian-Turkish migrants, the border between Turkey and Bulgaria refers only to a geographical location, which is not related to any political boundary. Hence, a visible interplay of ethnic identity and national identity among Bulgarian Turkish migrants is a significant determinant for their transnational identity. In Bulgaria, they used to have a strong ethnic identity, whereas in Turkey it turns out to be an even stronger national identity. However, they also tend to equalize ethnicity and nationality in Turkey, as they acquired a majority status in Turkey. Nevertheless, they have transnational social attachments between these two political territories, though it does not matter for them if it is a political border or not. Some migrants tend to see these two territories as homelands, depending on the context, since “some migrants identify more with one society than the other, the majority seem to maintain several identities that link them simultaneously to more than one nation” (Schiller, Basch, Blanc-Szanton 1992 in Vertovec 2009:6).

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Identity Struggle in Post-Socialist City: Re-Imagineering Belgrade, Remodelling Skopje

Author(s): Nebojša Čamprag / Language(s): English Publication Year: 0

More than two decades after the collapse of the communist system, most of the countries of the Central and Eastern Europe (CEE) have completed their transition to market-oriented democratic societies. CEE countries have generally shown diverse rates within the process of post-socialist transition, in addition to them not following the same dynamics observed during the forceful imposition of the socialist system after the World War II . Coupled with profound political and economic reforms, the transition process has also influenced the means and dynamics of spatial transformations in the region. Amongst the most prominent cases highlighting these issues are the successor states of the former Socialist Federal Republic of Yugoslavia (SFRY), which are further challenged by the particularly complex socio-political issues. These independent nation states have for decades been under the influence of socialist planning and modernist functionalism that fundamentally transcended national boundaries and local specificities. Thus, the complex post-conflict recovery process driven by a neoliberal agenda is one of the last remaining common characteristics amongst these countries.

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Idiosyncratic Identity of Muslim Turks and the Romani of Bulgaria: Rethinking Human Security through the prism of Self-Governing Rights

Author(s): Francesco Trupia / Language(s): English Publication Year: 0

Bulgaria is one of the few countries in the Balkan region without a recent history of bloody ethnic conflict generated or related to interreligious relations. From a historical perspective, the Muslim and Christian communities have been living peacefully side by side despite Bulgarian Muslims’ overall lack of inclusion in current everyday life in the Republic of Bulgaria. However, parallel to a high-level of inequality and marginalization, lack of empowerment, inclusiveness and influence within the political landscape have dominated Bulgarian opinions on autochthonous ethnic minority groups, guiding these opinions toward misconceptions as well as into a “culture of silence” in which policy discussions and conversations related to minority groups are made almost exclusively behind closed doors. In this so-called “century of terrorism” , while the national scenario has recently shown how much human security can go forward due to the “dark zone” under which social groups might be exposed to processes of radicalization, Bulgarian Muslim communities continue to represent a concern in the Bulgarian context.

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Domestication as Pacification: Public Space Design in Post-Soviet Countries

Author(s): Jacopo Leveratto / Language(s): English Publication Year: 0

In 2008, a group of young artists led by Stefan Rusu and Vladimir Us and supported by the Oberliht Association and the European Cultural Foundation pioneered an original intervention for the rehabilitation of a dilapidated esplanade located in front of the Council’s Department of Culture in Chişinău, the capital of Moldova. The efforts started with the idea of building a new urban identity for a civic area that was formerly dominated by representations of power or advertising, to restore the sense of a real public space that could be different from the one imposed by the central government. The group, then, studied a permanent installation meant to represent both a catalyst for the artistic events of the city and a trigger for active processes of social engagement, using the only typology of participated public space that could be symbolically recognisable by the citizens, namely the domestic one.

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The Post-socialist City and the Revaluation of Public Space. Case Study Velenje

Author(s): Daniel Grünkranz / Language(s): English Publication Year: 0

This text discusses the revaluation of the public space of the so-called post-socialist city by the example of the town of Velenje. Velenje is located in the northeast of Slovenia and has 33.000 inhabitants. Once a small market place, belonging to the vast Habsburg Empire, Velenje became a major industrial hub after the Second World War and a regional economic centre of the newly founded Socialist Federal Republic of Yugoslavia. At the same time a new Velenje emerged. Today, after Slovenia's independence a quarter of a century ago, the town stands out as an example of modernist town planning of the socialist period in East and Southeast Europe. Velenje is currently promoted both as an important business location and as a tourist destination emphasising its heritage as a modernist model city. The transition from socialism to market economy has been accompanied by a revaluation of Velenje's modernist architecture and design of public space. This is evident in processes of aestheticisation and reorganisation. On the one hand, the built environment is now associated with a different system of meaning. On the other hand, parts of the public space of Velenje have been reorganised. The effective redesign and reprogramming of a vast pedestrian zone in the centre of the town serve the production of a different form of publicness in contradiction to the notions of the socialist period.

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Urban Transformation in a Post-socialist Society-From unity to separation

Author(s): Aleksandar Joksimović / Language(s): English Publication Year: 0

Yugoslavia was established in 1918-at that time known as the Kingdom of Serbs, Croats and Slovenes. In 1946 (post-WW II), when a communist government was established, Yugoslavia changed its name to the Federal People’s Republic of Yugoslavia. Only two years after that, in 1948, conflict between Tito and Stalin resulted in the exclusion of Yugoslavia from the Communist Information Bureau. Given this situation Yugoslavia developed a new agenda of positioning itself “between capitalist West and communist East.” Consequently, cultural and architectural production needed to manifest new ideas.

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Migration, Integration and Power. The Image of “the Dumb Swede” in Swede Hollow and the Image of Contemporary New Swedes in One Eye Red and She Is Not Me

Author(s): Maria Bäcke / Language(s): English Publication Year: 0

Immigrant voices rarely get their time in the spotlight in mainstream media and therefore their stories rarely get the reception needed for the general public to understand what it is like to be an immigrant or a refugee, but this literary analysis of three novels-Ola Larsmo’s Swede Hollow (2016), Jonas Hassen Khemiri’s Ett Öga Rött [One Eye Red, my transl.] (2003) and Golnaz Hashemzadeh’s She Is Not Me (2015)-shows how literature can provide precisely that perspective. Swede Hollow maps a time of Swedish late 19th century and early 20th century immigration into the United States. Extensively researched and based on authentic, contemporary sources, Larsmo highlights the characters’ toil and hardships in the new country, but he also shows their paths to becoming established U.S. citizens. The two latter novels are written by authors who themselves are well acquainted with contemporary migration and integration issues and processes in Sweden. Khemiri is of Swedish Tunisian origin and his novel portrays immigrant life in a Swedish multiethnic suburb of Stockholm with a 15-year-old boy, Halim, as its main character. The Hashemzadeh family’s country of origin is Iran and Golnaz Hashemzadeh arrived in Sweden at the age of three. Her semi autobiographical novel She Is Not Me portrays “the Girl’s” journey growing up in Swedish almost exclusively white and middle-class Gustavsberg, and her ambition as she was accepted at the most prestigious universities in Sweden, but also the costs for her personally.

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Migration, Maturation and Identity Crisis in Abani’s Select Novels: A Postcolonial Reading

Author(s): Bernard Dickson,Chinyere Egbuta / Language(s): English Publication Year: 0

Migration, displacement, maturative dislocation and identity crisis constitute themes for literary discourse in the twenty-first century, especially as fall-outs of colonialism and globalization. The Nigerian literature of the twenty-first century reveals the preponderance by writers, some of who live abroad, to confront the notions of migration, dislocation and identity crisis, through their literary works. They portray varying prevalent social realities, especially as they affect people of the Third World. It is not uncommon, therefore, to encounter the child-protagonist as he/she grapples with the vicissitudes of daily existence, maturation and identity formation in a dystopian environment. For example, Chimamanda Ngozi Adichie uses the characters of Kambili and Jaja (Purple Hibiscus); Ugwu (Half of a Yellow Sun) and Ifemelu, Obinze, Emenike etc (Americanah) to explore the growing-up motif as a tool for exposing the maturational processes of the child-protagonist who struggles towards identity formation in a seemingly hostile environment.

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ARTIFICIAL BORDERS AND NATIONALISM: TURKMEN MIGRATION FROM IRAQ TO ISTANBUL

Author(s): Meryem Bulut,Seher Çataloğlu / Language(s): English Publication Year: 0

Migratory movements led to a modern crisis as they have challenged the concept of borders that had emerged with nation states. Improvements in communication and travel have eroded the invincibility of geographical and political borders while social boundaries have transpired within nation state entities. It is more likely than ever that people come across different identities and cultures, and are required to cohabit with those.

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RECONSTRUCTION OF DAILY LIFE BETWEEN TWO CULTURES: SYRIAN WOMEN LIVING IN ANTAKYA

Author(s): Aylin Eraslan / Language(s): English Publication Year: 0

Migration is common to all human groups since many thousands of years. There are various reasons why people move from one place to another. Epidemics, famine, natural disasters, changes in climate and political factors are some of these reasons. Hence, migration is an ongoing process that involves historical and strategic elements. Migration, whether on an individual or mass scale, is strategic as it involves actions that are carefully determined and planned in order to leave adverse circumstances behind and move to a new and better place. This study deals with forced migration on an international scale rather than movements based on individual choice, the displacement of Syrians who had to leave their homeland. Forced migration, no matter what its initiator is, involves a dramatic rupture, a detachment. The one who has to migrate has to leave his/her home and homeland as well as loved ones, living or dead, behind. All of those left behind is to remain in the memories of the migrant. This forced abandoning causes an emotional burnout which is usually reflected in tears, sighs and trills during narratives told by migrants. This is why forced migration is much more than a geographical transposition.

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THE CUISINE OF UZBEKS WHO EMIGRATED FROM AFGHANISTAN TO OVAKENT (HATAY): PRESERVED, CHANGED AND REMEMBERED

Author(s): Kadriye Şahin / Language(s): English Publication Year: 0

Having a long history and located at a transition point, Afghanistan, which has lived through centuries of war and conflict (Wahab and Youngerman, 2007:52), consists of different tribes and ethnic groups, the past of which is based on nomadic lifestyles (Rasanayagam, 2003; Runion, 2007, Barfield; 2010). Having different ethnic groups, Afghanistan’s “social structure is based either (where kinship relations determine social organization and basic political alliances) on tribe or (where people identify themselves in terms of a common place) locality” (Akyüz, 2019:724).

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