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MIGRANT WOMEN IN VAN: HOME AND DAILY LIFE AS A REFLECTION OF BELONGING

Author(s): Berivan Vargün / Language(s): English Publication Year: 0

The issue of migration is an increasingly debated topic in many countries around the world. International migration, which is one of the important realities of our time, is one of the most fundamental processes of social change. It is an undeniable fact that the number of migrants fleeing their countries origin is quite high as evident in the mass population movements in the second half of the 20th century. According to the United Nations, if the growth trends seen in the last 20 years continue at the same speed, the number of international migrants in the world will reach 405 million in 2050 (GIGM, 2016). International migration, a symptom of the global social change process, causes people to move in masses around the world (Buffoni, 2017: 325). Due to wars, violence and political pressures, a large mass of people is being forcibly displaced and Turkey has been heavily affected by this migration movement. Especially in countries such as Afghanistan, Iraq and Syria, people have been forced to leave their countries due to very serious problems such as war and violence over the last 20 years. Of the 5.6 million Syrians (5,625,871) who left Syria due to the civil war, over 3.6 million (3,614,108) arrived in Turkey (UNHCR, 2019). The arrival of such a large volume of people in Turkey shows that Turkey will be heavily affected by immigrations.

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From Invisible to Visible: Brazilian Female Migrants’ Occupational Aspirations under the Force of Visibility in Japan

Author(s): Tamaki Watarai / Language(s): English Publication Year: 0

In 1990, the Japanese government began issuing renewable three-year “long-term residence visas,” with no restrictions on socioeconomic activities, for non-citizen children and grandchildren of emigrants from Japan and their family members. Although the Japanese government denied publicly that this policy was intended to attract unskilled foreign workers, it served, in fact, to alleviate Japan’s shortage of unskilled labor, especially in secondary industries. For Japanese–Brazilians, who were mainly members of the Brazilian middle class, returning to their ancestral homeland and becoming unskilled workers at that time was a solution to the high unemployment and wage reductions that were resulting from Brazil’s economic crisis and hyperinflation.

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Halo-Halo, Nostalgia and Navigating Life for Overseas Filipino Workers (OFW’s) in the Kingdom of Saudi Arabia

Author(s): Simeon S. Magliveras / Language(s): English Publication Year: 0

This chapter gives a snapshot of OFWs' life in Saudi and explores how Filipinos maintain their identity as Filipinos in Saudi Arabia. Saudi is the second most popular destination for Filipino transnationals in the world and OFW's remit almost as much money from Saudi as from the United States. Propelled from one socio-cultural and sensual environment into another, Filipino nationals must navigate personal and family needs, their emotions, and their identities. This chapter explores how OFW's recreate cultural continuity and constitute a sense of self through food-ways related to their sojourn. The chapter concludes that practices and memories are not only fixed, to a sensual experience of the consumption of global Filipino branded fast-food such as Jollibee, or merely by shopping at kabayan sari saris (Filipino markets). The ubiquitous embeddedness into such sights results in cognitive systems where sensual, social environmental spaces for identity exist and are actualized. These practices maintain a sensual romanticized identity with home while at the same time re-enforce their identity as transnationals, players in a global world.

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John the Baptist’s Water: Extinction of a Millennial Culture

Author(s): Saad Salloum / Language(s): English Publication Year: 0

At the end of filming a documentary, I sat with the Reesh Umma Sattar Jabbar Al Hilou, head of the Mandaean sect, in his religious headquarter in Qadisiya locality on the banks of the Tigris River in Baghdad. The man stood like an old angel descending from the sky with his white beard and his clothes, made up of pure white cloth, which the Mandaeans call Al Resta. He was awaiting the baptism of two new clerics.

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The Yazidi Quest for Protection in Sinjar in the Post-ISIS Iraq

Author(s): Arzu Yılmaz,Bayar Mustafa Sevdeen / Language(s): English Publication Year: 0

This paper considers the future of Sinjar (Kurdish: Shingal) in the current context where local, regional, and international actors shape the political setting in Iraq after the so-called Islamic State (ISIS). It traces primarily the political and military dominance of the two prominent Kurdish political parties, namely the Kurdistan Democratic Party (KDP) and the Kurdistan Workers’ Party (PKK) in Sinjar; and, in turn, it explores the newly emerging parameters of the Yazidis’ self-understanding which reshapes their political identity and even their perceptions of ethnic belonging vis-a-vis the efforts for centralisation and decentralisation dictated from above. It argues that regardless of whether or not the geopolitical equilibrium in post-ISIS era would favour the Yazidi aspirations for self-rule in Sinjar, the vibrant Yazidi activism will not vanish soon and will add new dimensions to the Kurdish and Iraqi political landscape.

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Bahaism and the Bahai Community in Iraq: A Fateful Past and Fragile Present

Author(s): Maria Six-Hohenbalken / Language(s): English Publication Year: 0

The Bahai community is one of the smallest religious communities in Iraq. As a transnational religion, Bahaism has its roots in Iran and neighbouring countries in the Middle East but today has seven million followers around the world with approximately 60 per cent living in Asia, 20 per cent in Africa, and 18 per cent in the Americas.

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Kurdish Zoroastrians: An Emerging Minority in Iraq

Author(s): Matthew Travis Barber / Language(s): English Publication Year: 0

A significant movement of apostasy from Islam is underway in the Middle East, one that is simultaneously birthing a new religious minority. Kurdistan is experiencing a gradually intensifying revival of Zoroastrianism as increasing numbers of Kurds are converting to the tradition or affiliating with it at varying levels.

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Doğu’dan Uzakta Öteki Adam

Author(s): Duygu Öztin Passerat / Language(s): Turkish Publication Year: 0

Amin Maalouf’un Les Désorientés adlı romanı dilimize Ali Berktay’ın çevirisiyle Doğu’dan Uzakta olarak kazandırılmıştır. Roman, yetmişli yıllarda yaşanan Lübnan (romanda adı hiç geçmese de) iç savaşından yirmi beş yıl sonra, dünyanın dört bir yanına göç etmiş arkadaş grubunun bir araya gelişini anlatan bir eve dönüş romanıdır. Lübnan’ın kendisi gibi çok dinli ve çok kültürlü olan bu arkadaş grubundan iç savaş sonrası ülkeden göç edenler farklı farklı ülkelere göç etmişlerdir. Yahudi inanca sahip, homoseksuel olan Albert, Amerika’ya, Hristiyan olan Naim Brezilya’ya, romanın baş kahramanı Hristiyan olan Adam ise Paris’e göç etmiştir. Ayrılmaz ikili olan Ramzi ve Ramez’den Ramzi diğer adıyla, Bazile kardeş Lübnan’da bir manastıra kapanmış, Mühendis olan Ramez ise, çok zengin olmuş kah Lübnan’da kah Umman’da yaşamaktadır. Bir çatışmada ölen Bilal’in kardeşi Nidal ise koyu bir islamcı militan olmuştur. Kalanlardan, Bilal’in özgür ruhlu sevgilisi Semiramis hiç evlenmemiş bir otel işletmektedir. Murad ise, milletvekili daha sonra bakan olmuş, iç savaşın ülkeye sunduğu, rüşvet, adam kayırma, yolsuzluk gibi yozlaşmalara aldırmadan, sisteme ayak uydurmuş, karısı Tania ile birlikte, zenginliklerine zenginlik katmışlardır.

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Güney Dal'ın Romanlarında Göç, Kimlik ve Farklılık

Author(s): Fatih Özdemir / Language(s): Turkish Publication Year: 0

1972 yılından beri Berlin’de yaşayan Güney Dal, eserlerini Türkçe yazmaktadır. 12 Mart döneminde Almanya’ya gitmiş siyasi sürgün yazarlardandır. 1944 Çanakkale doğumlu olan yazar, Türkiye yıllarında radyoculuk ve tiyatro ile ilgilenmiş, oyunlar ve öyküler yazmıştır. Almanya’ya gittikten sonra yazarlığa devam etmiş ve 1976 yılında ilk romanı İş Sürgünleri’ni (Memeleri Büyüyen İşçi) yazmıştır. Romanları Almanya’nın önemli yayınevleri tarafından yayınlanan Dal, çeşitli ödüller almış ve Yüksel Pazarkaya ile de bir antoloji hazırlamıştır. Antolojisi ise, Yüksel Pazarkaya ile 1990 yılında hazırladıkları Geschichten aus der Geschichte derTurkei’ dir.

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Göç Olgusunun Dinsel ve Mezhepsel Kimlikler Üzerindeki Etkisi

Author(s): Sıddık Korkmaz / Language(s): Turkish Publication Year: 0

Göç olgusunun dinsel ve mezhepsel kimlikler üzerindeki etkileri ve bu etkilerin tarihsel örnekleri nelerdir? Buna ilaveten tarihsel bir realite olan göç olgusunun iyi tahlil edilebilmesi için ne gibi hususlar göz önünde bulundurulmalıdır? Bu olgunun insan üzerindeki etkisi din ve mezhep anlayışına yansımaları nasıl olmaktadır? şeklindeki sorular, cevaplarını arayacağımız hususlardandır.

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From “Haponesa” to “Issei”: Ethnicized Identities of Okinawan War Brides in Post-War Philippines

Author(s): Johanna Zulueta / Language(s): English Publication Year: 0

This paper looks at these so-called “war brides” (Sensou hanayome) in the post-war Philippines, and their experiences upon migration to the Philippines in the 1950s to the 1960s. More specifically, I examine how ethnicity has become stigmatized in Philippine society of that time due mainly to wartime experiences. I also explore their how they lived their lives in varied degrees of discrimination, inclusion and exclusion. I particularly use the ascribed ethnic marker “Haponesa” or Japanese woman, in the Filipino vernacular, to illustrate how ethnicity has been stigmatized. I utilize life stories of those women who lived decades of their lives in the Philippines. While several of them choose to go back to Okinawa, many of them made the Philippines their home. Semi-structured interviews were done in 2009 and 2012, both in Okinawa and in the Philippines. I also use data I gathered in late 2011 to 2013, when I was doing on-and-off fieldwork in Okinawa.

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Göçmen Bir Şair Şavkar Altınel Edebiyatında Kimlik

Author(s): Fatih Özdemir / Language(s): Turkish Publication Year: 0

1980 kuşağının önemli şairlerinden Şavkar Altınel, aynı zamanda gezi yazısı, anlatı, anı, eleştiri ve çeviri türündeki eserleriyle günümüz Türk edebiyatının önemli temsilcilerinden biridir. Uzun yıllardır Türkiye’de yaşamamasına rağmen eserleriyle her zaman edebiyat dünyasının gündeminde olmayı başarabilmiş; özellikle 1980 sonrası şiir içinde anlatımcı şiirleriyle öne çıkmıştır.(Asiltürk,2006, s.80)

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“Minör Sinema” Olarak “Duvara Karşı”

Author(s): Süleyman Kıvanç Türkgeldi / Language(s): Turkish Publication Year: 0

Deleuze ve Guattari, Franz Kafka üzerine yaptıkları incelemede “minör edebiyat nedir?” sorusuna “minör edebiyat, minör bir dilin edebiyatı değil, daha ziyade bir azınlığın majör dilde yaptığı edebiyattır; ama temel özelliği, dilin güçlü yersizyurtsuzlaşma katsayısından her koşulda etkilenmiş olmasıdır”(2015: 45) şeklinde cevap verir. Majör sözcüğü köken olarak büyük, temel ve önemli gibi anlamlara gelirken, minör sözcüğünün küçük olan gibi anlamlara geldiğini söyleyebiliriz (Nişanyan: 2016). Bu noktada felsefi açıdan bakıldığında minör kavramının neden önemli olduğunu postmodern düşünce bağlamında görmek önem arz eder. Batı düşüncesinin 20. Yüzyıla kadar genel anlamda bir “aşkınsallık” temelinde şekillendiğini söyleyebiliyoruz.

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Class Disguised as Ethnicity: Association of Turkishness with Small Food Businesses in Germany

Author(s): Anlam Filiz / Language(s): English Publication Year: 0

This famous line by Max Frisch is quoted frequently in articles dealing with the social and political lives and identities of Gastarbeiter (guestworkers) who later settled in Germany (e.g. Luft, 2002). These essays use this line to point out the surprise and the distress the West German society faced with its changing social landscape. This quote also shows the - mostly overlooked - ways migrant populations are understood in relation to their jobs. Migrants, more than most other groups, are defined by their labor. This article lays out the association between a migrant population, Turks, and a form of labor, small business ownership in Germany. It argues that the way Turks in Germany are understood in the cultural imaginary of Germany shifted from “the guestworker” to “the small business owner” parallel to the changes in the labor patterns among them. The article argues so by analyzing two incidents, i.e. Thilo Sarrazin’s interview about integration and the naming of NSU (Nationalsozialistischer Untergrund) murders as “Döner-Morde” (“döner murders”) by the media.

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Community Building in Diaspora through Political Engagement Forms: Case of Kurds from Turkey in Marseille, France

Author(s): Zuhal Karagöz / Language(s): English Publication Year: 0

The Kurdish diaspora’s configuration and mobilization strategies provide excellent ground in understanding plural dynamics of diasporization as it is built on experiences and memories of oppression and exile, forced displacement, labor migration, and insecure environment. Following this socio-constructionist approach that examines diasporas as being imagined transnational communities (Sökefeld, 2006), in this paper, the diaspora politics formation is conceived through a specific mobilization process that leads to the politicization of the Kurdish migratory space. The political engagement serves as an instrument of community building within the Kurdish Diaspora and is conceived as the core of the diasporic identity (Adamson, 2008; Baser, 2013).

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Transnational Spaces between Dersim and Vienna

Author(s): Maria Six-Hohenbalken / Language(s): English Publication Year: 0

In this contribution, I will address a few of the multiple layers of interconnectedness between environmental issues, village reconstruction, and memory processes settled in the transnational community of people from the province of Dersim/Tunceli. In the last decade, community development projects as realized by the succeeding generation have been part of a common environmental consciousness and reflect how they deal with the fate of their ancestors, untold family histories, and the orally transmitted knowledge of persecution their parents and grandparents had to experience in the eve of WWII. Their way of dealing with the past in relation to or through environmental issues shapes a very specific space. Strasser and Akçınar (2014) elaborated on the level of community building processes in the Dersim transnation as well as the political context in Turkey and showed the multiplexity of remittances and the meaning of 'political remittances' in the Dersim case.

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Language Trouble within Ethnic Households: “Never Speak Their Mother Tongue Near Children!”

Author(s): Yaprak Civelek / Language(s): English Publication Year: 0

In ethnic households, concern for children is the leading factor pushing parents to speak the official language to ensure their children’s success in public schools, especially with the thought, “we never wish them to go through what we went through in the past.” In the official discourses, Turkishness has been superior over other ethnic identities since the 1920s: the language rights of the Jewish, Greeks, and Armenians living in Turkey have been guaranteed by the 1923 Treaty of Lausanne; however, the government recognizes only these three non-Muslim groups as minorities. Tevhid-i Tedrisat Kanunu (the Law of Unification of Education) implemented in March 1924 is also part of the strategy for achieving national unity and integrity by Turkifying all ethnic groups in Anatolia. In 1934, İskân Kanunu (The Settlement Law) was supposedly passed to address new arrangements for migration and population issues; however, these “arrangements” were obviously reflecting a monolingualistic approach, and the Law directly targeted assimilating the Kurds and their language (Beşikçi, 1991).

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Interregional Migration and Language Shift Among Turkey’s Ethnic Kurds

Author(s): Yaprak Civelek,Ibrahim Sirkeci,Sinan Zeyneloğlu / Language(s): English Publication Year: 0

Analysing population patterns and behaviour of ethnic groups in Turkey is a challenge due to paucity of reliable data drawn upon representative samples as well as overall very sensitive political context. However, the ethnic differences in Turkey’s demography are significant as in many other multi-ethnic countries. Due to rapid urbanisation and violent ethnic conflict in the second half of the 20th century, Turkey has seen a major geographic shift of population which has also resulted in changes in ethnic mix of populations across regions. In this study, we aimed at mapping out these shifts. Nevertheless, finding the appropriate proxy to measure ethnic patterns is difficult as there has been no census or major survey data detailing language use published since the 1965 Turkish census while ethnic identity, as such, has been never been openly asked for in any census or major survey. Historically, mother tongue in surveys and censuses have been used as a proxy of ethnicity. However, we have first analysed a relatively recent survey data to raise concerns about the use of language as ethnic marker. Hence, we opted to utilise second language use as well as parental language besides birth-region as ethnic markers instead of mother tongue/main language as over the years Turkish has become the most commonly used language among the Kurds in Turkey.

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Language and Identity Perception in Nazım Hikmet's Poetry during Exile Years

Author(s): Hülya Bayrak Akyildiz / Language(s): English Publication Year: 0

In this paper, Nazım Hikmet’s poetry in exile years, from 1951 to his death in 1963, is examined in terms of identity projection and the role of language in this. Nazım Hikmet is one of the greatest poets of our age. His greatness lies in his ability to meet universality and the search of novelty with the contemporary and universal interpretations of the conventional. His poetry, meeting futuristic effects with socialist realistic, Marxist art and then with the voice of folk poems, gets the final touch by the poet’s distinctive sensitivity. This is why “earth”, “land” and “Turkish” are the key concepts in Nazım Hikmet. Before examining his language and identity perception, let’s take a global look on the relation between language and identity/culture.

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Göç ve Çocuk Benliği: Araftakiler

Author(s): Hasan Bacanli / Language(s): Turkish Publication Year: 0

Kimlik insanın kendisinin kim olduğu ile ilgili algılarıdır. Benlik ise kişinin kendisinin kim olduğu ile ilgili öznel algılarından oluşur. Bir anlamda kimliğin sosyal, benliğin bireysel olduğu söylenebilir. Deyim yerindeyse, kişi bir yandan kendisinin kim olduğu ve diğerleri arasındaki konumunu içeren kimlik duygusuna, diğer yandan kendisinin nasıl bir kişi olduğu ile ilgili olarak benlik duygusuna sahiptir. Benlik ve kimlik hemen hemen aynı yapının iki yüzünü oluştururlar. Psikoloji daha çok benlik algısını ele almaktadır.

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