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Mujeres farianas y el Acuerdo de Paz en Colombia: una aproximación al feminismo insurgente.

Author(s): Ana María Ramírez Ortíz / Language(s): Spanish Issue: 1/2022

In this article, some of the fundamentals are proposed to generate new ways of thinking, feeling and creating from the feminist conscience of women who have been linked to different roles and experiences of war and peace. The construction of peace is disputed from the war itself and the ways in which combatant and non-combatant women took actions that allowed them to resist and be central protagonists of peace agreements, social mobilizations and processes of political representation. In this sense, it is important to identify three aspects corresponding to the experience they have had within the framework of the Final Agreement for the Termination of the Conflict and the Construction of a Stable and Lasting Peace as follows: 1. The construction of a gender for peace 2. Collective identity of women in resistance for peace and 3. Elements for an insurgent feminism. The first aspect allowed the development of the second and third through the creation of the gender approach in a context of tensions and arrangements where women, particularly guerrillas, disputed a space of recognition and dialogue that ended up mainstreaming the Peace Agreement. This article aims to develop these three aspects as characteristic elements to understand some of the disputes and resistance of women in peace transitions, particularly on the experience of the women who signed the Peace Agreement and in memory of the women annihilated by the counterinsurgency.

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АНАЛІЗ ОСНОВНИХ ТЕНДЕНЦІЙ СУЧАСНОГО УКРАЇНСЬКОГО ЖИВОПИСУ ВОЄННОГО ЧАСУ ТА МИСТЕЦЬКІ ПАРАЛЕЛІ

Author(s): Olga Karpenko / Language(s): Ukrainian Issue: 2/2022

The purpose of the article is to highlight the main stylistic features of modern Ukrainian fine arts of the war period in relation to the art of Ukraine of the twentieth century. The research methodology is based on the comparative analysis of the visual-plastic language of contemporary Ukrainian art, as well as the comparative-historical method, which allows us to analyze the artistic temporal parallels of the development of Ukrainian fine arts. The scientific novelty consists in the first attempt to create a holistic picture of the development of modern Ukrainian fine arts of the war period and to determine the main artistic trends in the formation. Conclusions. The war period for Ukrainian art became a milestone that separated the artistic trends of the early XXI century and stylistic features of 2022, which introduced new artistic priorities and requirements. As a result of the analysis, it is established that the main trends in the development of modern Ukrainian wartime painting can already be identified. Generally speaking, this is primarily a tendency to posterity, generalization, monumentality. Heroization of the images of the victorious pages of the past in Ukrainian history, as well as glorification of the image of Ukraine-woman, suffering, but unshakable in the fight against the enemy. The use of Ukrainian symbols in works of art - flag, coat of arms, Ukrainian ornament, etc. - acquires a new sound. An attempt was also made to structure works of modern painting in the following areas: features of graphics and posters; tendencies of folk art and neo-primitivism; signs of heroic and epic style, neorealism. Of course, this process of forming a new plastic trend in Ukrainian painting has only just begun; it develops, moves, pulsates, changes. It is happening here and now. However, despite the terrible catastrophe and its destructive action, which we are witnessing and the name of which is the war, today we can see how radical changes are taking place not only in the national context of Ukraine, but around the world. And the destiny of art is not only to reflect these global changes that we have witnessed, but also to lead society, consolidate, affirm the eternal values and ideals of humanity, national foundations and lead to victory.

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Modern Frozen Conflicts

Author(s): Lucie Konečná / Language(s): English Issue: 2/2022

After the fall of the bipolar division of power, there was a rapid change in the conflict environment. One of the new terms that took hold in conflict studies is the so-called frozen conflict. The main objective of the research is to reveal what the necessary and sufficient conditions for freezing the conflict are. The research focuses on conflicts that occurred in the period 1991-2022. For this purpose, Qualitative Comparative Analysis (QCA) is used. The research has revealed that the separatist tendencies of one of the conflict actors appear to be the most important, as this condition was present in 85% of all frozen conflicts and, based on the analysis of necessary and sufficient conditions, it should be considered very important.

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We Were Taken on the Ride. Leadership Traits Analysis in the Circumstances of International Crisis – the Decision of Aleksander Kwaśniewski in the Context of Intervention in Iraq

Author(s): Anna Umińska-Woroniecka / Language(s): English Issue: 6/2022

The present paper examines the impact of personal characteristics of head of state on the foreign policy behaviour. The article is based on the assumption that during a crisis or war, compared to peaceful times, leaders are under a greater influence of their personal traits and cognitive determinants, including their biases and beliefs. The chosen method is the LTA coding system, as it allows obtaining measurable results showing which traits of the leaders are meaningful and how they determine leaders’actions in different situations (crisis and lack thereof). The aim of this paper is to analyse the personality-based decision-making determinants in foreign policy in the context of an international conflict based on the example of Aleksander Kwaśniewski’s presidency (1995–2005). The analysis focuses on the president’s decisions and their psychological background during over a year long period preceding the invasion of Iraq by the coalition forces (March, 2003) and his statements made between 1995 and 2001 with the objective of identifying potential differences in leadership style of an individual decisionmaker in two different situations, one of which meets the definition of an international crisis. The research proves that in the conditions of a crisis, the president trends a higher belief to be able to control events, reduced conceptual complexity, and enhanced the need for power. Using available evidence on Polish decision-making, the paper shows how Kwaśniewski’s personality and leadership style did indeed shape both the process and outcome of foreign policy toward the Iraq War. It allows identifying his leadership style in the period preceding the invasion of Iraq that started in March 2003.

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Pacea ca valoare

Author(s): Dejan Matić,Dragana Ćorić / Language(s): English Issue: 2/2022

One of the moral standings says, that we cannot trully aknowledge something good and appreciate it, if we didn't go through something bad. From this standpoint of view, peace is often defined as something that goes after period of war, riot, turnmoil, or uncertainty of any kind. War, in a way, seems to be a very efficient mechanism for establishing peace, Aristothel said. Even today, stating the absence of war is the most common way of defining it, although it is possible to define peace without mentioning war or unrest in any form. The existence of the world depends on peace and on the speed of calming social riots as well as the removal of rates of terror and extremism of any kind. Modern legal and political systems have a lot of new mechanisms to achieve peace, and a lot of international agreements and national measures as well. Some of these mechanisms, in the long term, can unfortunatelly bring more harm than benefit. It seems that peace, taken as the aspiration and the need of human kind, could be the biggest loser, while trying to achieve itself fully. People want peace. Augustine of Hippo said that there is no word that is more spoken, more wanted as a state of mind than the state of peace. We can examine peace as a temporary station of future winers, in some new future wars, and that seems quite exceptable on many levels. Kant believed that it is possible to make a perpetual peace and save a human kind, although it is possible that there must precede some very unjust war. In this short overview, the authors will tend to research some theories and circumstances in which achieveing peace is possible, and also to explore defining peace, without connecting with unrest and uneasiness in any sense.

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MIȘCAREA INTERNAȚIONALĂ DE CRUCE ROȘIE ȘI SEMILUNĂ ROȘIE - ITINERARIU SUCCINT - DE LA HENRY DUNANT, PIONER AL CRUCII ROȘII PÂNĂ ÎN PROXIMITATEA ZILELOR NOASTRE

Author(s): Anca Ursache Tcaciuc,Diana Chibac / Language(s): Romanian Issue: 3/2022

The International Red Cross and Red Crescent Movement is an international humanitarian organization whose sacred mission is to protect the life and health of people, to ensure respect for the human being, to prevent and alleviate the suffering of fellow human beings, a performance that will not suffer discriminatory influences regardless of nationality, race, religion, gender, social class, cultural or political opinions. The movement consists of several distinct institutions, legally independent, but united within the same system engaging and interacting with each other through common basic principles, objectives, symbols, statutes and governing bodies, as follows: International Committee of the Red Cross, International Federation of Red Cross and Red Crescent Societies, National Red Cross and Red Crescent Societies. The article in question aims to familiarize with these institutions, the history and the promotion of the principles that govern their operation and collaboration, and implicitly preserve the homo sapiens dignity and integrity.

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The duration of the civil obligation, the termination of the contract

Author(s): Petro Dmytrovych Guyvan / Language(s): English Issue: 4/2022

This scientific article is devoted to the study of the current issue of the duration of civil liability and its relationship with the term of the contract. There is a position that the subjective rights and obligations of the parties to the contract remain valid until terminated. Every obligation has its duration, and the term is its key characteristic and is included in the content of the obligation. The expiration of the term of the right and the corresponding obligation should, in theory, lead to the termination of the obligation. This applies to both regulatory relations (intact) and security (those that arise and develop autonomously after the offense). The paper focuses on the general principles of termination of obligations provided for in Chapter 50 of the Civil Code. These are grounds such as performance, crediting of counter-obligations, innovation, impossibility of performance, etc. However, it is emphasized that the current legislation does not define the expiration of the term as a ground for termination of the obligation. This is its significant disadvantage. With a certain assumption, it can be considered a settled legal relationship, which has no protective capacity in the event of expiration of the cut-off period. But in the law there is no such regulation of the relationship, limited in time by ordinary deadlines. This applies to the duration of all civil contracts. The contract may be terminated not only as a result of unilateral actions of the party, but also with the consent of the counterparties and as a result of other phenomena. The author proves that the contract ends with the termination of obligations contained in the contract. In other words, it is terminated due to exhaustion of conditions. An unfulfilled contract may also be terminated early. This is possible by mutual consent of the participants, or by the will of one counterparty, if provided by the agreement or established by law. The article examines in detail the grounds and mechanisms of these actions, special attention is paid to the termination of the contract as a sanction for improper compliance with its terms. After all, such an action, along with the termination of regulatory obligations, can give rise to others – security. These obligations are related to the return of the performed (for example, the return of the leased thing), compensation for damages, performance in kind of counter- -obligation, etc.

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CULTURAL INTELLIGENCE AND CONFLICT MANAGEMENT STYLE OF LUPONG TAGAPAMAYAPA IN MALITA, DAVAO OCCIDENTAL

Author(s): Sittie Raihana Cosain,Sette Aiza C. Solutan,Jonel Mark D. Sarno / Language(s): English Issue: 2/2022

The research focused on determining how cultural intelligence influences the conflict management styles of lupong tagapamayapa in Malita, Davao Occidental using correlation research design. The sample included 180 participants who completed the adapted survey questionnaire using the stratified random sampling technique. The mean, percentage, Spearman correlation analysis, and regression analysis are the statistical tools used in the study. The study revealed that the majority of respondents (81.1 percent) were males aged 45–60 years old, had completed elementary school, worked as lupong tagapamayapa for 10–15 years, and belonged to the Bisaya ethnic group. Henceforth, the results on the level of cultural intelligence among members of Lupong Tagapamayapa revealed that metacognitive got the highest grand mean of 4.64 and cognitive got the lowest mean of 3.25. Furthermore, other results revealed the level of conflict management styles of lupon members of lupong tagapamayapa. It was disclosed that compromising as one of the indicators got the highest mean of 4.82 and the lowest mean of 3.41 was the indicator of collaborating. Moreover, the significant results on the relationship between cultural intelligence and conflict management styles among members of Lupong Tagapamayapa revealed that metacognitive with a p-value of 0.38 and cognitive with a p-value of 0.06 were not significant to the conflict management styles, while motivational with a p-value of 0.01 and behavioral with a p-value of 0.03 were significant to the conflict management styles with an overall cultural intelligence grand mean of 3.97 and a management style grand mean of 4.36. In addition, the predictors that influence cultural intelligence on conflict management styles among members of Lupong Tagapamayapa revealed that motivational with a p-value of 0.01 and behavioral with a p-value of 0.02 were the prevailing indicators that significantly influence cultural intelligence on conflict management styles.

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THE PLIGHT OF WOMEN IN ARMED CONFLICT: RECOUNTING THE ORDEALS OF WOMEN IN THE ANGLOPHONE ARMED CONFLICT IN CAMEROON

Author(s): Eugene Muambeh Muntoh,Lukong Mathilda Yenla Ep Ngoula / Language(s): English Issue: 2/2022

Armed conflicts over the years have been a major issue affecting many societies across the world. These armed conflicts usually have far reaching consequence on diverse groups in af- fected societies. Women most often remain the hardest hit as far as the effects of these armed conflicts are concern. The plight of women remains an issue of major concern in the Anglophone armed conflict in Cameroon. Since the escalation of the Anglophone crisis into an armed conflict in 2017, combat between the state of Cameroon and the non-state armed groups have been evolv- ing. The asymmetrical tactics of the armed groups have been changing based on its capabilities. The recent spike in the targeted raid and attack on schools, markets, and state institutions purposely for abduction and kidnapping has affected most women and girls in particular from every facet of life. Due to the depletion of its fighters and gradual loss of support from the masses, there has been a surge in mass positioning of people including ‘women and girls’ as material instruments of warfare: fighters, human shields, bargaining tools, sex slaves, informants, among other things by armed groups. Based on research material from primary and secondary sources, this study seeks to examine the adversities of women and girls in the current trend, and elucidates on the impact on their social and economic wellbeing. The study endorses the need for the re- spect of the UNSCR 1325 in Cameroon which clearly stipulates the need to prevent the violation of women’s rights and the protection of women and girls from wartime sexual violence.

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HYBRID THREATS - CHALLENGE TO NATIONAL SECURITY

Author(s): Ina Raluca Tomescu / Language(s): Romanian Issue: 01 Supp/2022

NATIONAL SECURITY REPRESENT THE SINE QUA NON CONDITION FOR THE NORMAL FUNCTIONING OF A COUNTRY. AT THE BEGINNING OF THE XXI CENTURY, THE GLOBAL SECURITY BEGAN TO BE CHALLENGED BY THREATS THAT WERE LITTLE-KNOWN UNTIL THAT TIME; THREATS THAT IN THE NEW DEFENSE AND SECURITY DOCTRINE ARE NOW KNOWN AS HYBRID THREATS. HYBRID THREATS ARE INCREASINGLY REPLACING CONVENTIONAL THREATS IN THE GLOBAL SECURITY ENVIRONMENT. EACH STATE HAS THE DUTY TOWARDS ITS CITIZENS TO PERMANENTLY CONSOLIDATE ITS NATIONAL SECURITY AND DEFENCE IN ORDER TO EFFICIENTLY COUNTER THE EFFECTS OF HYBRID THREATS.

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WYCHOWANIE DO POKOJU JAKO WAŻNA KATEGORIA PEDAGOGIKI

Author(s): Beata Mydłowska / Language(s): English,Polish Issue: 3/2021

The article is a voice in the discussion on the essence and importance of educational content in educational programs encouraging children and adolescents to shape attitudes that prepare them for civic life and for peaceful functioning in society. Conclusions: Education in peace has a deep connection with the growing trends towards globalisation, in which migration, difference and pluralism have become key concepts. In this context, education based on education for peace, especially intercultural education, inspiring mutual encounters, exchanges of experiences andviews,can be a constructive response to thedisturbing, dangerous phenomena that characterize modern reality.

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Rend az önigazgatáshoz

Author(s): Dénes Lőrinczi / Language(s): Hungarian Issue: 05/2023

When we hear the word administration, we tend to think of many things. In dictionaries, several interpretations usually lead to the same conclusion. The proper management of the community requires an organisation that is able to maintain public safety to ensure its well-being. Law enforcement is not something new, but has long roots in the life of any community, because if there is no sense of security, the community living there cannot expect and hope for development and a vision for the future. In this study I have tried to give a brief summary of how, in the case of the Székely Land, public administration and the organisation of law enforcement have developed over the past centuries. What were the factors on the basis of which they were organised, how widespread was the implementation of the maintenance of order, and were the measures sufficient to maintain security in that era? How were the people in charge of these institutions and organisations named, and how did their powers differ from those of the public security units operating today?

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Video-Analysis of Conflict Situations on Selected Roundabouts in the Czech Republic

Author(s): Vladislav Krivda / Language(s): English Issue: 3/2011

The paper deals with video-analysis of conflict situations in road traffic and presents results of researches which were performed on selected roundabouts in the Czech Republic. This article refers to suitability of usage video-recording to analysis of behavior of participants of road traffic and also to monitoring of the danger places on the roundabouts. There are results of analyses which were performed in 2010 and also comparative analysis of conflict situations and possible traffic accidents.

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Об’єктивна сторона (actus reus) пособництва і підбурювання в контексті воєнних злочинів і злочинів проти людяності

Author(s): Bogdan Karnaukh / Language(s): Ukrainian Issue: 160/2023

The article addresses the objective side (actus reus) of aiding and abetting in the context of war crimes and crimes against humanity. The main goal is to find out where the line lies between legally relevant involvement and involvement that should not entail liability. The study is based on the analysis of the case law of international criminal tribunals and the jurisprudence of national courts as well. It is an interdisciplinary study, as it aims to formulate conclusions that would be relevant in the context of both criminal and tort liability. It is emphasized that the objective side of aiding and abetting comprises act and causation, since aiding and abetting does not have its own consequence, but instead shares the same consequence which is imputed to the principal perpetrator. Aiding and abetting entails liability as long as the physical assistance or moral support provided has a substantial effect upon the commission of a crime. The substantial effect criterion has to be ascertained based on the study of all the circumstances of a particular case. When assessing the substantiality, it should be taken into account that the actions of an aider and abettor may be related to the crime through a physical or intentional causation. It is not required that the actions of the aider and abettor be a conditio sine qua non (necessary condition) of the principal perpetrator’s crime. In the context of mass crimes, such as war crimes or crimes against humanity, it is the mixing of causal contributions that makes it impossible to identify in the circumstances of a particular single episode the traces of each causative factor that was substantial to the overall criminal activity. This should not exempt an aider and abettor from liability, provided that his causal contribution to the overall criminal activity was substantial.

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Counterterrorism Policy in the Russian Federation: Furthering the Needs of the Regime

Author(s): Anastassiya Mahon,Scott Walker / Language(s): English Issue: 1/2023

In the wake of the September 11 attacks in 2001, countries were encouraged to enact domestic legislative changes as part of the Global War on Terror. However, it has been left to the countries themselves to define ‘terrorism’ and ‘terrorist activities’. In this manuscript, we illustrate how liberal democracies and illiberal regimes may have very different understandings of the proper use of domestic counterterrorism (CT) policies. We argue that illiberal states, such as Russia, will likely use CT policy to enhance the ruling regime’s goals in ways that liberal states would not. We focus on the critical changes in Russia’s CT policy under Putin and demonstrate how Putin-era Russian CT policies have been used indirectly (i.e., in ways that are not explicitly focused on eliminating terrorist threats) to advance the Kremlin’s desire to suppress domestic opposition and enhance its political standing both at home and abroad.

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THE SIGNS OF THE SECOND KARABAKH WAR TYPICAL OF THE 5TH GENERATION WAR

Author(s): Zafar Najafov,Piotr Gawliczek / Language(s): English Issue: 2/2023

This article discusses the great performance of the Azerbaijani Armed Forces in the Second Karabakh War, clarifies the features of Azerbaijan’s military operations typical of modern wars and explains the reasons for the victory from different perspectives and prisms. The article analyzes the military operations of the Azerbaijani Army in the Second Karabakh War through the spectrum of generational war theory and makes the case that it is a 5th generation war in the context of Western military history and a 6th generation war in the military history of Russia. According to the author, Azerbaijan’s victory was achieved due to the professional use of kinetic and non-kinetic capabilities. At the same time, the impact of this war on military tactics, operational art, military strategies, armaments programs and defense spending is undeniable.

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THE MODEL OF THE ADAPTATION MECHANISM OF THE DISCHARGED MILITARY FROM THE ARMED FORCES OF THE REPUBLIC OF AZERBAIJAN

Author(s): Khayal Ibrahim Iskandarov,Piotr Gawliczek,Rashad IbrahImov / Language(s): English Issue: 3/2023

A serviceman discharged from the Army faces various concerns and problems while integrating into civilian society. The integration of people belonging to this category into society and making their lives easier has become a priority. While the transition from military to civilian life works out well for many, for some the transition is extremely difficult. The development of a complex model of the social adaptation process of personnel discharged from military is considered one of the most important issues in the process of integrating people who change their profession and lifestyle into a new environment. The article reviews all possible elements involved in the process of social adaptation of servicemen released from the Armed Forces of the Republic of Azerbaijan and presents a structural scheme (model) for the development of the mechanism of this process.

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MODEL TYPOWANIA SPRAWCÓW ZAMACHÓW Z WYKORZYSTANIEM BOJOWYCH ŚRODKÓW CHEMICZNYCH

Author(s): DANIEL KUCHAREK / Language(s): Polish Issue: 44/2023

The purpose of this article is to try to identify the types of individuals and/or non-state organizations that are most capable of carrying out attacks on passenger aircraft using chemical warfare agents. The research was conducted on the basis of recorded cases in the past of deliberate use of chemical warfare agents in attacks not related to military activities. The first part of the article presents examples of attacks with the use of chemical warfare agents that were carried out by individuals or non- state organizations. Using these examples, an attempt was made to create an ideological-psychological model of the perpetrators of the attacks, which can be used to select potential assassins with the use of chemical warfare agents. The research was conducted using characteristics of motivations and ideologies adhered to by individuals or non-state organizations.

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BIOTERRORYZM JAKO ZAGROŻENIE DLA BEZPIECZEŃSTWA PAŃSTWA

Author(s): ŻENATA MROŻEK / Language(s): Polish Issue: 45/2023

The purpose of this article is to explain the potential threat posed by the use of a biological agent as part of so-called hybrid operations. Bioterrorism, as a tool at the disposal of states as well as terrorist organizations, is a threat that can cause multiple adverse effects. Their extent depends, among other things, on the type of pathogen, the manner and scale of application, and the effectiveness of services aimed at ensuring biosecurity. Biological weapons are relatively very inexpensive and inflict very severe losses on the adversary, including in economic terms. Its advantage is that it is difficult to detect and that the mere threat of the use of pathogens is capable of completely altering the behavior of the parties involved in the conflict and its course. In addition, it is very difficult to identify the threat itself and predict the extent of the attack. In describing the pathogens used in biological warfare, the author uses their classification developed by the Center for Disease Control and Prevention in Atlanta. It is concluded that in order to prevent the biological, psychological, economic and political effects of bioterrorism, it is necessary to create monitoring and early warning systems and organize periodic training for the army and medical services.

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MAAKAITSE SIDUSUSEST

Author(s): Karl-Erik Kirschbaum / Language(s): Estonian Issue: 14/2022

Väe- ja allüksuste ühtsustunde küsimus on nende ülemaid ning teisi sõjandusteoreetikuid alati kütkestanud. Militaarteemadega tegelevad psühholoogid, sotsioloogid, sotsiaalpsühholoogid jt uurijad on sidususe teooriat kujundanud juba sadakond aastat, kuid mõistesüsteem on jätkuvalt segane. Sõjaväelise sidususe mõistet kasutatakse mitmetähenduslikult. Uurijad on loonud üldkäsitlusi, mis püüavad sidususe kaudu põhjendada, miks sõdurid on või ei ole valmis lahingus efektiivselt tegutsema. Seega on sidususe konstruktsioonis nähtud sarnasusi võitlustahtega (ingl will to fight), motivatsiooniga lahingutegevuses vahetult osaleda (ingl combat motivation) või sõjaväelise moraali mõistega. Hoolimata definitsioonist ei vaidle uurijad siiski selle üle, et nähtusena on sidususel üksuste jaoks oluline roll.

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