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The Serbian president says his moderation could finish him, but is that just part of his cunning plan?
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The Serbian president says his moderation could finish him, but is that just part of his cunning plan?
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This article presents the concept of Social State (Państwo Społeczne) forged by Wacław Makowski one of the contributors of The April Constitution of 1935. Makowski was a critic of both liberal and socialist type of state. He claimed that the former type is based on selfishness of the individuals that causes social conflicts, while the latter results in loss of a human individuality. As an alternative the concept of Social State was designed to incorporate advantages of these both systems while avoiding their drawbacks. Makowski believed activity of individuals conferred with certain degree of freedoms underpins the social development. The personal freedom of an individual as per this concept should be limited by freedom of another individual and the common good. In the event of a conflict of interest between the one of individual and the community the latter would supersede the former. The state whose form depends of the current demands of society had not only to settle disputes and to harmonize the activities of individuals and various associations but also actively pursue the goal of common good. However state activities should not replace the individual activity but rather support it. According to Makowski Social State would allow to reach the third goal of a French Revolution slogan – fraternity. He believed that liberal state sought to bring into life the principles of equality and freedom, bypassing the requirement of human cooperation, which contemporarily were regarded as obsolete and not fitting to reality
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In this article the author, on the basis of his long experience, analyses the need for and the possibilities of interreligious dialogue in B&H. In the first part of the article he discusses The Declaration on a Shared Humanity signed in the United Kingdom in September 2016, by religious leaders from around the world. The declaration is based upon good practice and experience of interfaith dialogues and cooperation in Britain and is intended to be used in teaching students of primary and secondary schools as well as by religious communities in prayers and pastoral gatherings. In the second part of the article the author presents prospects and the need for cooperation in the field of developing environmental awareness in B&H students, a topic which to a certain degree is part of the textbooks and plans and programs of the religious studies. The article also points out that the purpose of a dialogue is learning about the other, overcoming existing prejudices and preparation for taking part in joint humanitarian projects. It is essential that teachers of religious studies practice and teach dialogue in order to show students and their parents that it is possible to practice religious freedom in pluralistic society without offending those who are amongst us different.
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Arms maker denies it tried to bomb Armenian positions in a sales pitch to Azerbaijan’s military.
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U.S. expert suggests disgruntled Ukrainian workers could have sent rocket engines to Pyongyang.
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Multiculturalism defined as a multitude of cultures can be typified as a major trend in international relations, what is a chellenge for every participant of global affairs. The phenomen of multiculturalism is absolutely nothing new, but under conditions of progresive globalisation mechanism its importance has been appreciated.In practise multinational forces have to operate in culturally heterogeneous environment in an array of tasks to combat threats of mostly a non-military transnational nature. All the time there are a highly complex relations within coalition personnel, in cuturally diverse society living in the theatre of operation and between all them mutually.
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The Ukrainian conflict has demonstrated that the Russian Federation is now more likely to use a strategy of inspired pretexts than ever before in order to influence international relations and the internal situation of former communist republics and other Countries of Eastern Europe. This article describes the possible areas of hotspots that may be used by Russia to create an atmosphere of tension in the eastern part of the Baltic Sea region. It also points out the differences in attitude to Russia's activities, revealed by various NATO members during the Ukrainian conflict and the current role of the 5th Article of The North Atlantic Treaty in a system of collective defence.
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The article presents the discussion with the book by Antoni J. Wręga "PRL w Dallas. Rzecz o zacieraniu śladów zamachu na prezydenta Kennedy’ego" which brings some new information and interesting (though sometimes risky) hypotheses on the circumstances of the assassination and possible conspiracy. It focuses around the role of George de Mohrenschildt in the affair, covering tracks, as well as clear clues of his ties with the intelligence of the communist Poland (SB) and possibly the Soviet Union.
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The purpose of this research is to indicate the legal aspects of protection and con-trol of the state`s strategic resources accumulated in commercial companies which are significant for public order and national security. The normative acts of the European Union, implemented to Polish law, defined it as Critical Infrastructure. These include such sectors as information and communications technologies, ener-gy and transport systems, generating and transmission systems in power plants, systems of production, processing, storage and transportation of energy resources, including oil and gas.
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The article is an attempt to analyze the current situation and plans for the development of the nuclear industry in the Middle East after the failure in Fukushima. Next to the southern and eastern Asian countries nuclear power becomes a choice of countries of the Middle East region. Taking into account the significant gaps in economic and scientific potential, and the unstable political situation in the countries of the region – projects to build nuclear power stations seem to be a particularly complex challenge. The article analyzes the entered and planned investments and risks, which may arise in connection with the implementation of adopted plans.
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The crimes committed by the Serbian Kingdom against Albanians during the Balkan Wars are relatively known in the national and international historiography. In this context, in a short overview on Kosovo is included also Upper Morava as a prelude to Serbian crimes against Albanians. The violence on physical and mental integrity, the intentional creation of hard living conditions, various forms of oppression, bullying, tortures, expropriations of real estates, exiles, imprisonments, by-design obstruction of creating families, ethnic cleansing and the executions of the defenseless Albanian civilian population are some of the main elements that feature the new orchestrated Serbian state’s campaign which openly targeted the Albanians of Upper Morava during September-December of 1913. It is interesting to look at the appalling staged cases of Serbian crimes that were blamed on another ethnic group: Albanians or Bulgarians. Through an analyses of Albanian, Serbian and international sources are viewed the questions at stake, are compared data and are drawn reliable conclusions on historical truths.
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The beginning of 1999 marked a turning point in the history of the Liberation War in Kosovo. The capture of a Yugoslav Army squadron by members of the Shala Operational Zone in the village of Bare influenced the internationalization of the Kosovo Liberation Army, as it entered into an international agreement to exchange eight Yugoslav soldiers with nine KLA soldiers, who were arrested in December 1998 by Serbian military forces on the Kosovo-Albania border. Undoubtedly, this represented a diplomatic, political and military victory for the KLA and Kosovo. Certainly, such an event put the Shala Operational Zone on the Yugoslav revenge agenda, while on the other hand it had given will and confidence to the KLA units of this area in the fight for freedom. Thus, during the end of February until the middle of March 1999, in the territories of the Operational Zone of Shala, fierce fighting took place with the Serbian military / police forces, which resulted in the martyrdom of a number of KLA soldiers in this area. The success of the KLA in the Shala Operational Zone and the NATO military intervention, led the Yugoslav military circles to design large-scale military projects. The Yugoslav military projects "Grom-3" and the "Bajgora" had a special purpose in Shala area, so, starting from the end of March 1999, a combined Yugoslav military-police reserve force attacked this area, and bomber aviation was used in addition to artillery. Fighting in the Shala Operational Zone during March-May 1999 was extremely fierce. During this period alone, more than 28 martyrs fell from the ranks of the KLA. One of the main goals of Yugoslav politics was the extermination and expulsion of Albanians from their territories, therefore following this goal a number of massacres of various sizes were carried out in Kosovo. Only in the Shala Operational Zone, during the first half of 1999, several massacres against civilians took place: Studime Massacre - 99 civilians killed; Vushtrri Massacre - 68 killed; Massacre against the Gerxhaliu family, etc. In addition to the above arguments, as a conclusion we can say that the Operational Zone of Shala of the Kosovo Liberation Army played an important role in the liberation war, a role which was imposed not only by geographical circumstances, but also the tradition of patriotism cultivated through generations, which was manifested with the involvement in the Liberation Army and its unconditional support from all the inhabitants of this area.
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The Russian invasion of Ukraine, which began on February 24, 2022, has led to far‑reaching re‑evaluations in international policy. It turned out that the absence of the threat of war that had been enjoyed in Europe since the end of the Cold War. As a result, the European Union countries and the countries associated in the North Atlantic Alliance (with small exceptions such as Hungary and Turkey) spoke out against Russian aggression and, as a result, the EU and the United States imposed numerous packages of sanctions on Russia, which are still in force. The article is based on the theory of neoclassical realism, which is the most represent-ative paradigm when pursuing one’s own interests during a war conflict. The main research hypo thesis put forward in the article is the statement that Iran after the Russian invasion of Ukraine has become a partner for Russia, unlike it was in before the outbreak of war. The fol-lowing research questions were formulated for the hypothesis is what were the reasons why Iran adopted a strong pro‑Russian stance and what may be the political and economic con-sequences for Iran as a result of Russia’s support. The article was prepared mainly based on materials in English and Polish.
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Over the past three decades, “new war” thinking has become a significant focus in military debates. The central contention of “new war” thinking is that post-Cold War conflicts are essentially different from those of the late modern era, such as World War I and World War II. The alleged novelty of post-Cold Wars has been vehemently challenged. Critics have maintained that “new war” scholars underestimate the lasting influence of the past on today’s conflicts and attempt to radically change the way we think about war without providing empirically grounded arguments. The debate on the nature vs. character of war has significantly enriched the literature on the subject. However, there is a crucial oversight in the current literature: the power dynamics embedded in “new war” thinking. This article critically examines whether they rely purely on academic views of war by comparing Western, Russian, and Chinese perspectives. It argues that most exemplars of “new war” thinking are highly value-laden, based on certain national/civilizational security threat assessments that reflect the narrow strategic concerns of the great powers. So, playing on Robert Cox’s famous dictum on the role of theories, “new war” concepts are generally for some states and for some purposes.
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This study analyzes the impact of military expenditures on sustainable development in NATO countries. The analysis utilizes annual data for the period between 1995 and 2019. In this study, the Durbin-Hausman panel cointegration test is used to analyze the cointegration relationship between the variables and the Panel AMG estimator is used to estimate the long-run coefficients. The results of the AMG estimator show that military expenditures and industrial production index have a negative effect on sustainable development in NATO countries, while foreign direct investments have a positive effect. The impact of primary energy consumption is negative and less significant than the other negative impacts. The study also analyzes how the impact of military expenditures on sustainable development varies across countries. This analysis reveals the significant differences in the direction, significance, and coefficient size of the relationship among different countries. These findings suggest that the impact of military expenditures on sustainable development varies across countries. Therefore, countries should develop policies to ensure sustainable development by considering their specific dynamics
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The factors contributing to the strategic significance of a port can be comprehended by assessing its military, political, and economic capabilities. Accordingly, this study aims to determine and examine the strategic significance of Iskenderun port and its benefits to the Turkish Navy. To systematically comprehend and impartially assess the benefits and strategic significance of the port, other naval powers in the region are also examined. Based on an analysis of historical documents and secondary sources, argued this study that the Iskenderun port has the potential to act as a deterrent and give the Turkish Navy a psychological advantage in terms of controlling the sea and intervening in events in the Eastern Mediterranean. The Iskenderun Bay’s’ geographical advantages pose significant challenges for potential threats against the Turkish Navy and hinder the intelligence collecting efforts of hostile groups. It is important to emphasizes that Iskenderun port will allow for the ability to intervene in incidents using a reduced military presence in with the context of force projection.
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The rise of the cyber domain and social media platforms has profoundly impacted the socio-political landscape in Syria, enabling cyber-activism to emerge as a potent force against authoritarian regimes. This qualitative research examines the evolution, impact, and challenges Syrian cyberactivists face, drawing from professional reports, interviews, and scholarly literature. While online platforms empower activists by facilitating mobilization and information dissemination, activists also face significant obstacles, including surveillance, censorship, and cyberattacks within a statecontrolled digital environment. Despite these challenges, cyber-activism in Syria played a crucial role in shaping narratives, fostering solidarity, challenging the regime, influencing international perceptions, and highlighting the transformative potential of the cyber domain in repressive contexts.
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Technological progress opens up opportunities for the development of many areas, including military activities. The key question becomes: how is it possible to directly incorporate modern (inno- vative, disruptive) technologies from the civilian system into the military sphere? The thesis statement is the assumption that the created and used the latest technologies cannot be uncritically and directly incorporated into military systems, and therefore require appropriate adaptation, taking into account the specific determinants of the functioning of the armed forces. Due to the identified research niche in the area of civil-military cooperation in the field of additive manufacturing technology (AMT), it was assumed that the main goal of the research would be to identify the challenges and directions of deve- lopment of military logistics and presenting the essence and role of AMT, and to define the key factors of civil-military cooperation in the field of implementing AMT in the military logistics system. To solve the research problem, a qualitative research approach was used. Analysis allows to create a proposal of a conceptual model of cooperation between military and civilian systems in the field of implementation and development of AMT in the field of military logistics. The key conclusion from the research is that the use of AMT in the military system requires the creation of a systemic solution both at the international and individual country levels, taking into account the needs, requirements and capabilities of all stakeholders (international organizations, military, business).
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RESEARCH OBJECTIVE: This paper examines how specific media outlets (Polityka, Sieci) have portrayed the crises on Poland’s borders with Belarus and Ukraine. It focuses on refugees during the period of border crossings by capturing reactions, emotions, and decisions highlighted in the media during that period. Utilizing media polarization theory, the authors analyse similarities and differences in selected media outlets’ coverage of the crises.THE RESEARCH PROBLEM AND METHODS: The following research questions were asked: What is the media portrayal of the refugees on the Belarus and the Ukrainian borders? Does the structural level of MP (media polarization) impact the behavioural level? The authors conducted qualitative media content analysis, following Pisarek’s (1983) research process and Mayring’s (2014) Inductive Category.THE PROCESS OF ARGUMENTATION: The theory of media polarization is presented, followed by an analysis of the literature examining this phenomenon in the context of the refugee crises at Poland’s borders with Belarus and Poland. Qualitative content analysis of over 100 articles published in two strategically selected structurally polarized weeklies was carried out using the nVIVO software.RESEARCH RESULTS: The structural level of media polarization is reflected in the behavioural one. This study reveals that the main thematic focus is the refugees at the Belarusian border, who are described via political, social, and religious themes. The crisis at the Ukrainian border also exhibits polarizing elements, primarily centring on evaluating or criticizing the authorities and addressing or ignoring uncomfortable and problematic issues that emerge in connection to these refugeesCONCLUSIONS, INNOVATIONS AND RECOMMENDATION: This study constitutes a significant contribution to the theory of media polarization, addressing it also in relation to issues of diversity, tolerance, inclusivity, and humanitarianism.
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This text presents a brief analysis of the forms of the European Union’s involvement in ensuringsecurity for international football matches, starting with optional solutions in the form of EU policecooperation manuals and ending with a characteristic of the network of national information ex-change points between police forces of the EU Member States.
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