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Perceptions of Normality in Sarajevo: the Phenomenon of "Papak"

Author(s): Author Not Specified / Language(s): English Issue: 10/2010

“Oh, look at that papak!” is a phrase quite often heard in Sarajevo. It appears to be very well integrated into the Sarajevo vocabulary. But who is ‘papak’? Considering that in Bosnian/Croatian/Serbian the word papak means a hoof (as in a pig’s hoof), the phrase would definitely not seem to be an expression of extreme politeness.

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LOCUTIONS, UNITÉS, SÉRIES, COMPOSÉS... POINTS DE VUE DE L’ÉCOLE DE LINGUISTIQUE GÉNÉRALE DE GENÈVE (CH. BALLY, A. SECHEHAYE, H. FREI)

Author(s): Anamaria Curea / Language(s): French Issue: 2/2020

Phrases, Units, Series, Compound Words ... Approaches of the Genevan School of General Linguistics (Ch. Bally, A. Sechehaye, H. Frei). In this article we aim to examine the approaches regarding the word combinations advanced by the linguists of the "first" Genevan School. Between 1920-1930, this issue has been subject of investigation in their research, which proposed solutions convergent with more recent ones, but which, however, remained tributary to the englobing conceptual framework and to the research objectives of each type of approach. Our purpose is to identify the peculiarities of the Genevan theories of Linguistics, somewhere between the Saussurean inspiration and other diverse and original projects.

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CULTUREMES, AGENTIVITY, CONTYRASTIVITY

Author(s): Liliana Alic / Language(s): English Issue: 1/2020

The three concepts mentioned in the title of the article, Culturemes, Agentivity and Contrastivity have been used and studied in various domains of linguistics, such as syntax, semantics, semiotics and cultural studies. The language and the culture of certain peoples can be investigated trough many and various methods, but if we choose a method that leads to identify some language universals, all the results and researches could lead to conclusions benefiting to human knowledge, generally speaking. Languages and people are not so different; the study may highlight common thinking, common experience of life, or quite the opposite, in the same circumstances. That is why we need various approaches of the phenomena and different theories to analyze fact of life and facts of language.

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PRAGMEMIC DIALOGICALITY AND ITS ROLE IN REVISITING DERRIDEAN ITERABILITY

Author(s): Hussain Al Sharoufi / Language(s): English Issue: 1/2020

This study traces the concept of binary oppositions in ancient Rome and its role in determining cultural identity in the Flavian age. The very concept of imperial vs. periphery was elemental in separating the emperor from his centre, Rome, and the remote periphery. It was for the first time in the Flavian age that the emperor was not directly connected with the main centre of civility and the entire empire, Rome. The concept of binary oppositions became pivotal in determining identities and in creating new ideologies that dominated the ancient world for centuries. This very concept further expanded its power in later millennia to become a fundamental guarantor of stability for logic, philosophy and ideology.” Applied to the Roman empire, it is easy to see how the centre and periphery are not purely geographical, but fit into a series of binary oppositions underpinning Roman ideology.”( Zissos, 2016, p:224) As such, Rome was one of the main metropolises that introduced the concept of binary oppositions, depending mainly on the intrinsic concept of linearity. Jacque Derrida, the postmodernist thinker, tried to debunk the very idea of linearity in his theory known as Deconstruction through enforcing his coined concept known as iterability. This study further explores the vulnerability of Derridean iterability, which is the main pillar of Derridean Deconstruction, if seen from a pragmemic prism. By revisiting past correspondences between John Searle and Jacques Derrida, regarding the very idea of deconstructing texts, one can pinpoint salient aspects in Searle’s logic that were not fully crystallized at the time. By adopting a new approach to understanding speech acts today, especially from the prism of Jacob Mey’s Pragmemic theory, one observes that the idea of iterability, repetition of context in particular, is a spurious one. According to Mey, speech acts do not exist outside their nurturing context (Mey, 2010); meaning that a speech act on its own is a helpless verb that carries out no action without being pertinent to a unique context of situation. Having considered this new understanding of speech acts, one could re-evaluate the concept of deconstruction in its entirety; hence deconstruction does not exist in the actual world of contextualised pragmemes. In Pragmatics, language, whether written or spoken, is seen as a form of behavioural action, depending vehemently on the uniqueness of contexts. Every context is unique in its existence, creating thus a chain of unique pragmemes in their respective contexts. The idea of iterability as such fails to represent this intrinsic element in human language, which is the uniqueness of the situated context. This study will answer the following question: Do speech acts exist as such as influential verbs in context or as distinctive entities called “Culturemes”?. The study also concludes with emphasizing the efficacy of the Roman concept of binary oppositions, which is preponderantly influential in human thought.

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Специфіка функціювання фразеологічних одиниць в ідіостилі Дари Корній

Author(s): Liudmyla Volodymyrivna Shytyk / Language(s): Ukrainian Issue: 2/2019

The paper is devoted to the study of the peculiarities of phraseological units in the novels Honykhmarnyk, The Reverse Side of the Light by Dara Korniy and The Wings of the Colour of Clouds by Dara Korniy and Tala Vladmyrova. Two ways of applying phraseological units in the literary works are outlined: 1) the use of traditional fixed units recorded in phraseological dictionaries (usual use); 2) purposeful replacement and transformation of communicative setting, connectivity, semantics, form, or structure of phraseological units (occasional use). The specifics of introducing traditional and transformed phraseological units into the lingual structure of literary works are described. The unmodified phraseo- logical units that are entered into the text in their original linguistic form (in Ukrainian, Greek, and Latin languages) are analyzed. If the writer uses foreign-language fixed units in the text, she gives the Ukrainian equivalents. The stylistic features of the phraseological units which appear as a result of euphemization are revealed. The ways of formalization of standard phraseological units are marked in inverted commas as quotes or without inverted commas but in the context where there is a formal indication of the author’s words. The ways of transformation of phraseological units are singled out: changes in the communicative setting of a fixed unit, modifications of the component structure of a phra- seological unit, and the contextual processing of a phraseological unit or its components. The changes in the component composition of phraseological units are systematized: the replacement of the grammatical form of the predicate, the lexical replacement of the com- ponents (substitution), and quantitative changes in the component composition. Lexical re- placement implies such modifications: the replacement by paronymous words, synonyms, or other lexemes. The degree of coverage of a phraseological unit by substitution may be minimal (one component is replaced), moderate (several components are replaced), and maximum (full replacement of the components). Quantitative changes which provide for the expansion or reduction of the component composition are described. The reduction of the component composition covers the following processes: truncation, contamination, and phraseological hint. The cases of the contextual processing of phraseological units are ana- lyzed, their qualification characteristics are determined. It is concluded that Dara Korniy introduces phraseological units into literary text with- out changing their structure and semantics, and also uses transformed fixed units, compo- nents of which get new, phraseologically predetermined meanings because of transforma- tions. The use of varieties of techniques for the expression of well-known phraseological units testifies the high skill of the writer to achieve maximum expressiveness, irony, and laconicism.

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Nominal Causal Constructions across Slavic: Semantic Contrasts in a Parallel Corpus Perspective*

Author(s): Sergey Say / Language(s): English Issue: 2/2021

Slavic languages employ a wide array of dependent markers (typically, preposition + case combinations) in nominal causal constructions, i.e. causal constructions where the causing event is syntactically represented by a noun phrase, cf. заплакала от боли в руке ‘(she) burst into tears from the pain in her arm’ or Я погибаю из-за любви ‘I’m perishing on account of love’ in Russian. Drawing on the data from a parallel corpus (ParaSol) and using the multi-dimensional scaling technique, I explore the ways in which the choice of a specific nominal causal marker corresponds to semantic contrasts in eleven Slavic languages. The contrast between direct and indirect causes is found to be omnipresent in Slavic (with a possible exception of the Slovenian preposition zaradi, which spans both semantic subdomains). Indirect causal markers are often specialized, but they are relatively infrequent in speech, structurally secondary, weakly grammaticalized and diachronically unstable. By contrast, direct causes are typically expressed by more grammaticalized and highly polysemous markers. These markers are very often cognitively based on the elative spatial schema. Even though some Slavic languages diverge in the use of direct causal markers (cf. the Instrumental case in Czech or the Polish preposition przez), the very semantic contrasts in the domain of nominal causal markers remain robust across Slavic.

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Устойчивые сравнения с компонентом-ориентализмом – этносимволом Украины

Author(s): Irina Vladimirovna Kuznetsova / Language(s): Russian Issue: 1/2020

It is an undeniable fact that as a result of centuries of historical, cultural, and neighbourly contacts, Orientalisms penetrated the languages of the Slavs in quite large numbers. They are firmly fixed in the lexical structure of Slavic languages both in their original meaning (corresponding to the original language) and in a sense reinterpreted on Slavic soil. Numerous linguistic and culturological works are devoted to this topic. The Ukrainian language is no exception in this regard. Historical lexicology studies the causes, time, and ways of penetration and adaptation of Orientalisms in the Ukrainian language. Borrowings from Oriental languages make up a significant layer of the Ukrainian vocabulary. The fate of borrowings varies: they eithe r remained exoticisms in the recipient language or as a result of extralinguistic factors, they were assimilated so much that they became symbols of national culture. For example, the fate of Orientalisms leleka ‘stork’, kobza, and surma in Ukraine is indicative in this regard. One of the frequent associations with the country is the image of Zaporozhian Cossacks in wide bloomers with an integral attribute – tobacco. The purpose of this study is to identify the semantic and functional peculiarities of the Ukrainian Orientalisms in comparison. In this paper, using the example of these lexical units, we consider the phrase-making potential as well as the semantic and functional features of these borrowed Orientalisms associated with Ukraine, as part of comparative constructions. The paper deals with both outdated similes and those that are actively used nowadays. In addition to this, the author gives possible culturological, historical, and etymological comments to similes, showing the meaning of phraseological units and components that are parts of similes. The study demonstrates that the analyzed Orientalisms have been so firmly established in the foundation of the Ukrainian language that they are not perceived in the recipient language as foreign elements. On the contrary, they have become ethnic symbols in Ukrainian linguistic culture, they are productive in derivational terms (the paper does not deal with this question), and operate in stable compa risons, including imagery and poetry. However, their ethnosymbolic features, apparently, have imposed restrictions on their phraseological potential: in comparison with Orientalisms that have not become markers of Ukrainian culture (baraban, bazar, kavun, kazan, etc.), they are phraseologically less active, not frequent a s part of stable comparisons referring to a standard, measure of action, quality, etc.

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Językowy obraz życia i śmierci w języku polskim i węgierskim (w świetle frazeologizmów i materiałów ankietowych)

Author(s): Júlia Hamsovszki / Language(s): Polish Issue: 1/2020

Dziewońska Dorota: Językowy obraz życia i śmierci w języku polskim i węgierskim (w świetle frazeologizmów i materiałów ankietowych). Budapest: XII. Kerületi Lengyel Nemzetiségi Önkormányzat, 2008. 202 s

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Фразеологізми української мови на позначення дій, вчинків, поведінки людини (на матеріалі прози закарпатоукраїнського письменника Мирослава Дочинця)

Author(s): Natalia Venzhynovych / Language(s): Ukrainian Issue: 2/2020

The aim of this paper is to describe the phraseologisms in the prose by the Transcarpathian Ukrainian writer Myroslav Dochynets. The most important linguocultural peculiarities of phraseological units denoting human actions, deeds, and behaviour fixed in the works of arts by the above-mentioned author have been analyzed for the first time. The topicality of the study is determined by the need of further elaboration on the issues in Ukrainian linguistics related to the studying individual phraseologisms used by authors of literary works, the increase of interest to dialect phraseology in the Ukrainian language, the lack of thorough studies dealing with texts written by the above-mentioned Transcarpathian Ukrainian prosaist. It has been claimed that it is dialectal phraseology that best of all reproduces the experience, customs, rituals, and mental peculiarities of native speakers living in Transcarpathia. The collected empirical material has been elaborated by means of the descriptive method for distinguishing thematic groups of phraseologisms. The method of contextual analysis has been used for ascertaining functional and stylistic possibilities of phraseologisms in the prose by Myroslav Dochynets. The descriptive method enabled the theoretical generalization of the results achieved in the study and the systematization of the selected material. The method of componential analysis has been used for specifying the meaning of phraseologisms. Approximately 600 phraseological units have been extracted from the empirical material. The development of phraseological meaning has been under investigation, which enabled ascertaining both their universal regularities and national (regional) specificity. The author claims that phraseologisms fixed in the works of art have a vividly expressed emotional and assessing colouring, lending picturesqueness to the text. Phraseological units characterize signs and actions vividly and neatly, which may be applied to a great number of concrete facts of speech. The style of the works is a phenomenon, the result of the writer’s untiring creative activities. It has been observed that describing characters and their state, Myroslav Dochynets often uses comparative phraseologisms. Their use helped the writer to recall local colouring, to reveal tempers, positive and negative deeds of the characters, physical and emotional state of personages, and vividly and originally express their spoken tongue.

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The Axiological Portrait of Quality and its Standard (Based on Comparative Phraseography)

Author(s): Valery Mikhailovich Mokienko,Tatiana Alexandrovna Nikitina / Language(s): English Issue: 1/2021

The paper presents the concept of a comparative topical dictionary of set similes, which allows to fully reflect the axiological parameters of phraseological material. The choice of the object of vocabulary description which is set similes (comparative phraseological units) is justified by their direct correlation with the category of evaluation and the individual value system. It is emphasized that in the act of phraseological nomination, axiologically oriented is the choice of the object of comparison that requires evaluation, and the image of comparison that refers the native speaker and the researcher to the sphere of origin of the turnover, to its history. These phraseological parameters have been thoroughly investigated on the material of various languages. However, bilingual dictionaries do not give a complete picture of the evaluative phraseological universals and the ethnocultural specifics of phraseological comparisons. A bilingual dictionary of a special type will help solve this problem, realizing the idea of parallel-contrastive representation of the material, which determines the relevance of our research presented in this article on the material of the Russian and Czech languages. The article deals with such theoretical issues of phraseology as the axiological potential of a comparative phraseological unit, the paradigmatics of the axiological space of comparative phraseology, axiological characteristics of the comparison standard, etc. Referring to the dictionary entries formed within the framework of the concept, the feasibility of multi-directional linguoaxiological development of set similes in two sections of the comparative dictionary has been proved: from the general phraseological image to the meaning of phraseological units and their axiological orientation as well as from the meaning of a phraseological unit to methods of associative-figurative transmission of evaluative connotations. In the first case, the phrase-forming potential of the figurative cores representing the model manifestations of the evaluated attributes is revealed, while ethnoculturally determined discrepancies of the axiological charge of the image are commented on. In the second case, the attribute itself is characterized from the standpoint of its practical significance for speakers of different linguistic cultures. A model of parallel-contrasting dictionary macro-entry structuring is presented: the filling of parametric zones, the features of metalanguage use, and the graphic ways of displaying types of figurative-axiological correspondences.

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Архангельская Алла (гл. ред.): Новое в русской и славянской фразеологии (Slavofraz-2020); Dobríková Mária: Vlastné meno ako komponent slovenských a bulharských frazém; Dobríková Mária (ed.): Percepcia nadprirodzena vo frazeológii (Slavofraz-2019); Ja

Author(s): Oleg Fedoszov / Language(s): Russian Issue: 1/2021

Архангельская Алла (гл. ред.): Новое в русской и славянской фразеологии (Slavofraz-2020). Olomouc: Univerzita Palackého v Olomouci, 2020. 510 s. [далее – Новое 2020]; Dobríková Mária: Vlastné meno ako komponent slovenských a bulharských frazém. Bratislava: Univerzita Komenského v Bratislave, 2014. 134 s. [далее – Vlastné meno 2014]; Dobríková Mária (ed.): Percepcia nadprirodzena vo frazeológii (Slavofraz-2019). Bratislava: Univerzita Komenského v Bratislave, 2019. 374 s. [далее – Percepcia 2019]; Janovec Ladislav (ed.): Svět v obrazech a ve frazeologii II. / World in Pictures and in Phraseology II. Praha: PFUK, 2021. 551 s. [далее – Svět 2021]

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Bálizs Beáta: Veres róka, vörös bársony, piros rózsa. A piros/vörös a magyar nyelvben és kultúrában

Author(s): Anna Sándor / Language(s): Hungarian Issue: 3/2022

The author, delving into the rather complex issues of the past and present meanings of red and ruby/crimson, introduces us to the history of rose-coloured and the emergence of this colour name as an independent colour category.

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Названия восточных сладостей и напитков в составе устойчивых сравнений некоторых южнославянских народов (на фоне других языков)

Author(s): Irina V. Kuznecova / Language(s): Russian Issue: 4/2022

The article examines some lexical-thematic groups of similes based on the material of some languages of South Slavia. These similes contain the names of oriental sweets, sweet dishes and drinks that entered the languages of the Southern Slavs as a result of linguistic communication that accompanied the dialogue of Slavic and Turkish cultures for many centuries. The article deals with both outdated similes and those that are actively used nowadays. The author gives possible cultural, historical and etymological comments to these similes. To identify the equivalence or nonequivalence of similes, the author used phraseological material of other Slavic languages.

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Det ambivalente kvindebillede i danske ordsprog

Author(s): Tomasz Archutowski / Language(s): Danish Issue: 27/2019

The aim of the paper is to identify the image of a woman coded in Danish proverbs. The basis of my research is the assumption that proverbs convey knowledge of how societies perceive the reality and that proverbs are used as interpretative mechanisms. This is mainly achieved thanks to the repetitive nature of proverbs. Simultaneously proverbs force certain perception of the world upon societies and promote certain values. The image of a woman in the Danish language is composed by two stereotypes, a negative and a positive one. The image is a combination of contradictions. On one hand there is admiration for features such as care, motherhood, life experience and, hard work, but on the other hand women are submitted to discrimination and harsh social pressure. Women are depicted as talkative, dominating, evil, vain, unpredictable, unrestrained. They face pressure to get married, take good care of their looks, or be exemplary housewives. The analysis of Danish proverbs gives a possibility to observe how much women’s social status, character and the perception of women by the society have changed throughout the centuries and how these changes have influenced the language we use and the reality that the language depicts.

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Metafory zmysłowe w polskiej frazeologii

Author(s): Anna Kieler,Piotr Kładoczny / Language(s): Polish Issue: 29/2022

The senses are the basic cognitive tool of man. For this reason, the concepts describing the senses serve to represent other human activities metaphorically and metonymically. The article presents the use of names related to sensory perception in Polish phraseology. Names describing the sense of sight predominate, followed by terms related to hearing and touch. The use of taste and smell is very rare. Detailed analyses were carried out on the example of names related to the sense of touch. Phraseologisms often express synesthesia relationships by referring to more than one sense. Most often, however, the names used in phraseologisms describing the senses are used to describe other categories. For the names related to the sense of touch, the target ranges are mostly the human state, interpersonal relationships, and the determination of human characteristics. There are also single references to human behavior, valuing, and transience. It happens that phraseologisms without terms corresponding with the senses acquire meanings related to them.

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Z badań frazeologii we współczesnej prasie katolickiej. Frazeologia w tygodniku „Niedziela”

Author(s): Włodzimierz Wysoczański / Language(s): Polish Issue: 29/2022

The article concerns the functioning of phraseology in the weekly Niedziela in two main dimensions. Firstly, the analysis focuses on revealing the correctness of using the phraseological resource available in the Polish language regarding the aspects and ways of introducing phraseologisms into the magazine. The second research area relates to the specificity of the application and contexts in which phraseology occurs, aiming at distinguishing more important problem circles along with the interpretative regularities of the reality presented through the prism of phraseology. A more complete overview covers the spheres of faith, religion and the sacred as well as the ethical-moral and axiological levels. The detected properties of the phraseology in the weekly Niedziela are in line with the research on phraseology in contemporary Catholic press.

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Synonymous light verb constructions and synonymy groups. A study of verb variability in Hungarian

Author(s): Éva Hrenek / Language(s): English Issue: 45/2021

Light verb constructions are typically interpreted as idiom-like, fixed patterns in the literature (see e.g. Forgács 2015). However, corpus data suggest that such constructions may also display variability, potentially inviting a study in terms of synonymy. For instance, this is the case with barátságot köt [lit. ‘tie a friendship’] ~ barátságot sző [lit. ‘weave a friendship’] ~ barátságot épít [lit. ‘build a friendship’], all meaning ‘make friends’.In the present case study, I explore patterns of the structure N-ba/be ‘into N’ + V, in particular feledésbe V ‘become forgotten’ (where feledésbe means ‘into oblivion’), homályba V ‘become obscure’ (where homályba means ‘into obscurity’) and sötétségbe V ‘become dark’ (where sötétségbe means ‘into darkness’). More specifically, I examine variants of these LVCs (e.g. homályba vész [lit. ‘be lost into obscurity’] ~ homályba szürkül [‘fade into oblivion’]), yielding synonym groups. Primarily using corpus data from the Hungarian National Corpus, I seek to find out how these three synonym groups are related semantically, and how their similarities and differences can be described by studying i. central and marginal patterns within them and ii. verbal lexemes (elfelejtődik ‘become forgotten’, elhomályosul ‘become obscure’ and elsötétedik ‘become dark’, respectively) with which they are synonymous.

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The Stylistic Value of Some Phraseologisms from I. Creangă and P. Ispirescu’s Fairy Tales

Author(s): Elvira Buzoianu-Ambrinoc / Language(s): English Issue: 2/2023

Phraseologisms are very important in creating the universe of the fairy tales, because this type of narrative discourse is characterized by specific features. In addition to the fact that they help framing the literary genre, phraseologisms also give expressiveness to the narrative discourse. Most of the expressions are connected to the main themes identified in the fairy tales authored by Ispirescu and Creangă, so they are used in a similar manner in both writers’ works. A slight difference can be noticed in the way Ispirescu necessarily adheres to respect the authenticity of the collected fairy tales, while Creangă creatively distances himself from the literary genre. The beauty of the language they both use is obviously due to the phraseologisms as well.

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Фразеология в дискурсе языковой личности (на материале рассказов Н. А. Тэффи)

Author(s): Olga Nacharova / Language(s): Russian Issue: 1-2/2022

This paper is devoted to the study of phraseological units as parts of the system and the discourse of a literary character’s linguistic personality. As the practical material under study were chosen N. Teffi’s short stories Strong as Death, Easter Child, and Causes and Consequences, which mark different stages of the writer’s oeuvre. The aim of the research was the identification of Teffi’s main strategies with regard to the forms of verbal production as well as providing a description of the function of phraseological units depending on the possible intentions and types of the speaking subject. The analysis is made in accordance with the way in which phraseologisms were distributed through the composition and speech structures of the chosen texts. Teffi uses a unique set of strategies in each of the stories. For instance, texts with the dominance of author’s monologue tend to dissolve the author into the character’s conscious or to hide the author behind a mask. In that case, idioms generally utilize the double set of strategies for both the “surface” and the “deep” sender.

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Человек и бог: формы взаимодействия в образах фразеологизмов

Author(s): Valery Mikhailovich Mokienko,T.E Nikitina / Language(s): Russian Issue: 1-2/2022

The paper examines the figurative component of the concept “God” on the material of phraseological units of Russian and other Slavic languages with the involvement of Hungarian phraseological parallels. Phraseological units whose images reflect the interaction of God and man are selected for analysis. The purpose of the paper is to show how in the associative mechanisms of idiom formation and in the situations reflected by the prototypes of idioms and proverbs, general Christian ideas about the world order and nationally specific interpretations of the interaction of man and God are realized. Idioms dating back to the texts of the Bible and representing scenes of Christ’s earthly life, his contacts with followers and persecutors are analyzed. In folk phraseological units which have also become the object of comparative analysis, the situations of interaction between God and the ordinary person are metaphorically reinterpreted. Clichéd appeals of a person to God as another type of interaction between man and God contain requests for family well-being, health, and luck.

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