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Review of: К. Попов. Етюди по българска стилистика (предговор от М. Виденов). София, ИК „Ваньо Недков“, 1999. 222 стр.
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Review of: Стереотипность и творчество в тексте. Межвузовский сборник научных трудов. Под ред. М. П. Котюровой. Пермь, 2000, 393 стр.
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Review of: Стереотипность и творчество в тексте [Межвузовский сборник научных трудов] (отв. ред. М. П. Котюрова). Пермь, Пермьский университет, 2001, 408 стр.
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Review of: Хр. Станева. Стилистика на българския книжовен език. Велико Търново, 2001. 520 стр.
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In recent years, we have observed a huge influx of vocabulary borrowed from English into Polish; these are words either of English origin or borrowed through English. At the same time, the number and variety of scholarly investigations trying to illustrate the extent of anglicisms in Polish and systematise the semantic fields which draw from English the most have increased. Most of them deal with the latest borrowings, often representing professional jargon or spoken language. In this paper we will discuss anglicisms which entered Polish over sixty years ago and remained in the sports lexicon until today. The article is a tribute to the late professor Jacek Fisiak, who offered the first in-depth analysis of sports vocabulary borrowed from English into Polish. His Ph.D. monograph (1961) and the subsequent article (1964) have shown a special place of sports terminology among anglicisms in Polish. The lexical items which Fisiak collected in the early sixties of the twentieth century have been tested not only in terms of their fate, but also the degree of grammatical and orthographic assimilation, as well as semantic changes the lexemes have undergone. The study is based on two large corpora of Polish: the Narodowy Korpus Języka Polskiego and Odkrywka, comprising texts from the 18th century until the present time.
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The paper explores the use of the lexeme shit in the corpus of Dave Chappelle’s stand-up specials released between 2000 and 2019. It consists of two parts: theoretical and analytical. The first one presents theoretical and pragmatic considerations connected with stand-up routines, touches upon slang semantics, and depicts the links between Dave Chappelle’s stage persona and the hip hop community. Lastly, it presents the reader with the past and present-day status of the lexeme at issue. In the analytical section of the paper the use of shit in the aforesaid corpus is scrutinized from the semantic angle. The discussion is supplemented with the results culled from the corpus of rap lyrics compiled at the Faculty of English at Adam Mickiewicz University in Poznań. The paper argues that (i) shit has lost its taboo status and is mainly used in both corpora as a less formal equivalent of stuff, anything and something and (ii) Chappelle’s stage use of shit, even though present in a different context and serving context-specific purposes, corresponds to the use of African American rappers in their song lyrics (assuming that rap lyrics depict African American English, this conclusion can be extended to the sociolect of African Americans).
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The article attempts to analyze the verbal means of persuasion appearing in the statements of Prime Minister Mateusz Morawiecki on the coronavirus pandemic. The material selected for analysis includes statements from the period: 14.03.2020-08.03.2022. The start date is the day of declaring the state of epidemic emergency in Poland, and the final date – refers to the statements from the first week of the state’s operation after the lifting of most sanitary restrictions.The method of linguistic analysis of lexical and grammatical planes was used, with particular emphasis on persuasive means implementing 4 rhetorical mechanisms according to Stanisław Barańczak.
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In this article, we address term creation in 3 terms from the domain of artificial intelligence, which are representative and revelatory for the study of reterminologization in the triad of the specialized domains of emotional intelligence, cognitive intelligence and artificial intelligence. The study of reterminologization in the announced triad traces conceptual interferences to state-of-the-art terms created in the domain of artificial intelligence, in particular, through metonymization. The domain of artificial intelligence is a dynamic and prolific one, with a terminological variety that allows the study of conceptual interferences inspired from the domain of human intelligence. The terms that are subject to analysis in the article have a high degree of complexity and conceptually encompass the triad of emotional, cognitive and artificial intelligence.
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The main thesis of the article concerns the pluralism of expert legal language. Such an assumption contradicts the tradition of development of legal dogmatics, which, especially in its conservative approach, assumes monism of legal language. New trends in social sciences introduce post-positivist approaches that suggest a multiplicity of research perspectives. This multiplicity is also translated into modifications of the conceptual grid. The Eurocentric vision of law is one of many parallel narratives, and the reception of European models has nowadays an increasingly conscious and functionally justified character. The various narratives which condition the understanding of law in many contexts related to who interprets a given norm. This is not strictly related only to the legal family itself, or to the particular system of law in which the interpreted norm is anchored. It is rather about pluralism connected with diversity of perception resulting directly from conditions connected with the researcher-interpreter himself. It may be an expert in law connected with an academic centre, or a judge, whose education, cultural environment he comes from, mother tongue he speaks, or specific professional experience influence his understanding of the world and his understanding of law. In this case, there is a multiplicity of narratives and a plurality of legal language.
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The aim of the article is to present the various functions of the jargon of nurses. The material being the basis for the research was obtained from surveys and numerous interviews, which allowed me to examine the language awareness of nurses working in selected hospitals in the Mazowieckie voivodship (Warsaw, Mińsk Mazowiecki, Wołomin, Siedlce, Płock). The formal analysis of the jargon has shown that the vocational lexis of Polish nurses is formed by means of two types of derivation: semantic (metaphor and metonymy), e.g. pig (świnia) ‘portable device for disinfecting rooms using the fogging method’, small butterfly (motylek) ‘type of intravenous cannula’), and morphological (affix derivative, retrograde derivative), e.g. wanko ‘vancomycin’; zarurować pacjenta ‘intubate the patient’.On the basis of the professional lexical resource, it can be concluded that the most important for the studied professional group are activities strictly related to the course of treatment of patients ‘diseases, and the very specificity of individual hospital wards, equipped with characteristic medical equipment, e.g. washing machine (pralka) ‘dialysis machine’, bill of lading (list przewozowy) ‘order for additional examinations’, bocian (stork) ‘suture scissors’, odkurzacz (vacuum cleaner)‘obstetric vacuum’.Professional jargons allow for effective and efficient communication. Nurses use them to save time when communicating with colleagues at work, e.g. hepa ‘heparin’, tromba ‘thrombapheresis’, SN (Single-Needle) ‘single needle dialysis’. The professional vocabulary of the group in question also plays an expressive role, which is particularly important in medical professions associated with contact with death, in life-threatening situations, e.g. deckchair ‘lying patient’, going for parts ‘the deceased subjected to transplantation procedures’, paratrooper ’patient admitted under the urgent procedure’. Environmental vocabulary is most often used during informal conversations with colleagues and during professional activities.
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One of the factors affecting the quality of intercultural communication is the correct transmission of the information and semantic component of the codes that implement the model of culture. Coming into contact with the codes of a foreign culture through the language, the communicant involuntarily makes mistakes when the codes are transformed into the system of codes of their own culture. As a result of this, there is a misunderstanding, and often a misunderstanding of cultural meanings, which leads to a certain conflict - hidden or explicit - in intercultural communication. We have singled out several such errors that have occurred occur during the transfer of information and its transformation - this is a code perception error, a decoding error, a mismatch error, a linking error resulting from a transient error, a replication error, and a transposition error with a violation of semantic integrity. All these errors occur in the individual cognitive system as a result of insufficient knowledge and understanding of a foreign culture and as a result of a discrepancy between the system of codes of one culture and the system of codes of another culture.
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The SARS-CoV-2 pandemic has affected various aspects of social and economic life: daily routine, work, education, interpersonal and media communication. It had an impact on language as well; the terms which had rarely been used before have emerged (pandemic, quarantine, epidemiological threat, antivaxer) along with numerous pandemic-related neologisms, mainly compounds (coronaparty, coronavacation, antimasker, Covidian, Covidiot). These phenomena and language changes are global in nature, as is the pandemic. The two languages, Polish and Croatian, were chosen for the sake of comparative analysis. The aim was to showcase the mechanisms of the so-called coronalanguage (Pol. koronajęzyk, Cro. koronagovor/koronarazgovor) as a new phenomenon in social communication and discuss interlanguage similarities and differences. In the article, technical terminology and colloquialpandemic-related terms present in Polish and Croatian media discourse have been compared.
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Thanks to research over the last decades on specialized languages, the status and methods of terminology, terminological definitions, term characteristics, the relationship between term and word, etc., radical changes have occurred in the theory of terminology today. The sphere of metalanguage in Romance languages (French), which interests us, has a dynamic description of terminologies from a linguistic and literary perspective.The sphere of metalanguage, which concerns us, its lexicographic plan, has been the subject of research in Romance languages. In French, for example, we have the dynamic description of stylistic terminology from a linguistic and literary perspective, see, for example, the works of Mr Ion Manoli Dictionnaire des termes linguistiques et poetiques (2012) and Dictionnaire des termes litteraires (2022).For the lexicography of the Romanian language, see Gheorghe Dragomirescu’s Mică enciclopedie a figurilor de stil (1993), Dorel Fînaru’s Dicționar de retorică poetică (2020), or Mihaela Popescu’s Dicționar de stilistică. In English lexicography, both yesterday and today, such research is still lacking. Until today we do not have a dynamic description of stylistic and poetic terminologies from the linguistic perspective stricto modo, following the constitution of terms in various fields of knowledge (Old Rhetoric and New Rhetoric, Prague, Copenhagen, Geneva, Paris, Heidelberg linguistic schools, etc.) from the diachronic aspect, the semantic and pragmatic behaviour of terminological units, their integration and functioning in texts with different degrees of specialization; the lexicographical definition of these terms becomes ultra-difficult if one takes into account their diversity, fixed in dictionaries. When we use the terms metalanguage, metalinguistic, metalimbic, we have in mind the terminological language specific to a field of research. The closest synonym is specialized language. The boundaries between general and specialized language and between specialized language variants are very flexible, with lexical items constantly moving from one area to another.
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The authors treat aesthetic speech acts as stimulating, i.e. within the category of determining speech acts (which also includes directive, interrogative, vocative and creative acts). A characteristic feature of stimulating speech acts is the na- tivistic nature of the determined mental state of the addressee. In formal terms, the peculiarity of aesthetic speech acts is that the use of discrete (lexical or grammatical) exponents of the illocutionary function is not possible in this case. To implement the aesthetic function, various elements of the part of the utterance containing information about the area of reference of the pragmatic function are used: 1) the semantic content of the text or utterance; 2) its form and structure; 3) context and communication situation; 4) translation of text/message, including the media. Due to their functional and formal features, aesthetic speech acts are divided into several subtypes: 1) macro-, meso- and micro-acts; 2) free vs. complementary acts; 3) determining the feeling of beauty or ugliness; 4) communicative vs. non-communicative. Keywords: pragmalinguistics, linguistic communication, literary pragmatics, discourse, aesthetic speech actsThe authors treat aesthetic speech acts as stimulating, i.e. within the category of determining speech acts (which also includes directive, interrogative, vocative and creative acts). A characteristic feature of stimulating speech acts is the na- tivistic nature of the determined mental state of the addressee. In formal terms, the peculiarity of aesthetic speech acts is that the use of discrete (lexical or grammatical) exponents of the illocutionary function is not possible in this case. To implement the aesthetic function, various elements of the part of the utterance containing information about the area of reference of the pragmatic function are used: 1) the semantic content of the text or utterance; 2) its form and structure; 3) context and communication situation; 4) translation of text/message, including the media. Due to their functional and formal features, aesthetic speech acts are divided into several subtypes: 1) macro-, meso- and micro-acts; 2) free vs. complementary acts; 3) determining the feeling of beauty or ugliness; 4) communicative vs. non-communicative.
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The poetry of Martin Camaj marks an entirely separate poetical system, cultivated freely and in line with the European modernism and not under the pressure of the censorship of political ideology. As a pre- valent feature of this poetry we find the presence of dichotomies in the poetry’s form and content. Through various text analyses we scrutinised some of the dichotomy typologies and their function, which varies from image to mirage, in the sense that the associated sequences appear and disappear at about the same time. In a separate entry we have tried to shed light on Martin Camaj’s relation to hermeticism, since there are still discussions among scholars regarding this aspect. Having dealt with the components of the hermetic poetry and dark language, we have argued that the author’s intention was not to implement specific models, since his poems are not the formal output of some ready-made creative mould, but carry the distinct quality of an artless spontaneous style and distinguishing elements, which leads us more to the prevalence of dark language in his poetical expression.
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Review of: Shefkije Islamajt, Ligjërimi, gjuha dhe stili në krijimtarinë letrare moderne dhe postmoderne të Rexhep Qosjes, Instituti Albanologjik, Prishtinë, 2021 (827 f.)
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The article focuses on the deployment of hypothetical talk in the CANBEC and CCI cor- pora of business meetings and examines its use as a discursive tool for communicating stance in encounters where participants represent (potentially) incompatible positions. Through the use of hypothetical talk, interactants signal the potential for agreement and resolution by testing the other participants’ position and their preparedness to shift their view. It is argued that although talk introduced to the meeting may be hypothetical, the stance communicated is real. The analysis provides insights into actions applied to re- solve impasse or conflict situations, particularly through the rhetorical move of formu- lating. Formulating aims to resolve or summarize talk at a particular instance in time. The act of formulating requires an evaluative step on the part of the participants in order to consider their contributions or their opposition to the formulation. It is, therefore, of interest to examine how talk that is known to be hypothetical – hence essentially unreal, speculative, potentially untrue or even counterfactual – can be allowed to feature in meetings discourse and to influence a meeting’s outcome. Two theoretical models were applied to understand this – Du Bois’s (2007) “stance triangle” and Hunston’s (1989, 1994, 2011) three functions of evaluation. These offered a new perspective on the role of hypothetical talk in business meetings, where, as the results demonstrate, hypotheticaltalk is used to signal stance, test that of the other participants, and advance the speakers’ goals. By integrating the two models and applying them in order to understand how hypothetical talk is formulated in business meetings, it was possible to conceptualize the process through which meeting participants evaluate and act upon talk, by making “real life decisions” upon information which has initially been introduced to the meet- ing as hypothetical.
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