Strategii discursive în presa umoristică românească. Prezentarea războiului de independență (1877-1878)

Author(s): Mihaela-Viorica Constantinescu / Language(s): Romanian Issue: 67/2018

The article focuses on recurrent mechanisms used both in articles and cartoons to frame the Independence War (1877-1878) in Romanian humoristic press. Our discursive approach uses stylistics, conversational humour and cognitive theories insights in order to grasp the humorous patterns developed by a collective source and construed by the rather homogenous Romanian public. Humour in war time appears as a tool of reinforcing the ingroup’s feelings, diverting attention from concrete war issues and offering a coping mechanism.

Sviluppi nello studio della sinestesia letteraria in ambito linguistico italiano e romeno

Author(s): Danilo De Salazar / Language(s): Italian Issue: 66/2017

Stephen Ullmann’s theory about synaesthesia represents a milestone in the analysis of the intersensory rhetorical configuration in literature, offering some interesting criteria to identify and to record the synaesthetic occurrences into a specific schedule that was used by several researchers during the second half of the 19th century. We investigate the advances of Ullmann’s analytic model in the Romanian and the Italian linguistic field of research, initially focusing our attention on Mihaela Mancaş and Luigi Rosiello’s studies and subsequently trying to show the limits of this scientific approach. In terms of syntax, we go beyond the adjectival structure, taking into account the complexity of other syntactic possibilities. We also look at the semantic incompatibility factor (Dombi), in order to recognize the literary creative synaesthesia. Thirdly, we consider the metonymic and the metaphoric processes as interpretative solutions for literary synaesthesia (Paissa), suggesting our three-factorial analytic model, including the process (the intersensorial combination), the interpretative proceeding (metaphoric or metonymic solutions) and the complexity of syntactic structure.

Pour une « approche de la parole ». La métaphore dans la poésie de Lorand Gaspar

Author(s): Annafrancesca Naccarato / Language(s): French Issue: 64/2015

The aim of this paper is to examine the vast range of metaphors disseminated in the first section of the collection Égée Judée by Lorand Gaspar. Starting from a theoretical approach which sees the speech figure as a linguistic device of a complex and contradictory nature and which, at the same time, takes into consideration its power to develop the iconic potential of language, we propose to show how this opens the way to profound and original meanings, relating to a specific conception of the world and of things. In the corpus which is the object of our analysis, the metaphor contributes to the employment of themes which structure Gaspar’s poetry, by realising this « approche de la parole » which transforms the writing into an unending journey through time and space.

Mihaela Mancaş, Lexicul afectivității și poezia românească din secolul XX, București, Editura Universității din București, 2014

Author(s): Claudia Ene / Language(s): Romanian Issue: 64/2015

BREAKING THE HOOK OF METAPHOR: TOOLS OF PRODUCING INDICATIONS IN MAḤMŪD DARWĪŠ’S POETRY

Author(s): Rawiya Burbara / Language(s): English,Arabic Issue: 20/2020

This study deals with the absent-relationships between the words of the poem, which create a meaning from the symbol that they carry and the indications that hide behind the words. The study also tries to prove that the language is the most important elements of the poem and that the sounds of the words and their formation create the rhythm of the poem. Besides, it shows that the rhythm of the poem is different from its meter. Rhythm gives the poem its musical tone, and that is achieved by the words. ‘Language’ here does not mean ‘rhetoric’ and ‘figures of speech’, but simple words that constitute deviations in their indications through the relationships that grow between them, which require an alert reader who, by his analysis and exploration of those relationships, becomes a partner in producing the text. The study chooses samples of Maḥmūd Darwīš’s poetry to illustrate these relationships that include his attitude about the Arabic prose-poem and how he expressed his opinions by the meta-poetry and the absent-relationships between the words.

THE ENIGMATIC LANGUAGE AND THE OXYMORONIC ABSENTRELATIONSHIPS IN THE POETRY OF SAMĪḤ AL-QĀSIM AND MAḤMŪD DARWĪŠ

Author(s): Rima Abu Jaber Baransi / Language(s): English,Arabic Issue: 20/2020

This study deals with one of the most important elements in the structure of poetic language, which is the element of ‘language’ and all its rhetorical forms, figures of speech, magnificent classical resounding words that are transformed into a language of ambiguity, and the absent relationships between the words. Among the abundant styles that modernist poets resort to is the ‘oxymoron’ which plays a significant role in creating dual meanings, irony, and unusual relations between words. This study aims to find out how this lexical category serves the metaphorical style and how it lends the modern poem a new poetic feature, and how it contributes to the immortalization of the text by turning it into an infinite text. The study introduces demonstrations of oxymoronic intertextualities in sections and passages from the poems of Samīḥ al-Qāsim in his collection ‘Ağā’ibu Qānā l-Ğadῑda/ “Miracles of New Qana”, and a group of poems from Maḥmd Darwīš’s collects of poetry, mainly ᾿Aṯaru l-farāša/ “Butterfly effect”, Ka-zahri l-lawzi’aw ’ab‘ad/ “Like almond blossom or more far” and Lā ᾿urῑdu li-hāḏihi l-qaṣῑda ᾿an tantahī/ “I Don’t Want This Poem to End”.I n general, the study aims to answer the questions: Can we consider the absence-relationships and the employment of the oxymoron a foundation on which modern poetics is established? Is this kind of relationship the hook on which modern poets hang their poetic creativity, excellence and genius? Can we consider it a tool of compensation in the modernist poem, which gave up the employment of the poetic meter and rhyme?

Metafory pojęciowe dotyczące zdrowia psychicznego w trakcie pandemii COVID‑19 w Polsce

Author(s): Katarzyna Stadnik / Language(s): Polish Issue: 55/2021

RESEARCH OBJECTIVE: The aim of the paper is to analyse linguistic data from a public discourse on mental health during the COVID 19 pandemic. The data come from interviews concluded with psychologists/psychiatrists, published in newspapers/magazines or online. THE RESEARCH PROBLEM AND METHODS: The article fills a gap in public discourse research on mental health during the SARS CoV 2 virus epidemic by adopting the theoretical and methodological assumptions of cognitive linguistics that the metaphor manifested in language is essentially conceptual in nature. THE PROCESS OF ARGUMENTATION: The subject of the research are conceptual metaphors used by psychologists and psychiatrists in communicating expert knowledge in the public discourse. The article examines this issue in the context of developing the health competences of the society in order to counteract mental disorders caused by the pandemic. RESEARCH RESULTS: The results of the analysis indicate that correctly selected metaphors facilitates the process of drawing inference about the cause-effect relations between the occurrence of an epidemic situation and the occurrence of mental disorders in various age groups of Polish society. CONCLUSIONS, INNOVATIONS, AND RECOMMENDATIONS: The results of the current analysis can form the basis for further research on the cognitive foundations of effective ways of disseminating the expert knowledge about mental health, with particular consideration placed on those areas of epidemic daily life that can be easily disinformed.

Skandál metafory Umberta Eca

Author(s): Pavel Bluďovský / Language(s): Czech Issue: 2/2021

The article analyses Umberto Eco's philosophical view of metaphor in his essay The Scandal of Metaphor, based mainly on the interpretation of Porphyry's tree and the disharmony between encyclopaedic and dictionary entries with reference to Aristotle's theses, and tries to provide an analysis of Eco's background and ideas about the role of metaphor in the development of knowledge against the background of contemporary philosophical, linguistic and psychological approaches to metaphor. The focus is not on Eco's literary output, but on his actual linguistic reflection on metaphor.

O POZORNEJ SYNONIMII NA PRZYKŁADZIE CZASOWNIKÓW FAŁSZU

Author(s): Joanna Zaucha / Language(s): Polish Issue: 08/2023

This are cle aims to identify the mechanisms determining a seeming synonymy. It is based on the observation of sentence contexts containing falsehood verbs. The first part of this article indicates the semantic differences occurring between four language units: wprowadzić [kogoś] w błąd (to mislead [someone]), oszukać [kogoś] (to deceive [someone]), zwieść [kogoś] (to delude [someone]), and okłamać [kogoś] (to lie [to someone]). It is followed by the discussion of the sentence contexts in the form of the conditional mood with various combinations of seeming synonyms. The conclusion coming from the analysis is that semantic oppositions are neutralised due to specifi c characteritics of the syntactic context and the mechanism of “silent denial” as described by A. Bogusławski (2003, 2021). The necessary condition for neutralisation on to occur is preserving the identity of the themes of the characteristics included in the contents of the verbs. Contextual synonymy will not arise if any of the predicates included in the conditional mood fails to characterise the theme in a given respect.

RUINA, RUINY, RUJNOWAĆ. DELIMITACJA JEDNOSTEK I CHARAKTERYSTYKA POJĘĆ

Author(s): Dorota Kruk / Language(s): Polish Issue: 08/2023

The aim of this article is the delimitation and semantic analysis of language units represented in the contemporary Polish language by the forms ruina (a ruin), ruiny (ruins), rujnować (to ruin). The text is situated in the steam of structuralist linguistics, and more specifically in reduction semantics. The outcome of the conducted analysis is the identification of both verbal units in the form of [ktośi ] zrujnował [kogośj ], [ktośi ] zrujnował się na [cośj ], [ktośi ] zrujnował [cośj ], [ktośi ] obrócił [cośj ] w ruinę and nominal units in the form of ruiny [czegośi ], as well as three expressions associated with the form ruina, namely the specifi c noun ruina and the abstract nouns ruina [kogośj ] and ruina [czegośj ]. The author describes the semantic properties of the distinguished lexemes and formulates an explication of the notions assigned to them.

GŁUPI / IDIOTYCZNY / NIESZCZĘSNY DŁUGOPIS, CZYLI O NIE TYLKO EKSPRESYWNYM ZNACZENIU PEWNEGO TYPU PRZYMIOTNIKÓW

Author(s): Katarzyna Doboszyńska-Markiewicz / Language(s): Polish Issue: 08/2023

This article shows lexemes such as głupi (gwóźdź), debilne (zebranie), idiotyczny (ząb), nieszczęsne (dokumenty) (a stupid/foolish/ridiculous/wretched (nail/meeting/tooth/document)) as a subgroup of metapredicative adjectives with expressive and colloquial markedness. When they moved to the level of speaking about speaking, they lost some of the formal characteristics of typical adjectives (they are non-contrastive, non-negatable, nod-gradable among other features) and the meanings associated with mental impairment, illness, and other misfortunes have changed into the carrier of the evaluation ‘it’s not worth talking about’. This process falls into the research on grammaticalisation. This article provides an overview of dictionary entries of the analysed expressions and the author’s preliminary hypothesis on their capability to reinforce assertion.

WIZUALIZACJA TREŚCI JAKO SPOSÓB UPRASZCZANIA TEKSTU PRAWNEGO. LEGAL DESIGN W PRAKTYCE

Author(s): Karolina Ruta-Korytowska,Łukasz Połomski / Language(s): Polish Issue: 08/2023

The aim of this article is to present the possibility of using the plain language standard for communication in the field of law. So far, legal design as a model of communicati on between lawyers and citi zens/clients has not been thoroughly developed in terms of both theory and practice. Therefore, the first part of the text presents the most important features of plain language in terms of legal design. It is one of the possible ways to apply the standard of plain polish developed over a decade ago. The high degree of difficulty of texts in the field of law results in their recipients being excluded in terms of communicati on. Legal design is the simplifi cation of the language of law in such a way that it is useful and understandable for every citizen. The second part of the article describes good practices of using this information design model in the field of law. The effectiveness and efficiency of activities aimed at visualising content has been tested among clients of one of Poznań law firms.

Naratološki elementi proznog oblika basne

Author(s): Ermina Ribić / Language(s): Bosnian Issue: 91-92/2023

This paper analyses narrative features of fables. Starting from the etymology of this form and its connection to oral literature, the paper highlights the relationship between various cultural traditions and practices in which fables appear, and it examines the development of this genre in its written form. The paper is divided into three parts. The first introductory section discusses the etymology of the fable and its connection to simple forms. The second part explores the reasons for various approaches and definitions of the fable, and a new classification of this prose form is proposed. The central part of the paper, which is also the most crucial, identifies numerous narratological elements of the fable that are essential for it to function as narrative prose. The aim of this paper is to present the fable through a narratological approach and determine its narrative structure, while also pointing out the specific characteristics of this form, features that distinguish it from other prose forms, and its connection to the traditions in which it originates.

Reafirmacija metode interpretacije lirske pjesme

Author(s): Ivan Šunjić / Language(s): Bosnian Issue: 91-92/2023

Review of: Tihomir Brajović, Tumačenje lirske pesme. Od teorije do interpretativne prakse (Novi Sad: Akademska knjiga, 2022).

Grammatical Number from an Ecological Perspective, Focused on the “Here-Now-I-Real”

Author(s): Toshiyuki Sadanobu / Language(s): English Issue: 41/2023

This article shows, using the example of number agreement, that an ecological perspective with a focus on the situation of the utterance (i.e. here-now-I-real) is an effective way to understand differences in grammar among individual languages and to identify commonalities above and beyond such differences. On the surface, English and Chinese would appear to be exact opposites in terms of whether or not they conform to the rule of number agreement, while the position of Japanese would appear to be ambivalent on this question. But in fact this is not the case. Numerous languages around the world are consistent in the way number distinction is more likely to arise the higher the subject’s position on the animacy hierarchy. Chinese and Japanese are no exceptions. Leaving aside differences in individual circumstances, languages differ only in the boundary lines on the animacy hierarchy where number distinction becomes obligatory. In order to reach the above understanding, it is essential to see animacy from an ecological perspective. Furthermore, an ecological perspective is essential as a principle for explaining levels of not only animacy but also self-expressiveness, esteem, and transitivity. The prevailing view of language as separate from the situation of the utterance requires considerable revision on the subject of grammar.

Пословицы в газетном тексте и медийном дискурсе

Author(s): Olga Abakumova / Language(s): Russian Issue: 2/2009

The article deals with the problem of proverb’s meaning and its functioning in newspaper text and in media discourse. Special attention is paid to different communicative strategies, used by journalists in achieving the necessary effect. It is supposed that media text in most cases is a result of social strategic action. The aim is achieved through different means and use of proverbs as well. The actualisation of proverb in text is connected with the developing of the proverbial scenario as a result of superposition of three types of frames: imaginary, occasional and generalised. The use of proverb in speech is an indirect speech act (in most cases of directive type).

K některým gramatickým jevům v prózách Ivana Klímy

Author(s): František Štícha / Language(s): Czech Issue: 28/2023

The fiction (novels and stories) of Ivan Klí􀆴ma, one of the most renowned Czechwriters since the 1960s, is not particularly rich in linguistic peculiarities: word order is strictlythe norm, there are not many neologisms, lexis and grammar are mostly as common as in otherrenowned Czech (and not only Czech) writers. Nevertheless, I found some grammatical phenomenathat are probably characteristic of Klí􀆴ma’s prose: 1. The pluperfect, though rarely used byKlí􀆴ma, occurs more frequently in Klí􀆴ma’s prose than in other contemporary well-known Czechwriters. 2. The iterative aspectual forms (chodívat) are probably more frequent in Klí􀆴ma thanin other well-known Czech writers. 3. The perfective uvidět is often used for the common vidět.4. A special class of deadjective verbs with the prefix z- and the root suffix -ě- is common.5. The third person plural of the verbal predicate is often used in the function of the so-calledgeneral personal subject (Říkali to v rádiu / They said it on radio). 6. A special type of complexsentence with attributive and other dependent clauses is used without conjunction (Jsou věci,nikdo se o nich nedozví / There are things, nobody will know they exist).

Kontext – komunikace – dialog Suplementum časopisu Jazykovědného sdružení České republiky

Author(s): Martin Havlík / Language(s): Czech Issue: 28/2023

Summary of a journal article: Kontext – komunikace – dialog Suplementum časopisu Jazykovědného sdružení České republiky (K životnímu jubileu Jiřího Zemana) Roč. LX, 2023, 267 s.

The Use of Sarcasm in ESP Classes

Author(s): Mirela Costeleanu / Language(s): English Issue: 22/2023

Sarcasm can be defined as the use of words that mean the opposite of what the speaker actually says, especially to insult the recipient, to show irritation or to amuse the others. Sarcastic remarks are funny and constructive when they are mutually understood within a genuine relationship. Sarcasm has the potential to catalyze creativity for those who produce and receive it. A positive message delivered in a friendly tone - „You did a great job” and a negative message delivered in a patronizing or deprecating tone - “Your answers are far beyond all expectations” - are congruent.

МИНАТИТЕ ВРЕМИЊА ВО МАКЕДОНСКИОТ ПРЕВОД НА РОМАНОТ „ПРАЗНА МАПА“ ОД АЛЕНА МОРНШТАЈНОВА

Author(s): Igor Stanojoski / Language(s): Macedonian Issue: 16/2023

It is known that the translator of literary works to Macedonian language does not dispose of Grammar markers of evidentiality, hence he/she needs to be cautious in the selection of the correct tense for translation. The novel “Blind map” is an exceptionally interesting example, since we faced a whole specter of influences when selecting past tenses in its translation, therefore, the choice of tense was not entirely dependent on the context and the chronology of events in the novel, but on the acts of narration of the well-known Czech writer as well.