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Although many critics have underscored the connections between the work of Yves Bonnefoy and Italy or Greece, none have analyzed the possible of a connection – however slim – with Romania. Our essay examines the relations, often overlooked, between the French poet and certain Romanian poets, taking a cue from unpublished interviews. In the first part, we underline the existence of a spiritual and poetic community between Yves Bonnefoy, Lermontov and Mihai Eminescu. In the second part, we pinpoint the various moments in which the existential and artistic paths of Yves Bonnefoy and of Paul Celan come together, revealing an unknown interpretation on the part of the French author of Celan’s poem Mandorla. In the third part, we try to identify the hidden relations between the work of Yves Bonnefoy and that of Benjamin Fondane, particularly in Baudelaire et l’expérience du gouffre, in order to demonstrate the degree to which the French writer may be included in Fondane’s critical and philosophical posterity.
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This paper deals with evolutions that appear to become significant in relation to the way in which degrees of comparison are expressed in Modern Standard Arabic. It deals mainly with structures that represent different types of deviations of what would generally be considered the norm of Modern Standard Arabic: the use of periphrastic structures where single units might have been expected, the adverbialization of the elative ’akṯar within structures conveying the comparative degree, the erosion of the norm-sanctioned use of specifying complements after annexations conveying the superlative degree headed by ’akṯar, the apparent reluctance to use verbal nouns as specifying complements when they are associated with the passive voice. In searching for possible or plausible reasons for these tendencies and phenomena, we have highlighted the plurality of domains and disciplines that can shed light on them: phonetics, morphology, syntax, rhetoric, stylistics. We have also advanced some expectations concerning the way in which some of these phenomena might evolve.
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Review of: EMILIA PARPALĂ, „Un palat de ecouri”: literatura din perspectivă semiotică, stilistică, imagologică, Craiova, Editura Universitaria, 2020, 302 p.
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Verbs of motion are one of the most difficult grammar issues for people who are learning Russian as a foreign language. Regardless of their status (be they university students or participants in an intensive course) and their interests (that is, getting a diploma in the field or the goal of fluently speaking Russian for travelling & work), people that wish to know and master Russian language for both general and specific purposes (with the latter also encompassing studying terminology) should learn this grammar aspect, namely verbs of motion. The main reason for such an approach to foreign language learning is that verbs of motion, as their name states, have to do with the idea of moving around and travelling, thus being one of the basic-knowledge notions and they are also used in specialised contexts, where more often than not their meaning as well as their translation changes. The given paper consists of a short theoretical part, where we discuss the types of verbs of motion, their structure (concerning unidirectional-pluridirectional pairs, imperfective and perfective aspect, verbs with or without prefixes) and an applied part, where we illustrate the aforementioned issues in practical examples, that we analyse contrastively in both Russian and Romanian languages.
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The aim of this paper is to present the intricate relationship between language, identity, and social dynamics, with a specific focus on African American Vernacular English (AAVE) as portrayed in Lorraine Hansberry’s play A Raisin in the Sun. The paper highlights how language serves as a powerful tool for characterizing individuals and reflects their aspirations, affiliations, and generational conflicts. The characters in the play are analyzed in terms of their language use, revealing distinct patterns. Ultimately, the paper discusses the significance of language in shaping identity and emphasizes how African American characters in the play navigate linguistic challenges while striving for social mobility and self-acceptance in a racially biased society.
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The lexemes ludzki and human are treated (e.g. in didact cs and translation studies) as equivalents, which is reflected in the dictionary descriptions of the meanings of these words. At the same time, the analysis of the contexts where the expression ludzki człowiek is used leads to other conclusions: not all contents of the Polish adjective are present in its English equivalent. Ludzki is also ‘one who suspends the operaton of principles for the sake of another human being’. This component of a more general meaning (‘consistent with the human nature, conceived as good; hence: characterised by favourable disposition, understanding for other people; humane, merciful, gentle, kind’, SJPDor) seems to be absent from English (adjectives human and humane). This article applies the methodology based on the pragmatic analysis of the communication situation and consideration for the context of the uƩ erance/statement (aŌ er Grzegorczykowa 1990). The language material used was derived from the following corpora: NKJP (NaTI onal Corpus of Polish), BNC (British National Corpus), and COCA (Corpus of Contemporary American English).
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W rozmowie zawsze występują dwa podmioty: nadawca i odbiorca wypowiedzi, którzy w jej trakcie zamieniają się rolami, dzięki czemu mogą sobie coś nawzajem komunikować i się porozumiewać. Rozmowa może występować w kilku płaszczyznach komunikacyjnych: indywidualnej – twarzą w twarz; lokalnej – podczas zebrania, zajęć dydaktycznych, posiedzeń różnych gremiów zbiorowych, wieców; ogólnopaństwowej / ogólnonarodowej – dzięki środkom masowej komunikacji takim jak radio, telewizja; wreszcie w płaszczyźnie globalnej – w związku z komunikacją elektroniczną, satelitarną, internetową. Rozmowy prowadzone w płaszczyźnie indywidualnej mają na ogół charakter prywatny, osobisty, bezpośredni, rozmowy prowadzone w płaszczyznach pozostałych zawsze – choć w różnym stopniu – są upublicznione, co zarazem powoduje ich nacechowanie ofi cjalnością.
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The language of literary texts is a complex and multiform phenomenon. One of the problems connected with it is the employment of non-standard linguistic varieties. This paper focuses on the especial situation in Czech culture in the 1950s. In that decade, literary critics and linguists strictly required the use of Standard Czech and the restriction of non-standard varieties in literary texts. On the other hand, various inedited works were written the language of which was based on the so-called Common Czech, colloquialisms and slangs. The main part of the paper describes the language of stories by Jan Zábrana (from the years 1954 to 1957) in relation to the official requirements. Zábrana’s stories (published posthumously in the 1990s) represent a radical denying of these requirements. Zábrana depicts spontaneous and informal spoken communication that differs from the idea of cultivated standard expression. Both the figures and the narrator consistently use non-standard linguistic means and colloquial lexicon (including vulgarisms).
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The author analyses the metaphorical verbo-nominal constructions strácať čas (waste time) and zabíjať čas (kill time) in Slovak and Slavic languages. By pointing out the existence of their equivalents in other European languages used in the close area (Hungarian, German, Romanian, Italian), they conclude that the constructions are not exclusively bound to the Slavic environment and call them arealisms. They also examine this structural-semantic model from the aspect of phraseological theory and lexicographical practice, finding out that the lexicographical characteristics of the phrases strácať čas (waste time) and zabíjať čas (kill time) in the dictionaries of the various Slavic languages are not identical. The essence of the phenomenon of time in general is also approached through the views of ancient philosophers and Christian scholars.
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Dominik Mokoš (1718 – 22.XII.1776) was a Franciscan monk and religious writer who also acted as preacher, vicar, teacher and chronicler in the second half of the 18th century in various regions of Slovakia (such as Nižná Šebastová, Stropkov, Kremnica, Pruské, Okoličné, Beckov) or as a missionary in various areas of Šariš, Spiš, Orava and Poland. He was one of the most prolific authors of homiletic literature in the second half of the 18th century in Slovakia. In his Marian, Christmas and lenten preaching, we can identify intertextual references to the Bible, patristic, medieval and humanist religious literature. This study focuses on how these sources were used by Mokoš in his sermons as well as how he applied formal stylistic embellishments and used rhetorical techniques in an attempt to attract the focused attention of his listeners.
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Review of: Твртко Прћић, Јасмина Дражић, Мира Милић, Милан Ајџановић, Соња Филиповић Ковачевић, Олга Панић Кавгић, Страхиња Степанов. Српски речник новијих англицизама. Нови Сад: Филозофски факултет, 2021, 641 стр.
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The COVID-19 pandemic, announced by the World Health Organization on 11 March 2020, brought about changes in different aspects of everyday life. This paper deals with the language change in Italian caused by creating new words, attributing new meanings to already existing words and borrowing loanwords. For this research, the material was collected from the printed and online versions of the daily newspapers Corriere della Sera and La Repubblica, published from March 2020 to February 2022. The aim of this paper is to present, describe and systematize the neologisms coined in the Italian newspaper articles covering the topic of the COVID-19 pandemic, both in Italy and worldwide. Regarding lexical neologisms, the collected loanwords borrowed by the Italian language in the 21st century are presented. On the one hand, their meaning is explored while, on the other hand, new words motivated by such loanwords are also analysed. Additionally, attention has been directed to the neologisms not comprising the borrowed lexemes that enriched Italian vocabulary in the 21st century, whereas the abbreviations related to the COVID-19 pandemic have been presented in the last subchapter dedicated to lexical neologisms. In terms of semantic neologisms, the new meanings caused by the coronavirus pandemic were pinpointed. The conducted research has revealed that lexical neologisms are far more numerous than semantic neologisms and that the language of the lexical neologisms displayed greater creativity and productivity. Concerning lexical neologisms, loanwords, as expected, prevail, particularly from English. Since the coronavirus affected the whole world and has become the number one topic in the media worldwide, the leading media outlets being from the Anglo-Saxon world, it was fully expected that the language would be enriched by borrowing newly coined words from the English language. The most frequently used loanword in the corpus is the internationalism covid which, due to its twofold nominal and adjectival function, shows a wide range of usage. Although there are other terms for this virus and the disease it causes (the coronavirus, Sars-CoV-2, Covid-19), it can be concluded, based on the conducted research, that the Italian of the daily press preferred the term covid, which was used not only as the name for the disease (la covid), but also primarily as the name for the virus, due to its masculine gender usage (il covid), which is wrong medically speaking since covid is a disease caused by the new virus officially called Sars-CoV-2. Sgroi (2020) notes that the masculine gender usage is more frequent, which the corpus confirms. The acronym Covid has an adjectival value in many two-part noun compounds of the noun + Covid type. Such compounds are indicative of the social changes caused by the pandemic and, depending on the meaning of the lexeme Covid, they can be divided into two semantic groups. The first group includes the compounds in which Covid means the disease or the virus (e.g., malati covid, tampone Covid). In such examples, that lexeme determines the nouns standing for: a) the people affected by the disease (e.g., malati covid, pazienti Covid-19), b) the people treating the disease (e.g., medico Covid, infermiera Covid), c) the place for treating the disease (e.g., reparti Covid, ambulanza Covid, clinica Covid), d) the means of diagnosing the viral infection (e.g., test Covid, tampone Covid), e) the measures adopted to combat Covid (e.g., quarantena Covid, vaccino Covid), f) the consequences caused by Covid (e.g., morti Covid, vittime Covid). The second group includes the compounds in which Covid has the meaning ‘’during the covid pandemic’’. This group consists of the compounds in which Covid determines the nouns referring to the state of emergency (e.g., emergenza Covid-19), the nouns related to a set of measures introduced for the sake of recovery from the economic crisis caused by the pandemic (e.g., fondi Covid, sussidi Covid), as well as the nouns concerning different spheres of life in the newly developed situation (e.g., Natale Covid, scuola Covid). The examples in which the head of the syntagm is preceded by the constituent determining it more closely are borrowed from the English language and there are not many of them in the corpus. The corpus also contains the compound Covid free (Covidfree) borrowed from English. According to the Nuovo Devoto‒Oli 2022 dictionary, this compound means ‘’without Covid’’. In Italian, this loanword has an adjectival value, it is preceded by nouns and it indicates that there are no people affected by the COVID-19 in a particular place or in a certain environment (Devoto and Oli 2022). The analysis of the corpus has revealed that this compound is most frequently used with nouns denoting geographical terms, institutions and catering facilities (e.g., Basilicata Covid free, ristoranti Covid free, ospedale Covid-free, or scuola Covid free). It is also used with nouns standing for the events in which there is no risk from the viral infection (e.g., festa Covid free). This compound can be preceded by nouns as well denoting means of transportation (e.g. Frecciarossa Covid free). Italian has also borrowed the anglicism Long Covid which accounts for the consequences of the COVID-19 concerning those people who have gone through the acute phase of the disease. This loanword can be used with a nominal or an adjectival value, for instance: sindrome long Covid, incubo long Covid, pazienti long Covid, effetti long-Covid, or ambulatorio Long Covid. As regards the neologisms created by means of prefixes, the conducted research has revealed that the prefixes extra-, non-, anti-, pre- and post- are very productive in the Italian language of the daily press. The prefixes extra- and non- are used as prefixes for the lexeme Covid. The resulting prefixed words mean ‘’not related to the disease or the virus’’ (e.g., casi non Covid) or ‘’not related to the covid pandemic period’’ (e.g., esami extra Covid). Based on the examined corpus, it can be noticed that the prefix anti-showed a high degree of productivity in the Italian of the daily press, which is fully expected since in the newspaper articles a lot of attention was dedicated to the measures introduced to prevent the coronavirus from spreading (e.g., piano anti-Covid), as well as to opposing the implementation of the measures adopted to combat Covid-19 (e.g., protesta anti lockdown). The prefixed words containing the prefixes pre- and post-, referring to the period before and after the Covid-19 pandemic, are also found in the corpus. Based on the conducted research, it can be noticed that the prefix post- is more productive than the prefix pre- and that the prefixed words containing the prefix post- modify nouns referring to different spheres of life, such as work, transport, restaurant and food service industry, tourism, recovery (e.g., lavoro post pandemia, vacanze post Covid). As for the loanwords that can be found in the newspaper articles about the coronavirus pandemic, a distinction should be made between the loanwords borrowed for this very purpose from the English language – such as covid but also no mask – which are new in English as well due to their relation to the current situation, and the loanwords that are not new either in English or Italian – such as the lexeme vax i.e., no vax – which have already been used for several years denoting the same meaning, but their usage has increased significantly due to the coronavirus pandemic. Vaccination against Covid-19 has led to the creation of Ni vax and Boh vax, based on the no vax formation model. Interestingly enough, the neologism Zoom showed a high degree of productivity. This one differs from other neologisms because it actually represents the very name of the platform, which became world famous only when the pandemic began, and it has not been recorded yet in the most popular Italian dictionaries (Treccani, Devoto and Oli, Zingarelli). The introduction of Covid passes in Israel, as one of the measures adopted to combat Covid19, has led to the Italian media borrowing the loanword green pass / Green Pass. It was only later that this loanword stood for Covid passes in other countries as well, including Italy, and due to the unstable epidemiological situation the Italian government introduced a new type of sanitary pass in December 2021; thus, the Italian adjective rafforzato i.e., the prefix super- of Latin origin was added to the loanword green pass, resulting in the syntagms Green Pass rafforzato and Super Green Pass. The corpus includes the anglicism passenger locator form, as well as the pseudoanglicism near working. The former loanword represents a digital travel data form completed by travelers prior to entering certain countries. Its abbreviation Plf is also used in the examined texts. The pseudo-anglicism near working stands for the possibility of working near the place where one lives. As the analysis shows, only a few examples have been noted regarding the compounds and the collocations not comprising the loanwords borrowed in the 21th century. In particular, the two-part noun compound nave quarantena, as well as the collocations consisting of nouns and adjectives, such as nuova normalità, zona rossa, zona arancione, zona gialla and zona bianca. The compound nave quarantena stands for the cruisers which, pursuant to the Civil Protection Code of April 12, 2020, are used as quarantine for migrants arriving in Italy. Even though a ten-day isolation was stipulated by the law, the duration of the isolation period could be prolonged e.g., due to the insufficient number of vacancies in reception centres. The collocation nuova normalità accounts for a new situation in everyday life people return to after quarantine, but in which Covid protection measures have to be implemented. The collocations consisting of the noun zona and adjectives denoting colours refer to the distribution of COVID-19 cases in Italian regions and to the measures introduced, in compliance with the decisions of the Italian government, to prevent the coronavirus from spreading. It should be mentioned that zona rossa and zona gialla represent semantic neologisms since they stood for the zones Genoa was divided into during the G8 meeting in 2001. Based on the analysed corpus, it can be noticed that Italian vocabulary connected with the COVID-19 pandemic has been enriched by the creation of new abbreviations as well. The newspaper articles about the coronavirus pandemic and the resulting changes in everyday life include the abbreviations such as PNRR, Usca, or dad. The abbreviation PNRR (Piano Nazionale di Ripresa e Resilienza) refers to the investment program introduced by the EU member states in April 2021 within the economic recovery program established in July 2020 in order to support the economy of the EU countries, whereas the abbreviation Usca (Unità speciali di continuità assistenziale) was used with the meaning of special health units comprising health professionals and treating the patients with mild Covid symptoms at home in every region. The examined corpus also contains the formation nucleus based on the abbreviation dad. Here, the prefixed words meaning ‘’opposing distance learning’’ have been noticed in the corpus. Apart from the acronym dad, such prefixed words comprise the prefixes no- or anti- (e.g., studenti No-Dad, protesta anti Dad). The prefixed word pro Dad, the antonym of the prefixed words no Dad and anti Dad, was noticed as well (e.g., genitori Pro Dad). As far as the frequency of neologisms related to this topic is concerned, the analysed corpus has revealed that semantic neologisms are far less numerous than lexical neologisms; thus, only a few examples have been noted, those borrowed from English – such as the semantic neologisms hub, open day and last minute – being more numerous, as is the case with lexical neologisms. The anglicism hub means the busiest international airport in the country. Once the COVID-19 pandemic started, it assumed another meaning as well. It is also used with the meaning of a big room in which Covid testing or vaccination is carried out. The loanword Open day was previously used to denote the day when institutions admit visitors interested in obtaining some information. During the pandemic, it assumed the meaning of the day when vaccination is supposed to be carried out. The adjective positivo has a new meaning as well. Bonomi and Piotti (5) note that this adjective also stands for the person who has developed antibodies in response to the COVID-19 infection becoming (partly) immune to the virus. The anglicism recovery fund in the Italian language was borrowed in 2009 and it denotes the financial means for providing assistance to the economic system (regional, national, international) affected by a crisis or emergency situation. It is noted in the Nuovo Devoto‒Oli 2022 dictionary that this syntagm has assumed a new meaning in the language of the media. Recovery fund also refers to the fund established by the European Union in order to support the economic recovery of the member states after the crisis caused by the pandemic. The anglicism last minute occurs in the corpus along with the lexeme vaccino, thus vaccinazione, so as to account for receiving a vaccine against the COVID-19 immediately prior to the entry into force of a certain decree or measure regarding obligatory vaccination for the purposes of going to work, school and so on.
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This work analyzes the use of evaluative nouns in the plenary sessions of the Bundestag in 2015 and 2018. These are the plenary sessions at which the budget for the coming year was discussed. The first part of the work shows how you can express an evaluation using simplices, derivatives and compounds. The explicit and implicit evaluations are considered separately. For all groups of nouns, attention is also drawn to colloquial nouns that are not typical of political discourse. Supported by examples from the corpus, it is then shown how often such nouns are used in the corpus and who uses them more often (the government or the opposition). In the last part of the work, the pragma-semantic functions of evaluative nouns are presented. It is shown what the object of evaluation can be in the analyzed corpus (the person, action or situation) and which aspect of the object being evaluated is expressed with the evaluative nouns.
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The aim of the paper is to investigate the possibilities of combining different aspectual categories in the same sentence in French and the semantic effects resulting from such combinations. We examine the possibilities and consequences of combining the perfective and imperfective aspectual perspective, on the one hand, with four types of situations as carriers of the lexical aspect, on the other hand. The theoretical framework of the work is represented by the theory of two-component aspectuality. The research material consists of a corpus of examples mostly from the literary French language. It was established that all four types of situations, activities, states, accomplishments and achievements, can be combined with both the perfective and the imperfective aspectual perspective, with significant consequences on the semantic level since different meanings and semantic and stylistic nuances are generated. It often happens that the syntactic environment of the verb affects the change of the type of situation, so in the overall interpretation of aspectual meanings, the complements of the verb and sentence clauses must be taken into account. This paper sheds light on the complex issue of the combination of syntax and semantics in the French language, which manifests itself in highlighting certain phases of the situation or the entirety of its interval, and contributes to the clarification of not so simple questions for all those who teach and learn the French language.
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In the era of a new sexual revolution marked mainly by coital overstimulation (Melzer 2019: 32) and sensory exploration through practices offering new uses of the body (Breton 2017: 188), the designation of an entity in the mental representa tion that exists in the extralinguistic world seems extremely striking, especially with regard to the construction of anaphoric reference in new media. In this regard, it is important to note that at a time of body worship reinforced by the use of new technologies, various manifestations of love are popularized on social networks as well as on thematic sites that have become essential to strategies of effective marketing. Among these web pages, there are very specific portals, namely those with pornographic content, called X pages, where one can very easily have access to numerous photos and videos allowing users to satisfy different carnal appetites. In deed, it turns out that the immense popularity and, therefore, the effectiveness of these web portals today is not limited only to their visual side, although it is, of course, the image that plays a key role here. Analysis of a particular genre of external pornographic discourse (Paveau 2014: 50) that we propose in this paper is based on a corpus for which we have collected diastratic variational material from non-standard language, namely a hundred information sheets, referred to as erotic biographies of 93 gay and bisexual porn actors, gathered on the French-speaking site https://www.videosxgays.com. The objective of our study is to analyse the functions of sex slang apprehended through anaphoric references, which are ex pressed in multimodal texts with a persuasive vocation, where images, films or photos play a key referential role. In short, we will try to highlight the discursive effects that this linguistic variation seems to produce by exploiting the anaphoric reference in a particularly persuasive context, with its enormous range of specific lexical and stylistic means: periphrases, metonymies, hyperboles, etc.
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Na Fakultetu islamskih nauka u Sarajevu, mjesec dana nakon smrti uvaženog profesora, održana je tribina LINGVISTIČKO DJELO PROF. DR. TEUFIKA MUFTIĆA (1918-2003). O radu prof. Muftića govorili su prof. dr. Jusuf Ramić i doc. dr. Mehmed Kico.
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The current paper aims at taking into consideration some aspects regarding the linguistic expression and significations of tăcere (quietness), as they are conveyed in the confessional poetry written by Traian Dorz – a contemporary Romanian writer whose work is undoubtedly the fruit of some spiritual experiences which have decisively marked his existence. Such lyrical mystical creations materialize confessions of faith, dogmatic truths, put together in a poetic vision full of divine revelation proofs which transcend, without hesitation, the dimensions of reason. In fact, the relation between man and Divinity (both on Earth and in Eternity) remains a constant topic of this work dedicated to the fabulous feeling of His unmistakable love, in connection with which everything is related to the unspoken; is it a unique way of “verbalising”, which offers the opportunity to live in a true spiritual discipline and which substitutes (and supresses) any other form of confession through common words. Apart from the simple illustration of such expressive significations which contribute to the textual framing, the meanings of tăcere / quietness (with an active intension!) highlight the profound feelings of the lyrical voice, always found ascending on the way of mystical knowing, and lies on a positive semantic direction, as a special manner of interior “speaking”, without which communication would not be possible.
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The present paper describes an empirical investigation into an English modal predicate with the auxiliary verb must, the negative particle not and the bare infinitive of the main verb. Typically, the negator not changes the meaning of must from obligation or strong recommendation to forbiddance. This, however, takes place only with the root flavor of must. Epistemic must does not interact with not in this way. The study uses authentic language samples retrieved from the online version of The Corpus of Contemporary American English. The analysis adapts the model of the semantic field of modal expressions developed by Kratzer (1991), and it attempts to find what lies behind the said lack of interaction between must and not. After a scrutiny of the conversational backgrounds influencing the studied modal meanings, the study found that the meaning expressed by a speaker with must not depends on whether the speaker evaluates the propositional circumstances directly or infers from them. Moreover, the study proposes patterns of must-not interfaces with regard to the modal flavor.
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This paper dwells on an interesting contrast between Romance (Romanian, Spanish a.o.) and Germanic languages (English, German a.o.) with respect to the syntax and the interpretation of the direct object (DO). One structural difference between these two groups of languages amounts to the fact that the former clitic double (CD) and differentially object mark (DOM) their direct objects while the latter do not. This leads to important interpretive consequences when it comes to phenomena such as Subject-Object binding dependences: Non-CD languages rely on the c-command configuration and surface word order in resolving binding relations (the antecedent must ccommand the element containing the bound pronoun. As a consequence, a natural way for the DO to bind into the Subject is to have it moved to the left, in a preceding, c-commanding position). As will be shown, in CD languages, the word order configuration is not decisive: the direct object may bind the subject without having to precede it at the same time. The paper draws a parametric difference between configurational languages (where binding is closely linked to the c-command configurations and is sensitive to surface word order) and nonconfigurational languages, where the same semantic properties can be derived from the internal structure of the direct object (through its featural specification).
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