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PSYCHOSOCIAL CONSEQUENCES ON REFUGEE CHILDREN: IS RECOVERY POSSIBLE?

Author(s): Dragana Batić / Language(s): English Issue: 1/2018

The experience of stress and anxiety, which are part of the life of refugee children, are visible in their behavior, body symptoms, as well as emotional reactions. Children are especially sensitive and their reactions depend on the manner in which they perceive the adults in their environment, mostly parents. Studies show that, if we want to analyze children reactions resulting from traumatic experiences such as war and resettlement, we need to take into consideration their environment, especially their family. This paper will make mention of studies which analyze the post-traumatic reactions of refugee children. It will also analyze stress reduction programs, in other words, psychosocial interventions which help in reducing the severe consequences of the process of socialization in critical situations caused when the children were refugees. The focus is put on the possibility that psychosocial intervention may reduce the consequences caused by stressful situations, to help children to analyze their internal experiences, to conduct their own activities in the environment and to offer their parents psychological support to reorganize their family and the relationships with their refugee children. A psychosocial group intervention with refugee children in which the author participated is also described.

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Syria’s ordeal: A modern state’s disintegration in an age of fake news and superpower regional rivalry

Author(s): William R. Stanley / Language(s): English Issue: 08/2019

The negative impact of globalization is readily observed in today’s Syria. Ravished by seven years of internal conflict stimulated initially by Tunisia’s Arab awakening, this once proud state has become a magnet for religious fanatics and their wealthy sponsors in conservative Saudi Arabia and other countries far and near seeking geopolitical advantage. Not least Syria has experienced the seemingly futile endeavors by those in the United Nations and elsewhere seeking a solution to this country’s enduring turmoil. Military intervention by Iran and Russia has changed the configuration of the conflict at the critical point in time when Israeli and American intervention provides a dangerous environment for superpower conflict. All the while, Syrians remaining in the country suffer, and those seeking safety elsewhere are threatening to destabilize Lebanon, Turkey and Jordan and, farther afield, the cohesion of the European Community.

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Challenges to the state policy towards migration processes in Poland

Author(s): Krystian Heffner,Brygida Solga / Language(s): English Issue: 08/2019

In quantitative dimension, Poland is a significant émigré country in which the scale of external outflow has been maintained at the level of about 2 million people for many years. In the light of (Central Statistical Office) data in 2016, 2 million 515 thousand Poles were abroad temporarily for a period of more than 3 months. An important task of migration policy is therefore to minimise the negative effects of mass emigration and to maximise the benefits resulting from this process. At the same time, in the decade after 2010, the volume of foreigners coming to Poland increased significantly and it should be expected that, as the socio-economic attractiveness of the country has grown, this group would be increasing as well. According to the Ministry of Family, Labour and Social Policy (Ministerstwo Rodziny, Pracy i Polityki Społecznej) data, 235 626 work permits were issued in 2017, including 192 547 to Ukrainian citizens (ca. 82%). To compare, in the same year, the district employment offices (Powiatowy Urząd Pracy) registered 1 824 464 declarations of intention to work to foreigners, including 1 714 891 towards the citizens of Ukraine (94%). The discussion on the nature of immigration policy is therefore unavoidable. The growing inflow of foreigners is gaining a special demographic, social and political significance in the context of unfavourable forecast of population changes in Poland. It also has an important regional dimension. From this perspective, foreigners will be needed on the Polish labour market to alleviate already existing and projected shortages of labour resources. An important challenge is to develop a strategy for the integration of social, economic and cultural foreigners into the Polish society. Consequently, the persistent mass emigration, growing immigration, unflagging migration potential and, more expected than real, the return of Poles from emigration are a great challenge for the Polish economy and society as well as for regions. This multidimensional nature of foreign migration in Poland makes the emergence of migration policy system, corresponding to internal and external conditions, a necessity. The postulate of the formulation of the foundations of a migration policy appeared in Poland at the beginning of the 1990s, but until now a coherent system of this policy has failed to develop as a complementary element of the socio-economic policy of the country.

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УКРАЇНЦІ ЗІ СХІДНОЇ СЛОВАЧЧИНИ НА ВОЛИНІ У ПОВОЄННІ РОКИ ЗА АРХІВНИМИ ДОКУМЕНТАМИ ТА МЕМУАРИСТИКОЮ

Author(s): Svitlana Shulha / Language(s): Ukrainian Issue: 2/2018

The article considers the process of resettlement and adaptation of Ukrainians from Eastern Slovakia in Volyn, based on the analysis of archival materials and memoirs. The dynamics of the optans number is monitored. Formation of ideas about measures of the Soviet authorities regarding immigrants is expressed. The process of adaptation of settlers is traced.

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Cross-border Migration and Gender Boundaries in Central Eastern Europe – Female Perspectives

Author(s): Ágnes Erőss,Monika Mária Váradi,Doris Wastl-Walter / Language(s): English Issue: 4/2020

In post-Socialist countries, cross-border labour migration has become a common individual and family livelihood strategy. The paper is based on the analysis of semi-structured interviews conducted with two ethnic Hungarian women whose lives have been significantly reshaped by cross-border migration. Focusing on the interplay of gender and cross-border migration, our aim is to reveal how gender roles and boundaries are reinforced and repositioned by labour migration in the post-socialist context where both the socialist dual-earner model and conventional ideas of family and gender roles simultaneously prevail. We found that cross-border migration challenged these women to pursue diverse strategies to balance their roles of breadwinner, wife, and mother responsible for reproductive work. Nevertheless, the boundaries between female and male work or status were neither discursively nor in practice transgressed. Thus, the effect of cross-border migration on altering gender boundaries in post-socialist peripheries is limited.

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The Reconfiguration of European Boundaries and Borders: Cross-border Marriages from the Perspective of Spouses in Sri Lanka

Author(s): Janine Dahinden,Joëlle Moret,Shpresa Jashari / Language(s): English Issue: 4/2020

Cross-border marriages between citizens with a migration background and spouses from non-EU countries have been politicised and restricted across Europe. This article simultaneously applies the analytical lenses of bordering and boundary work to this issue and de-centres the perspective by investigating the consequences of these restrictions not on Europe, but on a country of origin – Sri Lanka. We show that a particular symbolic boundary against cross-border marriages in European countries legitimises the externalisation of borders to the country of origin. This has important consequences for the female spouses before they even begin their journey to Europe: it challenges their life aspirations, enhances their economic dependency and precarity and directly impacts the marriage system in Sri Lanka. We argue that this situation creates a form of neo-colonial governmentality that perpetuates historically established forms of Western politics of belonging.

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Everyday Re-Bordering and the Intersections of Borderwork, Boundary Work and Emotion Work amongst Romanians Living in the UK

Author(s): Kathryn Cassidy / Language(s): English Issue: 4/2020

This article explores the intersections of borderwork and boundary work in everyday encounters in the UK. It focuses on the experiences of Romanian nationals, who between 2007 and 2014 were subject to transitional controls, which are understood as a form of everyday re-bordering of the de-bordered space of the EU that denied equal access to the labour market and state support. These controls were accompanied by a range of bordering discourses in the media and political circles that firmly situated Romanians outside of the UK’s contemporary political project of belonging. This article argues that in order to understand borderwork in everyday life, we need to explore how it relates to boundary work, i.e. the differential positionalities of Romanians within social hierarchies, as well as their experiences of and engagement with emotion work. The data analysed comes from participant observation with Romanian communities in London and the North East of England in the period from 2009 to 2014.

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Revisiting Borders and Boundaries: Exploring Migrant Inclusion and Exclusion from Intersectional Perspectives

Author(s): Carolin Fischer,Christine Achermann,Janine Dahinden / Language(s): English Issue: 4/2020

In recent years, scholarly interest in boundaries and boundary work, on the one hand, and borders and bordering, on the other, has flourished across disciplines. Notwithstanding the close relationship between the two concepts, “borders” and “boundaries” have largely been subject to separate scholarly debates, or sometimes treated as synonymous. These trends point to an important lack of conceptual and analytical clarity as to what borders and boundaries are and are not, what distinguishes them from each other and how they relate to each other. This Special Issue tackles this conceptual gap by bringing the two fields of studies together: we argue that boundaries/boundary work and borders/bordering should be treated as interrelated rather than distinct phenomena. Boundaries produce similarities and differences that affect the enforcement, performance and materialisation of borders, which themselves contribute to the reproduction of boundaries. Borders and boundaries are entangled, but they promote different forms and experiences of inclusion and exclusion. In this introduction, we elaborate the two concepts separately before examining possible ways to link them theoretically. Finally, we argue that an intersectional perspective makes it possible to establish how the interplay of different social categories affects the articulations and repercussions of borders and boundaries. The contributions in this Special Issue address this issue from multiple perspectives that reflect a variety of disciplines and theoretical backgrounds and are informed by different case studies in Europe and beyond.

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Parker, Kunal. Making Foreigners: Immigration and Citizenship Law in America, 1600-2000

Author(s): Stephanie Mae Pedron / Language(s): English Issue: 4/2020

Review of; Parker, Kunal. Making Foreigners: Immigration and Citizenship Law in America, 1600-2000

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Schielke, Samuli. Migrant Dreams, Egyptian Workers in the Gulf States

Author(s): Rania M. Rafik Khalil / Language(s): English Issue: 4/2020

Review of: Schielke, Samuli. (2020). Migrant Dreams, Egyptian Workers in the Gulf States. Cairo: The American University in Cairo Press (xii + 154 pp., ISBN: 978-9-774169-56-4).Reviewed by Rania M. Rafik Khalil

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Mülteci ve Sığınmacı Yetişkinlere Sunulan Türkçe Dil Öğretiminin Halk Eğitim Merkezi Öğretmenleri Tarafından Değerlendirilmesi (Trabzon Örneği)

Author(s): Mine Gözübüyük Tamer / Language(s): Turkish Issue: 65/2020

Turkey offers a range of compliance activities to facilitate compliance with irregular ways entering our country and applying for international protection status with Afghanistan citizens with the Syrian persons under the Temporary Protection. Most of all is Turkish language teaching. After determining the level of children and young people in formal education age, they are placed in the schools in their settlements and Turkish language education is provided for adults who are out of school age, especially in Public Education Centers. The focus of the study is the teachers who provide Turkish Language Teaching for this section. In this study, it is aimed to evaluate the Turkish language teaching offered to Syrian and Afghan adults by these teachers. In-depth interviews were conducted with 15 teachers working in Public Education Center. The data obtained from the interview were subjected to descriptive analysis. In this context, firstly, the general views of the teachers who provide this service are presented and then the experiences of the teachers in this process are questioned. The difficulties faced by teachers in this process, their expectations and solution suggestions were expressed.

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Yakov YAKOVLEVİÇ GRİŞİN (2019). Polonyalı Sürgünlerin Gözüyle Kazan ve Kazan Türkleri (17.-19. Yüzyıllar Arası)

Author(s): Aybüke Güzay / Language(s): Turkish Issue: 65/2020

Review of: Yakov YAKOVLEVİÇ GRİŞİN (2019). Polonyalı Sürgünlerin Gözüyle Kazan ve Kazan Türkleri (17.-19. Yüzyıllar Arası). Çev. Muhammet Şen. İstanbul: Selenge Yayınları, 173 s., ISBN: 978-605-4944-29-3. Reviewed by Aybüke GÜZAY.

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RIGHT THEN, LEFT NOW: CONSTRUCTING “MACEDONIA” IN THE MACEDONIAN DIASPORAS IN AUSTRALIA AND EUROPE

Author(s): Aleksandar Takovski,Maja Muhić / Language(s): English Issue: 31/2020

In the XX century, especially after WWII, a great number of ethnic Macedonians have migrated to Australia and the US, while recently, after the 1991 dissolution of Yugoslavia, the direction of the migration influx has changed its course mainly towards Europe. While the first diaspora community was motivated by economic reasons drawing rural and urban citizens alike in pursuit of better life, the second wave of migration was led by political circumstances pushing mostly young educated people who failed to envisage decent life in the homeland. Hence there is a reason to believe that the two communities have different views and feelings of their homeland that underpin their construction of it. To identify the types of ‘Macedonia’ constructed by these two communities of migrants, and trace similarities and differences, this study will analyze on-line discourses on Macedonia produced by the members of the two diasporas. In so doing, we will be particularly interested in the meanings, attitudes, feelings and images the two communities ascribe to the homeland through the on-line interaction on their FB pages.

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Child Refugees in Europe

Author(s): Seda YAZGAN HADZIBULIC / Language(s): English Issue: 2/2020

This paper provides an overview of the literature on the current refugee crisis in Europe, which primarily focuses on the situation of refugees that are children. Due to its magnitude, the world is currently facing one of the biggest humanitarian crises it has ever witnessed. Millions of people and young children have fled their home countries and became refugees The horror of wars and conflicts has affected all of the refugees while undoubtedly, it has had a more profound and significant impact on the children refugees. The rights of these refugee children are paramount, and one of these rights is that they are provided with safety and resources that will help them cope with the crisis while also ensuring they are provided a chance to a brighter future. The United Nations Declaration of Human Rights. The European Union and the whole world have a direct responsibility to provide basic necessities such as food, shelter, education, health which can help and alleviate the mental and emotional suffering which the refugee children face. My research will focus on three important aspects of the child refugees crisis in Europe The general conditions of the children refugees, the conditions of camps especially in Italy, Greece, and Spain, and how the crisis has affected their daily lives and mental health. In the end, my conclusion will focus on the question of, what are the policies which Europe has to change which are designed to help and lead the refugee children which to a better future The aim of this paper to have a better understanding of children refugees in Europe and to raise global awareness about their conditions and the humanitarian crisis at hand. My research will consist of information from academic articles, published books, various websites, data from previous studies, and resources.

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PRZECIWDZIAŁANIE SKUTKOM BEZROBOCIA LUDNOŚCI NAPŁYWOWEJ JAKO WYMIAR POLITYKI INTEGRACYJNEJ POLSKI

Author(s): Katarzyna Andrejuk / Language(s): Polish Issue: 3/2018

The article analyses the legal regulations concerning unemployment benefits for immigrants and presents them as an element of the policy aimed at integrating immigrants in Poland. The access to instruments counteracting the effects of losing employment varies significantly among particular categories of foreigners. The most extensive rights (equal to the rights of Polish citizens) are granted to immigrants with a permanent residence permit and long-term residents of the EU, forced immigrants and migrants from the EU/EFTA member states. However, the heterogeneity of these categories and the variety of grounds for obtaining residence permits lead to the conclusion that the integration policy underlying the regulations for individual groups is characterised by different assumptions and objectives. In the case of permanent immigrants, the assumption of the integration policy is to provide access to the institutions of the welfare state to those whose centre of life interests in Poland is permanently connected with the Polish labour market and the social security system. In the case of forced immigrants, the grounds underlying a policy of providing access to services are humanitarian reasons. The acceptance of these immigrants to the territory of the Republic of Poland is of a charitable nature and cannot be seen in terms of the calculation of financial profits and losses. On the other hand, the shaping of integration policy with regard to access to social benefits for migrants from EU/EFTA member states is a consequence of the need to comply with the EU’s laws, mainly to ensure smooth implementation of the principle of the free movement of workers. However, the largest category of immigrants in Poland are short-term immigrants who come to Poland with a seasonal work permit in combination with a system of declarations and who are not covered by the unemployment protection system, and who are expected to leave the country following the completion of work.

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Migration, entre gouvernance européenne et secteur associatif

Author(s): Christine Mengès-Le Pape / Language(s): French Issue: 5/2019

In its decision of 6 July 2018, the Constitutional Council of the French Republic used a new term “ignorance of the principle of fraternity” in its reply to two constitutionality questions (QPC) concerning the freedom to aid foreigners on humanitarian grounds regardless of the legality of their stay in national territory. This, in turn, has “legal consequences” for that principle, which has thus far been rarely used by lawyers but frequently evoked by NGOs. The decision in question contains reservations formulated by humanitarian organisations, directed simultaneously against the national legislator and European governance. A number of logics is at play here that are contradictory in a complex way : subjective rights and fundamental freedoms championed by NGOs – which are, however, guaranteed also by European and national institutions – and the objective right focusing on the common good and security, which should be protected by states and the European Union, hence benefitting their inhabitants. In the fervor surrounding the constitutionality question on fraternity pale critical arguments formulated by humanitarian organisations that contest the widely discussed migration policy.

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Dyskursywny obraz uchodźcy – studium przypadku samorządowej kampanii wyborczej w Polsce

Author(s): Ada Tymińska / Language(s): Polish Issue: 15/2020

This article presents a discursive image of the refugee which emerges from comments of Polish Facebook users. The author applies a detailed case study method to analyse several comments on an electoral campaign spot published by one of the candidates for the Mayor of Warsaw, Patryk Jaki. Specialised institutions and organisations considered it a case of xenophobic hate speech. Using analytical tools of Critical Discourse Analysis, the article deconstructs two positions emerging in the discussion: pro- and anti-refugee. A close examination of these two standpoints reveals not only differences but also similarities between them. It seems that one feature they share is the perception of refugees’ (lack of) agency.

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Yugoslavia from the Other Side. Memorialization of the Yugoslavian Communist Revolution Among Slovenians in Argentina

Author(s): Jaka Repič / Language(s): English Issue: 1/2019

The article addresses how Slovenians in Argentina ritualise memories of the socialist Yugoslavia. The Slovenian diaspora in Argentina was established by post-war refugees, who inextricably related the perception of Yugoslavia with memories of the Second World War, the communist revolution and, in particular, the post-war exile and extrajudicial mass executions. The article specifically analyses commemorations of the victims of communist violence as the central anti-Yugoslavian political ritual and argues that imageries of communism, Yugoslavia and the anticommunist struggle, all carefully ritualized in ceremonies and commemorations, not only reinforced the social memories of exile, but also catalysed the social organization of the diaspora, its political ideology, and the framework of its attitudes towards the homeland and the past.

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Recruitment Strategies Used by Mexican Sex Traffickers

Author(s): Simón Pedro Izcara Palacios / Language(s): English Issue: 5/2020

This article, based on a qualitative methodology that includes in-depth interviews with 43 Mexican sex traffickers, analyses the strategies used by sex traffickers to recruit women from Mexico and Central America demanded by the US illegal sex industry. We conclude that trafficking is a demand-led industry. Traffickers recruit vulnerable women from Mexico and Central America who fit with US procurers’ requirements. Foreign girls smuggled into the United States should be young (in many cases underage girls), beautiful, slim and healthy. Mexican sex traffickers’ job is to entice with salaries in US dollars impoverished Latin American girls who do not want to migrate or enter prostitution. Maintaining trafficked women captive against their will is more time consuming and less profitable than wining women’s will with a salary.

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What Money Can’t Buy: Educational Aspirations and International Migration in Ecuador

Author(s): Paúl Arias-Medina,María-José Rivera / Language(s): English Issue: 5/2020

This article studies how educational aspirations of children are shaped in Biblián, Ecuador, a traditional sending country. Data sources were a multi-level survey and semi-structured interviews that were analysed using logistic regression and thematic analysis, respectively. Several theoretical relationships are confirmed: the household socioeconomic status, caregiver’s educational aspirations and age are the most important variables that predict the educational aspirations of children. Child migratory dreams and the absence of the father or the mother only predict the educational aspiration of getting a high school degree, but do not predict the aspiration of a graduate degree. Thematic analysis suggests that, besides seeing education as a means to have higher incomes, mothers perceive it as a sign of social status and assign it an intrinsic value.

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