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Специфични случајеви утврђивања избегличког статуса

Author(s): Nebojša Raičević / Language(s): Serbian Publication Year: 0

Convention Relating to the Status of Refugees sets out in Art. 1A(2) a refugee definition and it applies to all persons wishing to obtain a refugee status. There are some situations in determining refugee status that are specific to other cases. One such situation is related to refugee sur place. Refugee sur place are persons who voluntarily left their own country, but which, because of some subsequent events, have a well-founded fear that in the case of their return to the homeland, they will be subjected to persecution there. The cause of this fear can be objective changes in the country of origin, such as the coming of the dictatorial regime to the power. Besides, the fear of persecution can also be caused by the actions of the individuals during their stay abroad. A second specific situation regards to persons fleeing from the country of origin due to international or non-international armed conflicts that are being conducted in that country. The Convention on the Status of Refugees does not contain special provisions for persons leaving the country of origin due to armed conflict, which means that they can only obtain refugee status if they prove well-founded fear of persecution for any of the five reasons mentioned in Art. 1A of this Convention. General danger of an armed conflict is not enough to qualify for refugee status because this danger is the same for the entire population in a given area. A person from a war-affected state may obtain refugee status only if the danger to which he or she is exposed is result of one of the grounds referred to in Art. 1A(2) of the Convention (race, religion, nationality, membership of a particular social group or political opinion). Finally, it is also specific to determine the refugee status of persons who fled the country of origin due to the evasion of military service. In principle, military service evasion per se is not enough to apply for refugee protection. A person who avoids military service can obtain refugee status only if he proves that he: a) refuse to participate in armed conflict condemned by the international community; b) was subject to discrimination in the performing military service; c) could not realize conscientious objection to military service; оr, d) avoided military service because of violation of fundamental human rights that can be treated as persecution.

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Lebanon And The Lack Of Refugee Protection: From The Absence Of A National Refugee And Asylum Policy Over Increasing Unemployment And Poverty Rates To The Threat Of More And More Statelessness

Author(s): Laura El Chemali / Language(s): English Publication Year: 0

In March 2020, the Syrian conflict entered its ninth consecutive year, meanwhile continuing to trigger unprecedented humanitarian, demographic and geographical problems with far reaching consequences for Syria and its neighbouring countries. With 6.5 million internally displaced persons and at least 4.8 million Syrian refugees who have fled the country since 2011, Syrians have become the largest refugee community in the Middle East . Over the course of the conflict, Lebanon, which has a population of approximately 4 million, has received more than 1 million Syrian refugees . In 2018, this number declined for the first time under 1 Million. However, unofficial number are said to be much higher than those published by the UN Refugee Agency in Lebanon. While Lebanon turned into the most important refugee reception state worldwide, Lebanese state authorities have neither been able to mitigate nor to respond to this high-impact and vigorous influx of (Syrian) refugees, acting as a weak host state. Despite the fact that prior to the Syrian refugee crisis, Lebanon had received millions of refugees from Palestine, Lebanese state authorities have failed to implement a coherent national strategy for the management of the Syrian refugee crisis in their country . Considering the highly elevated needs in combination with a persistent underfunding, as well as, the absence of sustainability in the various sectors, such as electricity, health care, education, waste management or water, poverty and unemployment rates in Lebanon have risen to worrisome levels. Consequently, this article is driven by the interest to explore the various dynamics behind the mismanagement of the Syrian refugee crisis in Lebanon and the reasons why Lebanon has attained in the last quarter of 2019 nearly the stadium of state collapse.

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Invisible Beneficiaries Of The Single Permit Directive: Highly Skilled Female Family Migrants In Belgium

Author(s): Damini Purkayastha,Tuba Bircan / Language(s): English Publication Year: 0

Family reunification is one of the main channels for managed migration to the EU today and as per Eurostat data, accounts for almost one-third of all arrivals of Third Country Nationals (EMN, 2016). Family reunification refers to the process through which a foreign citizen moves to a country in order to live with a spouse/partner. There are two procedures for this: 1. A long-stay visa issued under family reunification (2) a first residence permit issued for family reasons. 43% of total long-stay visas are for family reunification – 32% for family reunification with TCN and 11% for reunification with a Belgian or EU citizen. In 2018 and 2019, over 70% of adult family migrants in Belgium were women, adding to long-held assumptions of economic migrants as male, and family migrants as dependents. One of the major obstacles for family migrants who come to Belgium with their non-EU citizen partners is their lack of access to the labour market. Despite the high number of family migrants, it is difficult to conduct an in-depth analyses of their migration trajectories and labour market participation as neither Eurostat nor national statistics include high quality data on the education level of immigrants in Belgium. There is almost no information about the academic background of family migrants in Belgium, other than those who enter the social security system (Crossroads Bank for Social Security-CBSS). Belgian residents appear in the CBSS database if they ever work or get welfare benefits.

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Selefîliğin Almanya'daki Gelişim Sürecinde Göç Olgusunun Yeri Ve Önemi

Author(s): Emre Şimşek / Language(s): Turkish Publication Year: 0

Küreselleşmenin doğrudan ya da dolaylı etkileri, bölgesel çatışmalar, yoksulluk, teknoloji, ulaşım ve iletişim olanaklarının gelişmesi gibi sebeplerle dünya genelinde yoğun bir göç trafiği yaşanmaktadır. 1965’de 75 milyon, 2000 yılında 150 milyon, 2010 yılında 221 milyon olan uluslararası göçmen sayısı, günümüzde 272 milyona ulaşmış olup, II. Dünya Savaşı’nı takiben ortaya çıkan, çeşitli dalgalar halinde gerçekleşen ve etki alanı tüm dünyada hissedilen uluslararası göç hareketinin önemli bir ayağını da Batı Avrupa'ya işçi göçü oluşturmaktadır (International Organization for Migration, 2020: 2).

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Neo-Selefî Akımların Almanya’daki Müslüman Gençlere Yönelik Etkilerine Karşı Faaliyetler: Ditib Akademisi Örneği

Author(s): M. Akif Ceyhan / Language(s): Turkish Publication Year: 0

1950-1960’lı yıllardan itibaren, değişik sebeplerle başta Almanya olmak üzere Avrupa ülkelerine Türkiye’den yoğun bir göç faaliyeti gerçekleşmiştir. Almanya’nın başını çektiği, daha sonraki yıllarda ise Hollanda, Fransa, Avus-turya ve diğer Avrupa ülkeleri, Türkiye Cumhuriyeti devleti ile misafir işçi anlaşmaları ve protokolleri yapmış, yerel ülkelerde bedenen çalışacak işçi sıkıntısını gidermek üzere Türkiye, İtalya, İspanya ve Yunanistan gibi ülkelerden misafir işçi talep etmiştir.

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Belçika'da Türkler: Göçmenlik, Etnisite ve Din

Author(s): Müşerref Yardım / Language(s): Turkish Publication Year: 0

20.yüzyılın başlarında Türklerin Belçika'da varlıklarından bahsedilirken daha çok tüccar, diplomat, öğrenci veya mülteci statüsünde oldukları ifade edilmiştir. 20.yüzyılın ikinci yarısından itibaren Avrupa'ya ve Belçika'ya Türk göçü ekonomik gerekçelerle gerçekleşmiştir. Bu göç dalgası Avrupalılarla hiç iletişime geçmemiş kırsal bölgelerden gelen çoğunun okuma-yazması olmayan Türk göçmenlerden oluşmaktadır. Tekstil, otomobil ve inşaat sektöründe çalışan göçmenler bulunsa da Faslılar olduğu gibi, Türkler de ağırlıklı olarak maden ocaklarında çalıştırılmak için gelmişlerdir. 1975'li yıllardan itibaren aile birleşimi çerçevesinde Türk göçmen işçiler ailelerini de Belçika'ya getirmişlerdir (Degryse, 2014: 2). 20.yüzyılın son çeyreğinden itibaren Türk göçmenler için eğitim, gettolaşma, örgütlenme faaliyetleri, uyum sorunları, sığınma başvuruları, vize zorunluluğu ve geri dönüşler tartışılmaya başlanmıştır (Abadan-Unat, 2006: 68-70). Türkiye'den Avrupa'ya göçlerin yavaşladığı 1990'lı yıllar başta kimlik, yabancı düşmanlığı ve hukuksal statü olmak üzere “mücadelelerin” verildiği dönem olma özelliğini taşımaktadır (Yavuz, 2013: 613-614). Öte yandan Türk göçmen nüfusu ikinci kuşaktan itibaren “ithal damat ve ithal gelin” uygulamalarıyla yeni bir sürece girmiştir (Elmas, 2013:536-539). Bu yöntem Türkiye'den diğer Avrupa ülkelerine olduğu gibi Belçika'ya da göçün kesintisiz devam ettiğini göstermektedir.

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Danimarka’da Türkler: Göçmenlik, Etnisite ve Din

Author(s): Nebile Özmen / Language(s): Turkish Publication Year: 0

Göç, insanların ve toplumların çoğunlukla daha iyi yaşam koşullarına ulaşmak için başvurduğu, ancak sonuçları itibariyle göçmenlerin hedefledikleri olumlu/iyi koşulların yanı sıra sorunlara da yol açan bir olgudur. Günümüzde göç dünya devletlerinin hemen hepsini ilgilendiren devasa sonuçlarıyla uluslararası gündemi meşgul eden bir sorun haline gelmiştir. Birleşmiş Milletler Uluslararası Göç Örgütü (IOM), 2020 Göç Raporuna göre, günümüzde anavatanı dışında yaşamak durumunda kalan göçmen nüfusu 272 milyona yaklaşmıştır (IOM, 2020). Bu rakam Dünya nüfusunun %3,5’ine tekabül etmektedir. Oysa 2000 yılında dünyada 150 milyon göçmen bulunmaktaydı. Hız kesmeden devam eden bu artış, gerek uluslararası kuruluşların ve devletlerin gerekse de bilim adamlarının göç ile ilgili konuları gündemlerinde tutmalarını zorunlu kılmaktadır.

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İsveç’te Türkler: Göçmenlik, Etnisite ve Din

Author(s): Arif Korkmaz / Language(s): Turkish Publication Year: 0

Göç ve daha da özelde dış göç olgusu, özellikle XX. yüzyılın ikinci yarısından günümüze uzanan tarihi süreç içerisinde Türkiye’nin sosyokültürel ve dinî hayatı açısından tahminlerin üzerinde hayati bir öneme kavuşmuştur. Gerçekten de ‘dış göç’ olgusu, özellikle 1960’lı yıllardan başlayarak Türkiye’den başta Almanya olmak üzere Batı Avrupa ülkelerine önemli bir nüfus kayması sürecini beraberinde getirmiş olup, bunun göçmen işçi toplulukları ve hatta genel olarak Türk toplumunda kültür, gelenek, din ve değişme ilişkileri ve etkileşimi bağlamındaki yansımalarının sosyolojik analizi oldukça tipik, ancak bir o kadar da karmaşık sorunları karşımıza çıkarmaktadır. Öyle ki, yarım yüzyıl önce pek az Müslüman Türk’e rastlanan Batı Avrupa’da bugün çeşitli ülke, bölge ve yerleşim birimlerine serpili yaklaşık 4 milyon dolayında bir Müslüman Türk göçmen kitlesinin varlığı söz konusu olup bu durum yepyeni çevre ve şartlarda çok önemli sosyal, ekonomik ve kültürel sorunları beraberinde getirmiş bulunmakta; bunun din alanındaki yansımaları da oldukça tipik ve ilgi çekici oluşum ve gelişmelerle sürüp gitmektedir (Günay, 2003: 35). Batı Avrupa’ya göç eden Türklerin büyük bölümü Almanya’da bulunmakta, onu Fransa, Hollanda ve Avusturya takip etmekte, yine İsviçre, İngiltere, Belçika, İsveç, Danimarka ve diğer bazı Batı Avrupa ülkelerinde sayıları az da olsa Türk göçmenler bulunmaktadır. Bu durumda, Avrupa Türkleriyle ilgilenen araştırmacıların daha çok Almanya, Fransa ve Hollanda gibi Türklerin görece yoğun olduğu ülkelere yönelmeleri beklenen bir gelişmedir. Ne var ki bu yoğunlaşma Türk göç literatüründe İsveç, Norveç gibi bazı ülkeler aleyhine gedikler oluşmasına da yol açmaktadır. Bu çalışma da “İsveç’teki Türkler ve dinî yapılanmaları” hakkında bazı tanıtıcı bilgilere yer verilecektir.

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Norveç’te Türkler: Göçmenlik, Etnisite ve Din

Author(s): Recep Önal / Language(s): Turkish Publication Year: 0

Küreselleşen dünyanın adeta küçük bir köy haline gelmesi çeşitli din, mezhep, inanç, kültür ve medeniyetlerin bir araya gelmesine, sosyal hayatta bir arada yaşamasına ve bu doğrultuda çeşitli boyutlarda birbirleriyle karşılıklı etkileşimine neden olmuştur. Diğer taraftan son yüzyıllarda iletişim ve ulaşım imkânlarının artması ile ülkeler arasındaki geçişler kolaylaşmış ve göçler çoğalmıştır. Tüm bu gelişmelere paralel olarak farklı din, inanç, ideoloji ve kültür mensupları, sınır ve bariyerleri aşarak bir arada yaşamak zorunda kalmışlardır. Bu nedenle içinde yaşadığımız 21. yüzyıl, farklı din, inanç, ideoloji ve kültürlerin birlikte bir arada, iç içe yaşadığı, karşılıklı etkileşimlerin kaçınılmaz olduğu, bu anlamda insanlık tarihinin en renkli, en yoğun ve en karmaşık dönemlerinden birini oluşturmuştur. Aynı zamanda bu yüzyıl Doğu’dan Batı’ya bir diğer ifadeyle İslam dünyasından çeşitli Batı ülkelerine siyasî, sosyal, kültürel, eğitim, ekonomik ve dinî sebeplerle işçi, iltica ve mülteci statüsü altında yoğun dış göçlerin yaşandığı geçişken bir dönem olmuştur. Türkiye’den Batı’ya olan ilk göç hareketi ise 1950’lerin sonlarından itibaren işçi statüsüyle Almanya’ya gerçekleşmiştir (Pew Araştırma Merkezi, 2009).Daha sonra bunu Hollanda, Fransa, Avusturya, Belçika, İngiltere, İsviçre, Danimarka ve İsveç gibi diğer Avrupa ülkeleri takip etmiştir. Bu göçlerin son ayağını ise İskandinavya ülkesi olarak bilinen Norveç oluşturmuştur (Manco, 2007).

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İngiltere’de Türkler: Göçmenlik, Etnisite ve Din

Author(s): Yakup Çoştu / Language(s): Turkish Publication Year: 0

İngiltere, birçok dini, ırkı ve kültürü bir arada barındıran bir Avrupa ülkesidir. Dünyanın her yerinden insanlar, farklı itme-çekme faktörlerinin etkisiyle İngiltere’ye göç etmiş ve İngiliz sosyo-kültürel hayatında çok-etnikli ve çok-kültürlü bir yapının oluşmasını sağlamıştır.

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Мерки на Европейския съюз по бежанската криза

Author(s): Atanas Pavlov / Language(s): Bulgarian Publication Year: 0

Over the past almost three years, the European Union and Europe as a whole have been faced with the challenge of reaching an agreement on a number of issues regarding the largest migration movement since the Second World War – the so-called "refugee crisis". The set of measures includes actions to address the root causes of the crisis and a significant increase in humanitarian aid both within and outside the Union. One of the key aspects of the EU migration policy management, which is included in the European Migration Program of May 2015, is the hotspot approach. The European Commission has introduced the "hotspot" approach in order to support Greece and Italy as first-line members in coping with the significant increase in the number of irregular migrants arriving at their external borders for the period from 2015 to 2016. The aim of this approach is to provide operational support to Member States to ensure arriving migrants are identified, registered and fingerprinted, and channelled into the relevant follow-up procedures. To a greater extent, the hotspot approach can be seen as positive for improving migration management in both Member States by increasing their migrants reception capacity, enhancing registration procedures and consolidating efforts to coordinate operational assistance. However, setting them up took longer than planned. In Greece, four of the five planned hotspots were operational in March 2016, with the last one coming into operation by June 2016. In Italy, four out of six planned hotspots were operational in March 2016, and two additional hotpots were still in the process of being set up but not yet operational at the end of February 2017. Despite the considerable support from the EU, at the end of 2016 the reception facilities in both countries were not yet adequate to properly receive (Italy) or accommodate (Greece) the number of migrants arriving. There is still a shortage of adequate facilities to accommodate and process unaccompanied minors in line with international standards, both in the hotspots and at the next level of reception.

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History Of Syrian Kurds And Their Political Parties

Author(s): Jordi Tejel / Language(s): English Publication Year: 0

As the Syrian army pulled out of several towns in the north and northeast of the country in July 2012, Kurds found themselves masters of their own destiny after more than 40 years of dictatorship and political marginalisation.In the face of the sudden retreat of the state security apparatus, the Democratic Union Party (PYD), the Syrian offshoot of the Kurdistan Workers’ Party (PKK), and the Kurdish National Council, composed of sixteen political parties, signed a political agreement providing for the creation of a joint Supreme Kurdish Council and the establishment of‘popular defence forces’ in order to secure Kurdish gains. However, despite the apparent unity, the operational capacity of the Supreme Kurdish Council was hindered by an unbalanced power relationship between the PYD and the Kurdish National Council, in favour of the former, as well as their uneven representation in the three main Kurdish enclaves in northern Syria (Allsopp2014: 194–200).

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Refugee Policy of North Atlantic Treaty Organization (NATO)

Author(s): Dinçer Bayer / Language(s): English Publication Year: 0

North Atlantic Treaty Organization (NATO) is an international organization1 providing security for its members. NATO is an intergovernmental organization in which each member country maintains its sovereignty. All NATO decisions are taken jointly based on the agreement of each member country. Its members are states parties to the founding NATO Treaty. It was founded after the Second World War in 1949 and has been the most influential security organization all over the world.

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The Legitimization Process of the French National Front and its Migration Policies

Author(s): Murat Aktaş / Language(s): English Publication Year: 0

In Europe, especially in the last three decades, we have witnessed the rise of far right and populist political parties and movements, which spread to many European Union countries as a disease. France is one of these countries. The French National Front (Front National-FN) is one of the first far right political parties founded after the World War II in Western Europe and constituted a role model and the leading example for most contemporary extreme right movements and political parties in Europe (Rydgren, 2003:45-68). Many parties have adopted the discourses and slogans of the National Front (Mudde, 2012: 4). Therefore, it has an important impact on the contemporary European politics.

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“Textual Placemaking and Migration Memories in Psalm 137”

Author(s): Eric M Trinka / Language(s): English Publication Year: 0

This chapter arose from an interest in the broader question of how religious texts form and function as catalysts and containers of memory in contexts of mobility and migration. It is well documented by now that religion plays important roles for many migrants throughout the migration undertaking. Religion is embedded in the social world of migration decision-making and informs responses to (in)security. Religious practice also plays an integral role in shaping, perpetuating, and responding to cultures of mobility and migration regimes. Textualized creations are among the mnemonic cultural products mobile/migrant religious actors generate. Some such texts become sacralized for communities of faith and may even as function as foundational resources in later contexts of movement.

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Migration Trends and Labour Migration Policy in the European Union in the Period 2013 – 2020

Author(s): Monika Moraliyska / Language(s): English Publication Year: 0

The paper analyses the migration trends in the EU in the last decade (2013 – 2020) – emigration and immigration. The net migration is then presented and analyzed in terms of its major economic and social consequences and its potential impact on the European labour market. For that purpose, migration and migrant population data from Eurostat are used to analyze the current state and perspectives on union and country level, as well as some projections and analytical reports regarding the labor force deficit in them.

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UKRAINIAN CRISIS - REGIONAL ANALYSIS OF MIGRATION IN THE CONTEXT OF CZECHIA

Author(s): Josef Botlík,Milena Botlíková / Language(s): English Publication Year: 0

The aim of this article is to summarize and compare the development of migration related to the Ukrainian crisis in the context of previous migration crises and migration theories. Czechia, although not directly adjacent to Ukraine, is one of the major destination countries and was the target of the first wave of war migrants. However, refugee flows and destinations must be monitored in a broader context. We assume that the migration wave was largely conditioned by the existing Ukrainian minority in Czechia. Using comparison, multicorrelation analysis and data mining, the paper compares available data, related not only to the war in Ukraine but also to previous migrations and foreign workers’ movement of foreigners for work. Based on comparative analyzes, contexts are sought that could clarify the targeting of migrants and relate them to historical economic and social conditions. Research shows that there is a strong push-pull effect, given the composition of foreigners in Czechia and the number of Ukrainians employed.

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Trestný čin nedovoleného opuštění republiky v kontextu vývoje protistátních trestných činů od roku 1948

Author(s): Josef Kuchta / Language(s): Czech Publication Year: 0

The Article solves Purposes, Object and Reasons of Filing of the subversive Crimes in the Territorium of the Czech Republic from the Year 1948 up to the Prezent. It consists in two parts – the historical and the juristic Parts. In the first Part it is described the short Knowledge in the Czech Penal Legislatur from the Year 1948 up to the present. On that Background is the Public introduced with the Adjustment of the Crime of the Unlegitimate Leaving of the Republic. The Article concerns its basic Principles and Problems, it shows Deficiences in The Legislatur and Problems with its Realisation in the Practice. It is showed its antidemocratic Character too. On the Base of Statistic this Crime was out of the historical point of view very frequent in the Practice. At the present is its Regulation out of Czech Penal Code, that is in the opposite to Basic Human Rights and it had political and ideological Charakter. It must be but observed, that any subversive Crimes must be maintained in modern democratic States.

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СКВЕРНАВЕЊЕ НА ЧОВЕКОВИТЕ ПРАВА И СЛОБОДИ – (НЕ)ПОВРЗАНОСТ СО СТАРО-НОВИТЕ ПОЛИТИЧКИ ДВИЖЕЊА ВО ЕВРОПА И ВО СВЕТОТ

Author(s): Atanas Avramov / Language(s): Macedonian Publication Year: 0

Тhe author aims to show and prove that, regardless of the fact that the human rights are part of the jus cogens in international law, in the history of one’s country there is always a period of stagnation in the protection of the human rights, often parallel with actualization of some values that contribute to contamination of the democracy. According to the author, the bending of the human rights is followed by coming to the stage certain political movements, which are touching the darkest side of human beings-hatred. The protection of the human rights should be immune to the change of the political movements and ideologies, embodied in the political parties, which some of them are comprehending the human rights as a suggestion, not as a duty given not before coming to power, but even before the formation of the power as they know it.

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Бежанската тежест върху България

Author(s): Atanas Pavlov / Language(s): Bulgarian Publication Year: 0

In the light of the refugee crisis from 2015, Bulgaria, along with other South-Eastern European countries, were regarded as transit countries by the refugees on their path toward to the countries of Central and Western Europe. This, to a certain extent, isolated it from the main refugee routes and limited the passage of illegal migrants through the country. In that sense, the aim of the report is by calculating three indicators based on the methodology of the United Nations High Commissioner for Refugees, measuring the refugee burden on the host country to prove the transit status of Bulgaria compared to other EU member states.

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