Determining The Socio-Economic and Security Impacts of Rohingya Refugees on Neighbouring Countries: Bangladesh and India

Author(s): Murat Pınar,Soyalp Tamçelik / Language(s): English Publication Year: 0

Migration and refugee movement, affecting most parts of the modern world in a direct or indirect way, are among the top issues that require a global responsibility and burden sharing. More and more people are leaving their homes, lands, jobs, workplaces, habits, cultural heritage, relatives, loved ones and eventually their countries. While migrants mostly relocate due to factors such as underdevelopment, climate change and natural disasters, refugees are subjected to forced migration due to factors such as wars, discrimination, human rights violations and genocide. Therefore, it can be said that migrants opt to relocate, whereas refugees are forced to do so.

Literature Review on Remittances Utilization in Migrants Home Countries

Author(s): Eugene Agoh,Vilmantė Kumpikaitė-Valiūnienė / Language(s): English Publication Year: 0

The Philippines is the highest labour exporter among its neighbours in East and South-East Asia (Pratt, 2018). Consequently, diaspora Filipinos send the equivalent of 34 billion USD as remittances from around the world making the Philippines the third highest remittance receiver in the world just behind India and Mexico (Bank, 2019). These remittances are utilized in various ways proven to positively impact the migrant’s receiving households. Conclusively, remittances play an important role in Philippines households as shown in 17 papers, which focused on evaluating the positive and negative sides of remittances; to the Philippines households are highlighted. Though the case of the Philippines is unique, several other studies show similar results in countries such as Mexico, Nigeria, Pakistan, India, Vietnam, Ghana, South Africa, Lithuania, Germany, Estonia, Poland etc. This wide variety of remittances utilization motivated this literature review.

Complementary Protection Between Human Rights Obligations and Humanitarian Motives: Italian Case Study

Author(s): Gabriella Morrone,Maria Teresa Rovitto,Mariella Crisci / Language(s): English Publication Year: 0

Complementary protection has emerged over the last decades as a generic label including all such forms of protection used by States to avoid the return of asylum seekers who have failed their claim under the 1951 Geneva Convention but cannot be returned to their countries of origin for various reasons, and in order to comply with their non-refoulement obligation under international law. It may be interpreted as the result of a protection gap deriving from the fact that the Geneva Convention definition of a refugee does not cover the protection needs of all persons – and there might be people needing protection, who nevertheless fall outside the scope of the Convention. There are large discrepancies in States’ understandings of who should benefit from complementary protection: many countries grant complementary protection to those persons who do not qualify for international protection, but cannot be returned to their countries because of binding human rights obligations. Some others allow persons to remain in their territories, on the basis of compassionate or humanitarian grounds. The significance of these humanitarian reasons is discretional and varies from state to state(Feijen, 2021).

LGBTQ Forced Migrants’ Labor Market Integration in Mexico City: Perspectives From Mexican Government Agencies, International Organizations, and Mexican Civil Society

Author(s): Rolando Diaz / Language(s): English Publication Year: 0

Mexico’s increasingly diverse migration patterns, from Spanish Republicans and Ashkenazi Jews to Haitian and Black African groups, have captured the interest of researchers across disciplines. Eclipsed by the politics of Mexican migration to the US, Mexico has a long history of immigration, emigration, refuge, transit, and return migration. These realities compound Mexican migration policy and coupled with the gendered experiences of migration, generate a complicated journey for migrants, especially those pertaining to the Lesbian, Gay, Bisexual, Trans, and Queer (LGBTQ) community.

Academic Brain Drain: The Case of North Macedonia

Author(s): Merita Zulfiu Alili,Memet Memeti,Blerta Ahmedi-Arifi / Language(s): English Publication Year: 0

Skilled labour is an important asset for any country in the development process and the emigration of skilled individuals presents a threat of a ‘brain drain’ which can affect growth, development and the quality of education. Brain drain in this research represents the loss of academic staff and researchers from a source country to a recipient country. Using survey data this study investigates the factors affecting academic staff’s decision on migration. It critically examines brain drain in higher education institutions in North Macedonia and its implications. Most of the academic staff intends to migrate to more developed countries mainly because of low standards of living and wages, because they think that there is no future in this country, lack of promotion possibilities based on merit and political influence in universities. Based on the findings this paper proposes policy recommendations for institutions to explore strategies on how to best use the skills of academic and research staff for improving socioeconomic benefits, and most importantly commitment to implementing these strategies

Turkey’s dealing with the Syrian Kurds (Part I)

Author(s): Michael M. Gunter / Language(s): English Publication Year: 0

This wide-ranging survey of the Kurds in Syria will evaluate the mid-term fall-out of the suddenly announced US withdrawal on October 7, 2019. It concludes that 1. The US dishonorably deserted its Syrian Kurdish ally, 2. Alienated future allies who would no longer trust it, 3. Allowed some of the Islamic State of Iraq and Syria (ISIS) prisoners incarcerated by YPG guards to escape and potentially revive the genocidal jihadist organization, 4. Rewarded Turkish aggression, 5. Handed the murderous, but badly taxed Assad regime new life, 6. Facilitated Iran’s drive to the Mediterranean and potential threat to Israel, and, maybe most of all, 7. Empowered Russia as the ultimate arbitrator of the Syrian imbroglio to the detriment of the United States and North Atlantic Treaty Organization (NATO).

Turkey’s dealing with the Syrian Kurds (Part II)

Author(s): Michael M. Gunter / Language(s): English Publication Year: 0

This Commentary survey’s Turkey's interaction with Syria's surprisingly influential Kurds and explores the Turkish-US confrontation over the US support of the Syrian Kurds against ISIS. It concludes that the Biden administration will likely continue to implement the limited, but effective role his predecessors Trump and Obama had carried out, but that the ultimate fate of Syria and its embattled Kurds remains unclear.

Göç Olgusunun Çağdaş Türk Seramik Sanatına Yansıması

Author(s): Serdar Mutlu / Language(s): Turkish Publication Year: 0

İnsanların kavramsal ve nesnel olarak olaylara bakış açısı yetiştiği çevre ve yaşadığı ortam koşullarına göre değişkenlik göstermektedir. İnsanın kimliğini oluşturma sürecinde bu ve benzeri etkenler onun yaşamında çeşitli izler bırakmakta ve geleceğe dair bakış açısını belirmektedir. Nitekim insan, oluşturduğu bu kimliğiyle yaşamı deneyimlemeye devam etmektedir. Bu deneyimlerden biri olan göç olgusu; kişinin yaşadığı toplumu ve mekanı istekli ya da isteksiz olarak çeşitli nedenlerle terk etmesi, yeni bir mekanda ve kültürde yaşama eylemini sürdürmesidir. Göç sonucunda oluşan bireysel, sosyal, kültürel ve benzeri değişimler kişisel kimlik üzerinde anlam ve kavram açısından çeşitli etkilere sahiptir. Bu etkiler kişinin iç dünyasıyla çatışması sonucunda bireysel bir konu olarak ortaya çıkmakta ve oluşum koşullarına göre göç kavramı kişiden kişiye değişmektedir. Bu durum yaşadıkları toplumda iyi bir gözlemci olan sanatçılar için de geçerli olup, istekli veya isteksiz olarak gerçekleştirdikleri göç olgusuna dair bazı sorulara yanıt ararlar. Bu sorular; Göç olgusu ve algısı nedir, nasıl şekillenir? Bu olguda insan, kişisel veya toplumsal seçme hakkına sahip midir? Göç ve sanat ilişkisi nelerdir? gibi çoğaltılabilecek türden sorulardır. Aslında, bu soruların yanıtları ister kişisel isterse toplumsal olsun göç yaşamış her kişinin terk ettiği mekanlarda ve belleğinde canlı tutmaya çalıştığı öz geçmişinden başka bir şey değildir. Bu içselleştirilmiş özyaşam kişiden kişiye değişse de sanatçı açısından bakıldığında göç ettiği süreçte uğradığı mekanlardaki kültür ve sanatla etkileşim haline geçebilmekte ve yeni bir sanat anlayışının ortaya çıkmasına neden olabilmektedir. Yaşadığı yeri terk etmek zorunda kalan göçmenlerin ruhlarında oluşan boşluğu, çarpıcı heykellerine aktaran Fransız sanatçı Bruno Catalano’nun “Gezginler” ismini verdiği heykel serisinde meta-gerçek anlatım tarzıyla yeni bir heykel akımının başlamasını sağlaması örnek verilebilir.

Use of non-traditional data sources to nowcast migration trends through Artificial Intelligence technologies

Author(s): Diletta Goglia,Laura Pollacci,Alina Sîrbu / Language(s): English Publication Year: 0

In recent years the pursuit of original drivers and methods is becoming an increasing requirement for migration studies, considering the new technologies used to characterise and understand the human migration phenomenon. In addition to the traditional data typically used in migration studies (e.g., indicators related to the labour market or economic status, measures obtained from surveys and official statistics, either from national censuses or from the population registries), many researchers like Bosco et al. (2022), Fiorio et al. (2017), Gendronneau et al. (2019), Jisu, Sîrbu, Rossetti, Giannotti, and Rapoport (2021), Salah (2021), Spyratos et al. (2018), Sîrbu et al. (2021), Zagheni, Garimella, Weber, and State (2014), Zagheni, Polimis, Alexander, Weber, and Billari (2018), Zagheni, Weber, and Gummadi (2017), have proposed to employ non-traditional data sources to study migration. These can consist in news data, satellite data, but also in digital traces of humans generated by using internet services, mobile phones, IoT devices, fidelity cards, online social networks and many others. This unconventional approach is intended to find an alternative methodology to answer open questions about the human migration framework (i.e., nowcasting flows and stocks, studying the integration of multiple sources and knowledge, and investigating migration drivers). The new data have the advantage of timeliness and large geographical coverage, but also disadvantages in terms of selection bias and amount of resources required to process, as reported by Sîrbu et al. (2021) and Pollacci, Milli, Bircan, and Rossetti (2022). Therefore, models extracted from these data need to be carefully validated, typically with traditional data sources. In this context of meaningful data combination, many types of data exist, still very scattered and heterogeneous, making integration far from straightforward.

Pandemia COVID-19 jako test japońskiej polityki przyciągania migrantów ekonomicznych

Author(s): Marcin Socha / Language(s): Polish Publication Year: 0

The purpose of the chapter is to examine the impact of the COVID-19 pandemic on the problem of labor shortage in Japan, in particular on the effectiveness of the government’s strategy of attracting and integrating foreign labor. The text is part of the research on the effectiveness of political institutions and legal solutions in crisis situations. An analysis of the content of media articles and statements by Japanese politicians indicates an increase in anti-immigration sentiment among the Japanese society of representatives of decision-making circles. The pandemic undermined the assumptions of the short-term migration policy and showed the weakness of the new migration system, the assumptions of which do not meet the needs of migrants in a crisis situation.

„Gość w dom”, czyli odwrócona podróż w czasie wojny 2022 na przykładzie Bałut

Author(s): Maria Antonina Łukowska / Language(s): Polish Publication Year: 0

The reality of the pandemic has changed the social face of Bałuty. Forced isolation meant that residents found the familiar and familiar “tame” space largely altered, without their knowledge or acceptance. At the end of the epidemic, as a result of the war in Ukraine, many refugees arrived in the country, Łódź and Bałuty, changing their familiar and accepted social structure. Male labour immigration changed to refugees of women, children and the elderly, who are “guests” and perhaps permanent residents. These two factors have triggered different reactions and attitudes and forced native residents to make a “reverse” journey, so to speak, to their own neighbourhood or settlement. The author looks at the issue from the position of ethnoscience using both emic (interviews, narrative tradition based on post-memory) and ethical sources (studies).

РЕГУЛИРАНЕ НА ДОСТЪПА ДО ЗДРАВНИ ГРИЖИ НА ЛИЦА ТЪРСЕЩИ УБЕЖИЩЕ

Author(s): Mariya Neykova,Mariela Deliverska / Language(s): Bulgarian Publication Year: 0

Accessing medical care and health services, as well as the conditions under which these services are provided have been directly related to the status of persons in need of healthcare. Access to healthcare and medical services is a fundamental and irrevocable human right but the fulfilment of this right could be protected only when regulatory mechanisms have been provided and effectively implemented. In times of dynamic migration processes and intensive refugee wave healthcare systems are facing multiple challenges related to access to healthcare of asylum seekers. The health risks of persons from vulnerable groups, as well as the specific health needs of asylum seekers must be in the focus of establishment and implementation of national policies and strategic documents for regulating the access to healthcare of asylum seekers in the context of public health protection and security.

Dış Göç ve Konut Fiyat Dinamikleri: Türkiye’den Kanıtlar

Author(s): İlkay Badurlar / Language(s): Turkish Publication Year: 0

The aim of this study is to empirically analyze the effect of international migration on housing price dynamics in Turkey for the period 2010-2022. The number of foreigners with a residence permit in Turkey has been used to represent the number (stock) of immigrants resulting from international migration. Real House Price Index has been used to represent house prices. Short- and long-term relationships between the recent intense immigrant flows to Turkey and housing prices were investigated using the Johansen Cointegration Test and Vector Error Correction Method (VECM). The cointegration test results indicate the existence of a cointegration between housing prices and the number of immigrants. The cointegration vector of the long-run relationship shows that every 1% increase in the number of immigrants increases the housing prices by 0.1885%. VECM causality results show that housing prices are affected by the past and present values of the immigrant stock resulting from international migration to Turkey. The change in the number of immigrants as a result of external migration is the reason for the change in housing prices. There was no causal relationship from housing prices to the number of immigrants. It is thought that the results of the study will be beneficial in terms of considering the socio-economic effects of migration while determining Turkey's external migration policies.

“The World Is Without Shelter, Without Protector”: Buddhism, the Protection of Displaced People, and International Humanitarian Law

Author(s): Christina A. Kilby / Language(s): English Publication Year: 0

Displacement is a common consequence of armed conflict that entails acute suffering and loss of protection. The prevention of displacement and the protection of displaced people are integral concerns of International Humanitarian Law (IHL), a universal body of law that seeks to limit the negative effects of war and to protect those who are not–––or no longer–––in the fight. To those ends, IHL includes provisions to prevent the unnecessary displacement of people and provides for the safety, shelter, health, hygiene, nutrition, and family unity of those displaced by conflict. While refugees (those who cross international boundaries) fall under the legal protection of the1951 Refugee Convention and the assistance of the United Nations Office of the High Commissioner for Refugees, internally displaced people (IDPs) move within the bounds of their state of citizenship or habitual residence. When that state is experiencing armed conflict, the government on which displaced people should normally rely for protection and assistance may be unable or unwilling to provide for their welfare. Furthermore, respect for the sovereignty of states can hinder international humanitarian intervention on behalf of IDPs. For this reason, IDPs are particularly vulnerable to prolonged suffering and de facto lack of protection during times of armed conflict, even though they are included in the provisions of IHL. The protection of IDPs during times of war remains a serious humanitarian challenge in every region of the world.

From the Middle East to Europe: Geopolitics of the Palestinians in Exile

Author(s): Fanny Christou / Language(s): English Publication Year: 0

More than seventy years after the creation of the State of Israel, the Palestinian cause resonates way beyond the Middle East. Revealing major shifts between the global and the local, the Palestinian exile since the Nakba in 1948 (Khalidi, 2014) contributed to the formation of various migratory experiences framed within the permanency of the statelessness (Chatty, 2010). Drawing on the concept of diaspora(s) (Brubaker, 2005), this chapter aims to provide a deep general overview of the geopolitical configurations structuring the Palestinian mobility in the Middle East provoking new forms of migration towards Europe in search of a better life. This study is based on an extensive literature review as well as data collected between 2015 and 2019 in Sweden, where an important part of the Palestinian diaspora can be found today. It attempts to address the ways Palestinians have been forming the largest and most protracted population of externally displaced refugees in the world over time and their current geography, dispersed within various regions of the world.

Етнодемографска стратификация в България – динамика от далечната 1986 до близката 2019 и новото малцинство от бежанци през 2023 г. Рискове и предизвикателства пред националната сигурност

Author(s): Mihail Stoyanov Mirchev / Language(s): English,Bulgarian Publication Year: 0

The paper presents own empirical data of national representative surveys, valid for current resident population within Bulgaria, aged 18-70, conducted by Agency ASSA-M with comparable samples. It focuses the stratification pyramid of Bulgarian population and its shifts from 1986 – the end of the „developed socialism“ epoch, through transitory 2001-2011 decade, up to 2019. The paper discusses the civil effect in the stratification profile in four focal points – in 2001 after the so called „Transition“ (1989-1999), that was the First Transition from socialism to liberal capitalism; in 2011 after the social optimism decade regarding Bulgaria’s accession to the EU – that is the Second Transition (2007); in 2019, that where 5 years after the time of Third Transition (2014-2017), that was the time of total mafiatization of the State and Government – as a substance that was the return to the model of one party and one political leather domination, in the state and manifestations of new feudalism and authoritarianism. The macro-range of the shifts in the system of the Bulgarian society, which resulted in a sharply changed stratification profile and society’s civil model is characterized. It is not only about the Base of the society, but also about the complete reconstruction in the society’s Superstructure, of the new ideological dogma and political correctness in the state. It is also about the abrupt and radical relocation of Bulgaria from East to West in its global positioning as a country and Bulgarian nation. All is analyzed as inner social and societal, state and institutional environment of civil uncertainty and national security problem. As a base of increased risk of illegal Arab-Muslim immigration from 2014 up to now, the aggregation of risky mass of eastern „refugees“ in Bulgaria and their sitting here as a new „national minority“ which doubles and triples the problems of Bulgarian national security.The paper presents own empirical data of national representative surveys, valid for current resident population within Bulgaria, aged 18-70, conducted by Agency ASSA-M with comparable samples. It focuses the stratification pyramid of Bulgarian population and its shifts from 1986 – the end of the „developed socialism“ epoch, through transitory 2001-2011 decade, up to 2019. The paper discusses the civil effect in the stratification profile in four focal points – in 2001 after the so called „Transition“ (1989-1999), that was the First Transition from socialism to liberal capitalism; in 2011 after the social optimism decade regarding Bulgaria’s accession to the EU – that is the Second Transition (2007); in 2019, that where 5 years after the time of Third Transition (2014-2017), that was the time of total mafiatization of the State and Government – as a substance that was the return to the model of one party and one political leather domination, in the state and manifestations of new feudalism and authoritarianism. The macro-range of the shifts in the system of the Bulgarian society, which resulted in a sharply changed stratification profile and society’s civil model is characterized. It is not only about the Base of the society, but also about the complete reconstruction in the society’s Superstructure, of the new ideological dogma and political correctness in the state. It is also about the abrupt and radical relocation of Bulgaria from East to West in its global positioning as a country and Bulgarian nation. All is analyzed as inner social and societal, state and institutional environment of civil uncertainty and national security problem. As a base of increased risk of illegal Arab-Muslim immigration from 2014 up to now, the aggregation of risky mass of eastern „refugees“ in Bulgaria and their sitting here as a new „national minority“ which doubles and triples the problems of Bulgarian national security.

Противодействие на чуждестранни пътуващи бойци

Author(s): Rusi Vladimirov Yanev / Language(s): English,Bulgarian Publication Year: 0

The emergence and development of the processes of radicalization, extremism and terrorism of representatives of different social groups are often associated with ethno-religious conflicts. Limiting and overcoming conflicts of this nature are primarily aimed at neutralizing foreign traveling fighters, as part of terrorist organizations. In order to counter them successfully, the competent human rights bodies, together with the general public, organize and conduct events to study the structure and composition of the fighters, their motivation to plan and carry out terrorist acts. The report identifies and partially explains the concept of „foreign traveling fighters“, examples of their detection and neutralization, and elements of the general model for countering them.

Изходът от политическата агония

Author(s): Katya Zhivkova Mihaylova / Language(s): English,Bulgarian Publication Year: 0

The article is focused on political agony in Bulgaria in the period of 2021-2023 as one of the risks not only for the ethno-religious peace but for the development of the state and society. It clearly differentiates the concept of „political crises“ from the concept of „political agony“, tries to mark the genesis of the agony in the political field and to provokes thought to look for ways out of the agonizing state of the political. In this sense, the report points to the risk – the political agony – and focuses on options to reduce the damage to man and society, to security and peace, that it could cause.

Мрежов анализ на риска по държави на чужденците с предоставен статут на бежанец и с предоставен хуманитарен статут в България за периода януари 2021 – юни 2023 г.

Author(s): Miglena Ivanova Ivanova / Language(s): English,Bulgarian Publication Year: 0

The report presents an approach for a network analysis of the risk by country of foreigners granted refugee status and foreigners granted humanitarian status in the Republic of Bulgaria for a thirty-month period – from January 2021 to June 2023. For the purposes of the illustrated network analysis of risk in the present study, the stress factor and the full reserve of works of ten network models by country are used for foreigners granted refugee status and foreigners granted humanitarian status in the Republic of Bulgaria for the reported period.

RESEARCHES ON THE GENDER DIMENSION OF SECURITY

Author(s): / Language(s): English Publication Year: 0