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Batı merkezli tarihsel feminist hareket, seksenli yıllarda İspanya gibi bir-çok Avrupa ülkesinde güçlenirken (Andújar, 2014; Nash, 2004) Fransa gibi diğer Avrupa ülkelerindeki yeni feminist akımlar hegemonyacı feminist teoriyi ve uygulamayı yeniden tanımlamaya başlamış ve tartışmaya açmıştır (Badran, 2010).
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Göç olgusunun dinsel ve mezhepsel kimlikler üzerindeki etkileri ve bu etkilerin tarihsel örnekleri nelerdir? Buna ilaveten tarihsel bir realite olan göç olgusunun iyi tahlil edilebilmesi için ne gibi hususlar göz önünde bulundurulmalıdır? Bu olgunun insan üzerindeki etkisi din ve mezhep anlayışına yansımaları nasıl olmaktadır? şeklindeki sorular, cevaplarını arayacağımız hususlardandır.
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Yurtdışına işçi göçü Türk toplumunun son 60 yılına damgasını vuran sosyal, kültürel, ekonomik ve siyasal boyutlarıyla çok sayıda araştırmacının ilgi odağı olan bir süreçtir. Almanya’da yoğunlaşan göç hareketliliğinde, Türk insanının yaşadığı deneyimler her iki toplum için de çok yönlü ve karmaşık sorunları bünyesinde barındırmaktadır.
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Bu yazıda ekonomik göç sebebiyle Fransa’da bulunan Türklerin geçici olarak gelmiş oldukları bu ülkede yerleşik bir hayata geçerken dinî yönden örgütlenmelerini, dinî örgütlenmelerinin yabancı bir ülkede varoluşlarına etki ve katkısını, bu varoluşun sosyolojik tezahürlerinin Fransız kamuoyunda oluşturduğu algı biçimleriyle şekillenen durumları ele almış olacağız.
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Birinci Dünya Savaşı’ndan sonra üretim kapasitesini yeniden harekete geçiren Avrupa ülkeleri, İkinci Dünya Savaşı’na kadar yerli iş gücüyle kalkınmalarını devam ettirmişlerdir. İkinci Dünya Savaşı başlayınca savaşın öngörülenden daha uzaması ve erkeklerin büyük çoğunluğunun askere alınmaları sebebiyle kadın işçiler devreye sokulmuştur. Savaş sonunda oluşan nüfus dengesizliği, kadın işçilerin ağır sanayi koşullarında ihtiyaç duyulan işgücünü karşılamasına yetmemiştir. Bir yandan sanayinin çarklarını döndürmek, diğer yandan da savaşın yıkıcı etkilerini ortadan kaldırarak ülkeleri yeniden inşa etmek için acil iş gücüne ihtiyaç duyulmuştur. Bu ihtiyacı karşılamak ve sanayi ülkelerinin eksilen nüfuslarını ikame etmek için yeni bir yol bulunmuştur: “misafir işçiler”. Bu amaçla Avrupa dışındaki ülkelerden işçi alımına başlanmıştır.
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This analysis provides an assessment of some of the most important elements of the EC proposal for new 2021-2027 MFF and new system of own resources, mainly focusing on the issues regarding migration and their impact. Also, the analysis provides an overview and comparison between the new MFF and the current one. For the expenditure side of the EU budget, the European Commission has proposed a long-term budget of €1,135 billion in commitments (expressed in 2018 prices) over the period from 2021 to 2027, equivalent to 1.11% of the EU27's gross national income (GNI). This level of commitments translates into €1,105 billion (or 1.08% of GNI) in payments (in 2018 prices). Superficially, this amounts to an increase on the 2014-2020 MFF, which is an estimated 1.02% of EU-28 GNI (commitments), but a number of factors make comparisons difficult. On the revenue side of the EU budget, the Commission has taken the political opportunity presented by Brexit to propose a gradual phasing-out of most of the correction mechanisms that discount certain Member States' contributions to the EU budget. The proposal for a new own resources decision also takes up the recommendation of the High-Level Group on Own Resources to introduce new own resources explicitly linked to EU policies.
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The last decade has made the whole world, in particular Europe and the EU, direct witnesses and participants in a number of processes and phenomena that have left a strong mark on the economic and social situation of the new globalized world. Undoubtedly one of the biggest events that still stays under the public eye and is continuously covered by the media is the refugee wave that swept the EU. European institutions and the UN tirelessly launch and build programs in order to address and tackle the pressing problems. It is of particular interest to follow the reaction and actions of the private sector in this situation. The object of this study are three of the major oil companies that have European origin and their headquarters are based in the EU – how and whether they introduce and update their programs for corporate social responsibility in connection with the current events? What other major European-based companies handle the situation? Can the private sector and the supranational institutions work together and find the right path to economic and social stabilization?
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Policies have become a form of social institution and are tools which governments use to organize contemporary societies (Shore and Wright 1995) . The intensions and functions of organically formed institutions evolve as the social/biological environment changes through time but, policy in its genesis has specific intensions. Post-modernist thought avoid the nature of policy because it focuses of the individual and the individuals' ability to usurp power structures by avoiding categorization (Kirtsoglou 2004; Butler 2005). However, the nature and purpose of policy is to essentialize and categorize people and define subjects' access to power structures and determine individuals' roles and statuses in society (Shore and Wright 1995; Haines 2013). Thus, individuals are defined, enabled and limited by the categories policy imposes on them (as Citizen, refugee, legal/ illegal immigrant, etc). Thus, deeply embedded in policy are the cultural norms and ideologies, which help us understand power rhetorics and meanings of a society.
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2019 brought with it a number of new strategies, instruments and policies. Nevertheless, the old demons returned and our foreign policy and values continued to be undermined. Two main topics dominated – migration and private sector involvement in development cooperation. While migration framed both the beginning and end of the year, caused heated debates, was the reason minister Miroslav Lajčák submitted his resignation to the president (he later withdrew it) and was a politicized in the parliamentary election campaigns at the end of the year, private sector involvement has attracted less public and social media attention and been less prone to open misuse by politicians. Nonetheless both are equally important for development cooperation.
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The phenomenon of migration has existed since ancient times, and briefly, it means the displacement of individuals or leaving their living spaces and settelments for other places. The oldest known migration in history is the “Migration of Tribes”, which started from Eurasian steppes and significantly affected the future of civilizations during the centuries. The main reason that pushed people to migrate in the past was the desire to access more fertile soils and more favorable climat. Great geographical discoveries have not only changed the perception of borders and the lands of the countries but also directed the attention of people to untouched lands all over the world. First these intact lands were approached for commercial purposes, then with the development of imperialism, these lands were wanted to be seized for colonialism. In time migration movements have diversified and gained more complex dimensions. Nowadays migration became one of the most important issues of globalized world.
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The war and internal unrest in the neighboring countries of Turkey lead to mass migration towards Turkey. Schools are important institutions in providing social harmony. These migrations require the restructuring in the education system and schools with a new understanding. In order to create equal education opportunities for students from different races, beliefs, ethnic structures and social groups, it is necessary to restructure the school environment. In this context, the inclusive education approach, which is accepted as an educational approach that aims to respect others, to be sensitive to different thoughts and lifestyles, should be adopted. In this way, a new structure should be initiated to respond to the different requirements of the learners, to increase their participation in education, culture and society and to decrease discrimination within the education system. In this respect, national and international collaborations are established, trainings are organized, various educational resources and guide books are produced (Öztürk, Cengiz, Köksal, İrez, 2017).
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Teknoloji günümüz çağdaş toplumların bir özet gibidir, her alana nüfuz ettiği gibi uluslararası göç sürecinde de kendine önemli bir yer bulmaktadır. Türkiye’nin Avrupa’ya açılan sınır ülkesi olduğundan dolayı yoğun göç akış rotasında bulunmakta ve bu durum göçmenler için güçlü cezbedici yönlerinden biridir. Ancak Türkiye göç serüveni üzerinde anlatılan göçü önlemeye dair güvenlik önlemlerinin dönüşümü ve teknolojik aygıtların devreye girmesiyle klasik engelleme metotlarının değişimi makale boyunca işlenecek konular arasındadır. Göç serüveni başlamadan önce teknoloji sayesinde araştırma yapan göçmenin online olarak attığı her adım dijital ayak izi bırakmasına sebep olmaktadır.
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This article proposes the perception of the „other“ as a response to cultural diversity related to the idea of multiculturalism. In historical perspective and the intensifying globalization processes creating the concept of cultural inequalities are the focus of this article. The geographical location of the Balkans and the instability of the international scene address „collective diversity“ and are a prerequisite for cultural, social and identity continuity. In support of the in-depth analysis on the topic, I conclude with data from a national survey, summarizing the reasons for social distance and discontinuity from of the Bulgarian population compared to the refugees.
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Ethno-religious risks pose a serious threat to national security and the stability of societies. They include conflicts and tensions arising from differences in ethnic and religious identities. These types of risks can lead to social strife, terrorism and even war. Understanding and managing these risks requires extensive research that analyses the factors that cause them, as well as developing strategies and policies to promote stability and security. This complex problem requires an integrated approach that brings together aspects of religion, ethnic identity and social factors in order to promote tolerance and peace in societies.
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In the chosen topic, our attention is directed to outline the existing problem areas and factors affecting the definition of ethnic and religious challenges and the emphasis they place on the security of the countries of Europe. It aims to overcome the existing problems with the ethnic and religious groups found in these countries by introducing and clarifying their particularities.
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In the context of refugee crises, which have become the leading topic of political as well as scientific debates in past decade, the impact of migrants and asylum seekers on the labour market of the receiving country has attracted remarkable attention. Empirical research in this area indicates that migration has an insignificant effect on the change of the average wage, but it negatively affects the low-skilled labour force on the one hand and positively affects the high-skilled labour force on the other. The purpose of this article is to analyse the influx of refugees and asylum seekers to Germany with an emphasis on the genesis of the crisis in 2015-2016. We try to illustrate the integration of refugees in the local labour market. In accordance with the purpose of the paper we suggest two hypotheses reflecting refugees’ economic burden for hosted country and spatial distribution relevance for integration. To reach the purpose, we apply qualitative research methods such as semi-structured interviews. Our results suggest the limited refugees’ economic burden for German economy and significant effect of geographical allocation on integration process.
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The migration of human beings from one territory to another is a phenomenon that has been part of all eras of history. The contact between peoples has contributed to the formation of the populations of modern nation states, with their cultural heritage as a result of these interactions. Since Globalisation and the Information Society, migratory flows have intensified mainly to countries in the northwest of the world, as in the case of the member countries of the European Union, creating a multicultural environment that is contested by nationalist discourse. This discourse, fueled by the spread of fear that immigrants could harm nationals and the development of the country, has led to the growth of xenophobia in all the countries of the European Union. Xenophobia has a significant negative impact on the attempt to integrate the immigrant into the community of the host state and goes against the objectives of the Treaty on the Functioning of the European Union. It also makes it difficult to achieve the goals set out in the 2030 Agenda, such as those recommended in SDG 10 (reducing inequalities) and SDG 16 (defending peace, access to justice and effective institutions). It should also be noted that the defense of inclusive migration policies and the fight against xenophobia is based on various normative instruments at global, regional and national levels, but so far, they have proved ineffective in dealing with and effectively combating this type of structural crime. Xenophobia has grown in recent years in countries that have also seen an increase in the number of mi-grants. Based on this observation and the fact that the world economy is governed by capitalist ideology, in which economic power acts as an influencer in political and legislative decision-making, this paper aims to present Richard Posner's Theory of the Economic Analysis of Law as an alternative in defense of inclusive migration policies in the European Union.
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For the first time since 1983, when the European Community established the tradition of thematic years, this year was committed to the external operations of the European Union. The choice of the European Year for Development 2015 was related to the symbolic milestone of the end of validity of the development objectives of the millennium. At the same time, it foreshadowed gradual interconnection of the separate agendas of the global and sustainable developments within the United Nations as a unified framework of the social and economic development within the planetary boundaries. Their merger culminated in September in New York, where the General Assembly of the UN approved the Agenda 2030 and its seventeen Objectives of sustainable development representing a huge challenge for the development and other policies of the countries of the global North and South. In this spirit, the European Year for Development was also initiated with the slogan “Our World, Our Dignity, Our Future”. It stood in a peculiar contrast to the closer and rather technical nature of the covering national topic of the “interconnection of activities of non-governmental, private and public sectors in the official foreign development co-operation”.
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Since 2011, Türkiye officially hosts around four million refugees. On March 18 2016, the European Council and Türkiye signed the European Union (EU)-Türkiye Statement aimed at stemming the influx of irregular migration via Türkiye to the EU. The aim of the study is to examine the financial support program developed within the scope of the EU-Türkiye Statement, which focuses on managing irregular migration and financial aid. The Facility for Refugees, a main component of the EU-Türkiye Statement, consists of an EU budget of €3 billion and EU Member States contributions of €3 billion. More than 100 projects have been implemented in Türkiye with the funds provided under the Facility. In the study, financial aid will be evaluated in terms of humanitarian and development actions.
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Political and social changes at the end of the 20th and beginning of the 21st century radically changed the socio-economic situation not only in the post-Soviet space, but throughout the world. One of the clearest manifestations of such changes was the active migration of the population, in which millions of people were forced to migrate from one state to another, thereby becoming involved in the process of globalization. Unlike developed countries that experienced a migration boom long before, the Republic of Azerbaijan faced particularly intense migration flows. In this context, the subject of the study is the study of migration from Azerbaijan to Europe after gaining independence. Within the framework of the created theoretical model, an analysis of migration from Azerbaijan to European states, especially to Germany, was carried out, as well as the reasons for migration from Azerbaijan to Europe and the integration process were assessed. Under the conditions of economic and demographic crises in Azerbaijan, population migration can be a fairly accurate indicator of the depth of these crises; on the other hand, effective regulation of migration contributes to solving both economic and demographic problems faced by Azerbaijan.
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