We kindly inform you that, as long as the subject affiliation of our 300.000+ articles is in progress, you might get unsufficient or no results on your third level or second level search. In this case, please broaden your search criteria.
1. „Autostrăzile mării, ce viitor?” Analele 2011 ale institutului mediteraneean al transporturilor maritime (mtm) – marseille, 285 pagini, 35 EURO-i.m.t.m@wanadoo.fr Stephanne Miribel, redactor-şef DMF - Paris 2. Regulile de la Rotterdam - Reglementarea contractului de transport internaţional de mărfuri pe mare
More...
The holidays of a nation have different characteristics: political, historical, national, cultural, professional, personal, etc. Apart from a purely cultural and spiritual dimension, they have great social significance and a direct relation to the economic life and work activities of people. The state has always carried out legal regulation of official national holidays. The first special law act in this direction was the Law on Public Holidays in the Principality of 1900. The appearance of the law was a consequence of the economic upsurge of Bulgarian society in the last decade of the 19th century. The debates in the National Assembly during the discussion of the draft law were mainly focused on issues related to labour and legal matters – non-working days, restrictions on the exercise of trade and services, and their impact on the results of labour activity. The ideological, political, spiritual, and cultural dimensions of the holidays occupied significantly less space in the debates. Although the Principality Public Holidays Act of 1900 regulated a limited range of matter, its scope was considerably wide, and, in this sense, it can be defined as one of the earliest pieces of legislation in the field of labour law.
More...
UNHCR Executive Committee resolutions had recognized the rights of refugees and asylum seekers in mass influx and many bilateral international conventions, treaties, and agreements. The following rights have also emerged within UNHCR Executive Committee decisions, international human rights law, and international law. The significant central rights and the principle of law towards refugee and asylum seekers which are considered as the minimum standards are: 1) non-refoulement principles, 2) right to life, 3) right to protection from torture and cruel, inhuman, or degrading treatment or punishment, 4) provision of an individual legal status, 5) right to asylum, 6) prohibition of discrimination, 7) right to liberty and security of person, 8) freedom of residence and movement, 9) family reunification, 10) right to an adequate standard of living, and 11) right to adequate housing. Until September 2020, Turkey had been a host country for 3,621,968 Syrian refugees1 who are located in eighty-one cities. Turkey applies the family reunification policy towards the refugees. However, because of the large number of Syrians, Turkish authorities struggle with providing adequate living and housing standards. Thus, the article will elaborate on the most crucial elements from the humanitarian point of view, that is family reunification, right to an adequate standard of living, and right to acceptable housing standards applied towards the Syrian refugees in Turkey in virtue of the Constitution of the Republic of Turkey (1982), Law on Foreigners and International Protection No. 6458 of 2013, and Temporary Protection Regulation (2014).
More...
The substantiation of the concept of non-discrimination was initially made in relation to the recognition of the principle of equality, being established certain criteria that constituted a hard core of the regulations necessary to achieve protection. The national states have regulated in this matter by establishing in national legislation specific rules, initially found at the constitutional level, in the legal labor relations determining equal access to the labor supply. Subsequently, under the influence of interpretations of case law, the rules of non-discrimination were found at the level of organic laws, as a way for national courts to respond to solutions issued by European courts.
More...
Harassment is a form of violence that is increasingly reported in the world of work and has given rise to numerous studies. This article presents the results of a series of five studies to construct and validate the French Environmental Harassment at Work Scale-EHWS. Four hundred and four people employed in various professional sectors (health, education or services) participated in the five studies. A questionnaire of Environmental Harassment at Work was constructed (Study 1). Study 2 revealed a four-dimensional factor structure, which was confirmed by confirmatory factor analysis (Study 3). The questionnaire was shown to have good reliability (Study 4) and convergent validity (Study 5). The EHWS could be a valuable tool for human resource managers to assess environmental harassment in the organisation, and also for occupational health and safety organisations to highlight the nature of environmental harassment, how it can be reported and prevented.
More...
The text deals with the preferred length of maternity and parental leave and who should take parental leave. It is based on data from 7 European countries gathered in the framework of ISSP international research in 2012. It reveals that Czechs and Slovaks show exceptionally high support for long periods of parental leave compared with the residents of the other European countries surveyed. Support for a period of parental leave of less than 2 years in the Czech environment was found to be negligible across all educational groups; university students, however, expressed a slightly lower level of support for parental leave of three and more years.
More...
Initial research into the phenomenon of workplace mobbing dates back to 1972 and was conducted in Sweden. Of exceptional importance for determining the existence of mobbing, is a proper understanding of the behaviour that can be subsumed under the term as well as its clear distinction from the usual conflicts in the workplace and various forms of harassment. The aim of the present paper is to check the existence of mobbing in the workplace among respondents – teachers employed in secondary schools in the City of Pozega, Republic of Croatia. In this sense, the paper is divided into two parts in terms of content: theoretical and special part. In the theoretical part of the paper, mobbing will be conceptually defined and its distinction towards harassment as a form of discrimination will be analyzed. The theoretical part of the paper includes an overview of earlier research into mobbing in the EU and the Republic of Croatia and an analysis of the procedure for obtaining legal protection in the case of mobbing in accordance with applicable regulations of the Republic of Croatia. A special part of the paper is dedicated to the analysis of the results collected by the conducted empirical research. The mentioned research included 350 teachers employed in six secondary schools in the City of Pozega. These are the Gymnasium, the School of Economics, the Technical School, the School of Crafts, the School of Agriculture and Food and the Music School. At the end of the paper, the author presents concluding remarks in which she gives recommendations for improving the detected problems.
More...
Aging of the population solves all EU countries. Significantly changes the age structure of the population, increasing demands on social systems. In the framework of expert discussions attention is paid concerned mainly with the long-term sustainability of pension systems, in recent years attention has also focused on social services and health care. The aim of this paper is the background of the comparison of systems providing and financing social services in European countries - especially in Austria - to identify some new solutions to individual states to put into practice in the last year and on that basis to submit a proposal of some new measures and approaches that have been expedient reflected in legislation and practice in the Czech Republic.
More...
The article responds to the question of how Czech public policy and the respective administrative authorities are prepared to support the return of homeless persons to housing. It focuses mainly on the dynamics of the development of a formal institutional framework in the form of two key pieces of legislation. While the Act on Social Services has been in force since 2007 and has undergone numerous amendments, the Act on Social Housing has not yet been enacted. The theory of actor-centred institutionalism has allowed us to conclude that no type of social service whose primary competence concerns social assistance for homeless persons or their return to a standard life has yet been incorporated into the Act on Social Services. The adoption of the Social Housing Act has encountered both stiff opposition from municipal representatives and a lack of clarity with respect to the competencies of the Ministry of Labour and Social Affairs and the Ministry for Regional Development. The Czech public administration may therefore benefit from an amendment to the Act on Municipalities aimed at explicitly defining responsibility for housing in general and social housing in particular.
More...
A temporary arrangement aimed at resolving the incompatibility of the Communist model of workers' compensation for work accidents and occupational illnesses with the transition to a market economy after 1989 involved the implementation of statutory employer liability insurance for work accidents and occupational illnesses, outsourced to two private insurance companies. The choice of a social model is a matter of public choice, but intensive lobbying also constitutes part of these processes. The Worker's Compensation Insurance Act from 2006 did not come into force also due to fact that it did not bring a systemic solution of the problem. The paper formulates and compares four basic social workers' compensation models and furthermore the existing Czech sickness, pension and health insurance systems. The analyses result in a recommendation to "dissolve" the statutory employer liability insurance premiums into a jointly collected contribution for sickness and pension insurance, and partly to transform the current accident benefits into supplementary sickness and pension benefits and partly to cancel them.
More...
In this paper we tried to find out what factors (principles of public administration, available resources) and how influenced the past and present mode of management, coordination, control and realization of labour market policy in individual regions of the Czech Republic. To answer these questions, we used a wide range of quantitative and qualitative resources, especially expert interviews. The resulting findings show that some of the principles of the new public management and the public governance have been identified in the Czech Republik´s labor market policy. PES, through which Czech labour market policy is shaped and implemented, are currently characterized by centralized management and coordination and increased control of workers, costs, provided instruments and their beneficiaries. At the same time, there is small central emphasis in modernizing PES and involving citizens in policy-making and implementation processes. Simultaneously, in the Czech labour market policy remains a pre-reform trend in the marketisation of services and in strengthening partnerships between authorities and local non-state actors, which in most regions fulfil only the information function.
More...
Since the very beginning of social co-operation, the so-called natural division of labour has evolved according to inborn tendencies and the abilities of individuals. Work was divided between men and women, old and young. The consequence of this tendency towards specialisation consisted of an increase in labour productivity, which resulted in the mass production of manufactured goods. During the process of the social division of labour, people were divided into farmers and shepherds, followed later by the development of craft production. The process of specialisation in individual work activities was concluded by the development of trades and services. The division of labour with respect to work operations occurred relatively recently and emerged as a result of factory production and is based on technological developments. The division of labour also has territorial aspects and different production conditions lead to economic specialisation in individual areas. This process has now expanded beyond state borders and is referred to as the international division of labour (Vlček, 2005).
More...
This study investigates the demand drivers of female labor participation in a panel of twenty (20) selected African countries across five sub-regional groupings (West Africa, East Africa, North Africa, Central Africa and South Africa), over the period 1990-2015. The study sourced data from World Bank Data Bank. Poverty and gender inequality in employment were used and measured respectively by life expectancy at birth and gender ratio in labor participation. Other variables included are wage rates, female marginal labor productivity and household income. Autoregressive Distributive Lags (ARDL) procedure of dynamic panel model was used. The result from the Dynamic Fixed Effect (DFE) revealed that female marginal productivity of labor and gender inequality in employment have a significant positive impact on demand for female labor in the long run, however female marginal productivity was found negative in the short run. It is therefore important that, in order to bridge the gender gap in employment, government should ensure gender sensitive policies and remove all forms of institutional barriers to female labor demand. Efforts should also be made to improve female productivity through training, literacy and household food security. In order for female demand to meet desired response, adequate support services and provisions that can entice female to work outside home should be provided.
More...
Social entrepreneurship is not yet regulated by legislation of the Czech Republic. However, this business approach plays certain role in the Czech economy. According to the database of the Ministry of Labour and Social Affairs, over 200 enterprises of this type are operating in the Czech Republic and fulfill socially beneficial objectives. One of these objectives is employing disadvantaged groups of people in the labour market. In this case, we are talking about so-called work-integration social enterprises. The aim of the research is to define the representation of integration social enterprises among other social enterprises in a selected region of the Czech Republic - in the Olomouc Region, and to determine their potential in the context of the employment policy of the Czech Republic with regard to the needs of the region. To achieve this goal, the authors use the data of 16 enterprises operating in the Olomouc region that are registered in the database of social enterprises of the Ministry of Labour and Social Affairs. The obtained data are apply to the data available from statistics of the Labour Office in the Czech Republic regarding the number of jobseekers from disadvantaged groups in the labor market and vacancies for these persons. The research shows that most of these enterprises fall into the category of work-integration social enterprises, as they focus on employing people disadvantaged in the labour market in the required extent. In this case, dominant group are people with disabilities. At the same time, we identify significant excess of supply over demand for labour of people with disabilities.
More...
The paper deals with the issues surrounding the valorisation of properly granted pension benefit in 2005 in five model situations of pre-pension income from the perspective of the Czech pension system. The analysis shows that between 2005 and 2017 there was no significant increase in the real value of the gradual valorisation of pension benefits under the law governing pension insurance and on the situation of its gradual nominal increase in individual model situations. The paper deals with the issue of the adjusted valorisation mechanism in the period of 2006−2017 from the point of view of the consumer price index for households, together with a comparison of the real value of the pension benefit according to the consumer price index per pensioner. In this context, the contribution highlights a situation where the real value of the average amount of the pension benefit calculated by statistical data is higher than the individual real value of the pension benefit. This indicates a different nominal and realistic development between the individual retirement benefit and its national average.
More...
The National Strategy for the Development of Social Services for the period 2016−2025 is a basic framework document of the Czech Republic's social policy, which builds on the National Strategy for the Development of Social Services 2015. The strategy was set up in 2015 with the participation of the experts in charge of the Ministry of Labor and Social Affairs.
More...
In a society in continuous expansion, where the number of Romanian citizens who are working outside the country's borders approaches, according to official data, of 5.7 million, the need to cover the existing deficit on the domestic labour market has become crucial. In the framework of a demand that exceeds supply, the situations where employers turn to foreign and cheap labour in order to hire citizens from outside the European Union are increasing. Beforehand, in order to be able to legally employ a foreign citizen, the employer is required to obtain an employment or posting permit. In its absence, the employer can be fined for the violation provided for in art. 36 paragraph 1 letter a) from the Government Ordinance no. 25/2014 regarding the employment and deployment of foreigners in Romania and for amending and supplementing certain acts concerning the regime of foreigners in Romania, which consists in „accepting at work on the territory of Romania a foreigner without an employment or posting permit (…)", the sanction provided by the legislator for the commission of this violation being that of a fine „(…) from 10,000 lei to 20,000 lei, for each identified person". „What is the date or place of the offense in question?" „Who can ascertain it?" „What is the maximum fine that can be applied to an employer who has hired several foreign nationals?" Through this article we will seek to develop some of the possible answers to these queries, using examples from judicial practice, not before making a brief insight into the contravention law.
More...
The paper will give an overview of the entire fundamental, social rights and freedoms fixed on the Albanian Constitution. Part of the article will be focused on the comparative study on the reform of social assistance legislation from 90ties till now and the transformations which affected mostly the target of vulnerable people and victims of violence. Through a comparative study of social assistance laws, the evaluations of the achieved results of their implementation, the paper aims to achieve some reflections and critical opinions on what need to be improved and how the stakeholder should act to fulfill their duties. In Albania [World Bank (2018)], the economic aid scheme constitutes 25% of social aid and this occupies 1.35% of GDP. In 2019, 73.5% of Economic aid beneficiaries represent 30% of the poorest part of the population (ISTAT). The World Bank notes that the treatment with economic aid of approximately 9% of the population in the country, with poverty levels at 30.8% of the population, requires an emergency intervention with long-term social policies. INSTAT data shows that, women are more at risk of living in poverty than men at the level of 23.8% versus 22.2%. The victims of domestic violence as beneficiaries benefits only 0.2% of Economic Aid funds, which constitutes 0.5% of the total EA fund for 2020. As long as the law connects the right to monetary compensation with the status of a victim of domestic violence, obtained by a final court decision without paying attention to the socioeconomic situation, the levels of poverty will be higher.
More...
The purpose of the article is, on the basis of documents that relate to Czechoslovaks arrested by the Soviet authorities, executed, or sent to the Gulag, to trace their fate and analyse the base for creating the “image of a criminals”, who was punished despite their origin or views. This work is an attempt to analyse the documents we have, obtained from Ukrainian archives. The research methodology is based on an analytical approach to specific cases, selected for certain periods or types of punishment. In particular, these are the files of Hryhir Krutyi, executed in 1937 in Kyiv, Mikuláš Végh and Chaskel Brückel, who crossed the border into the Soviet Union at the beginning of World War II and were sent to the Gulag, Kurt Rosenzweig, one of the Czechoslovak Jews transported to Nisko (Poland), who were forced to cross the border into the USSR at the command of the Nazis, and Volodymyr Pasichnyk, who was arrested after the end of the Second World War in Czechoslovakia by SMERSH and forcibly transported to the USSR. The analysis is based mainly on the texts of archival documents with attention to the reliability of the facts stated in them. The scientific novelty of the work lies in the approach to research – focusing on the content of documents and the evidence part, which rarely attracts the attention of historians. In this context, the files of Czechoslovaks, victims of Soviet repression, have not been studied yet. Conclusions. Based on the analysis, it was possible to trace not only the individual fates, an important part of the common and unknown history, but also the way of making decisions by the Soviet authorities, which sent innocent people to their deaths.
More...
