Przemiany demograficzne i aktywność ekonomiczna ludności wiejskiej w latach 2010–2013

Author(s): Izasław Frenkel / Language(s): Polish Issue: 2/2015

The article contains an analysis of main population, employment and unemployment trends in rural Poland in the years of 2010–2013 in comparison with earlier trends (since Poland joined the European Union). With regard to the population changes the article examines in particular demographic factors behind rural population change (natural population change, rural/urban migration and international migration), trends in fertility and life expectancy and changes in the rural population structure by sex, age and educational characteristics, With regard to the labour market situation the analysis concentrates on trends in employment and unemployment rates, changes in the structure of employment by sectors (agricultural-nonagricultural), employment status (wage-earners, self-employed) and changes in the structure of the employed and unemployed populations by demographic characteristics and educational attainment. The trends observed in rural areas in Poland are compared with those in Polish cities and other EU countries.The statistical frame of the study is based mainly on Central Statistical Office data from current population statistics, Labour Force Surveys and labour offices statistics. Also data from General Censuses of Population and Housing held in 2002 and 2011 as well as from General Agricultural Census of 2010 were used. Eurostat data has been used for international comparisons.Artykuł zawiera analizę podstawowych tendencji zmian demograficznych oraz zatrudnienia i bezrobocia na wsi w latach 2010–2013 porównawczo z wcześniejszymi tendencjami od czasu wejścia Polski do Unii Europejskiej. W odniesieniu do zmian ludnościowych przedmiotem analizy są w szczególności czynniki demograficzne zmian liczby ludności wiejskiej (ruch naturalny, migracje wieś–miasto i migracje zagraniczne), tendencje zmian dzietności i trwania życia oraz struktury ludności wiejskiej według płci, wieku i cech edukacyjnych. W odniesieniu do sytuacji na rynku pracy analizowane są głównie tendencje zmian wskaźników zatrudnienia i bezrobocia, zmiany struktury zatrudnienia według działów gospodarczych (rolnictwo – działy nierolnicze) i charakteru zatrudnienia (pracownicy najemni, pracujący na własny rachunek) oraz zmiany struktury populacji pracujących i bezrobotnych według cech demograficznych i poziomu wykształcenia. Tendencje obserwowane na polskiej wsi konfrontowane są ze zmianami zachodzącymi w polskich miastach i w innych krajach Unii Europejskiej. Podstawę statystyczną analizy stanowią głównie dane GUS, pochodzące z bieżącej statystyki demograficznej, Badania Aktywności Ekonomicznej Ludności (BAEL) oraz statystyki urzędów pracy. Wykorzystano także wyniki Powszechnego Spisu Ludności i Mieszkań 2002 i 2011 oraz Powszechnego Spisu Rolnego 2010. Porównania międzynarodowe przeprowadzono na podstawie danych Eurostatu.

THE USAGE OF GEOSPATIAL TOOLS IN TRAFFIC SIGN DETECTION

Author(s): Natalija Nikolić,Marina Davidović Manojlović,Minučer Mesaroš / Language(s): English Issue: 2/2023

The topic of this scientific paper is the detection of traffic signs based on the data obtained using modern geodetic methods (LiDAR, mobile laser scanning), by using geospatial tools. In a total of 100 photos taken in an urban area in Germany, in a length of 500 m, 75 traffic signs were detected. Each sign is assigned a corresponding code from the catalog of German traffic signs, after what the photos are connected to the point cloud. Then the extraction of bounding boxes and central points of traffic signs was done. The visualization was done in two softwares - Bentley MicroStation and QGIS, which completed the detection process. The accuracy of traffic sign detection in photos is 83% (62/75). The extraction of bounding boxes and central points on the point cloud was performed with a high degree of accuracy (85%).

THE CHOICE OF GEOSTATISTICAL METHOD IN SUBSURFACE MAPPING: CASE STUDY OF LAKE PANNON SEDIMENTS IN CENTRAL BELGRADE (SERBIA)

Author(s): Filip Anđelković / Language(s): English Issue: 2/2023

Subsurface mapping includes various types of data, and thickness maps are one of the essential tools for the subsurface exploration geoscientist. Vertical thickness (isochore) maps are compiled in using different geostatistical methods for interpolation between input data points, which are in this case based on irregularly-spaced boreholes which have drilled the Lake Pannon sediments. Of the four used methods, Kriging produces the most sound map, whereas Triangulation with linear interpolation is practically useless when plotting irregular spatial data. Additional visualization tools were derived from the kriging map for cross-correlation, and supported the interpretation that the highest-thickness area is the depocenter in the north of the map, while the low-thickness zone is a basement ridge where older sediments can be found on the surface.

DEVELOPMENT OF GEOSPATIAL PASSABILITY MAPS: A MULTI-CRITERIA ANALYSIS APPROACH

Author(s): Ivan M. Potić,Marija Stojanović,Nina Ćurčić,Dejan Đorđević,Radoje Banković / Language(s): English Issue: 1/2024

This research presents a comprehensive analysis of the production of terrain passability maps in southeastern Serbia, employing a multi-criteria decision-making (MCDM) analysis. The study integrates various geographical and infrastructural aspects, assigning coefficients to each input parameter, including rivers, roads, rails, CORINE Land Cover (CLC), soil, slope, and the Topographic Ruggedness Index (TRI). The introduction of the TRI marks an innovative advancement in terrain analysis and passability. By comparing wet and dry periods, the study provides critical insights into the dynamic nature of terrain passability, with implications for transportation planning and emergency response. The research's innovative approach and detailed examination set it apart, offering valuable contributions to scholarly comprehension and practical applications. The findings underscore the potential for interdisciplinary collaboration and the broad impact of geographic information systems (GIS) and terrain analysis in addressing real-world challenges. Future research may explore additional factors influencing terrain passability and expand the geographical scope of the study.

A COMPLIANCE ASSESSMENT OF GNSS STATION NETWORKS IN SERBIA

Author(s): Oleg Odalović,Dušan Petković,Sanja Grekulović,Miljana Todorović Drakul / Language(s): English Issue: 1/2024

Since the early 21st century, Global Positioning System (GPS) technology has dominated geodetic reference networks. Almost all countries established a permanent Global Navigation Satellite System (GNSS) station network to augment all available GNSS systems. By the end of 2005, Serbia completed the Active Geodetic Reference Network as a particular project of Serbia's Republic Geodetic Authority (RGA). Besides RGA, two private companies, Vekom and Geotaur, have established permanent station networks. This paper assesses the compliance of all the three networks, and network results are evaluated against the spatial distance determined by classical geodetic methods. When all available GNSS constellations are utilized, NAVSTAR, GLONASS, BEIDOU, and GALILEO, in the processing procedure, the established networks in Serbia align within a margin of about 3 mm across all coordinate axes. The results obtained within the research indicate that by using GNSS networks, it is possible to provide the coordinates of the points for the establishment of the national spatial reference system of Serbia, the reference system in almost all engineering fields, reference systems for the maintenance works of the real estate cadastre, and it is also possible to provide coordinates of points that can be used to define local, national, and world reference heights surfaces.

ANALYZING ACCESSIBILITY TO URBAN SERVICES FOR NEW RESIDENTIAL BUILDINGS. A CASE STUDY OF CRAIOVA CITY

Author(s): Cristiana VÎLCEA,ADELINA-IULIANA NENIU / Language(s): English Issue: 1/2024

The present study uses methods based on Geographic Information System (GIS) to investigate the distribution of new residential buildings in Craiova (Romania) and assess their accessibility to key urban services. The focus is on collective housing developments constructed after 2015, encompassing both completed and ongoing projects. The research evaluates accessibility at the neighborhood level, considering key facilities and services such as banking services, pharmacies, kindergartens, primary schools, supermarkets, sport facilities, and green urban areas. Data for urban services were collected from open-source databases (OpenStreetMap, Copernicus Land Monitoring—Urban Atlas) and completed by field investigations. Isochrones, representing travel time from each residential building to the selected services, are used to measure the residents' accessibility by multiple travel modes. Additionally, the study considers the proximity of new residential buildings to the old historical city center, as a hub for shopping and leisure activities, and the walkability of the neighborhoods where the collective residences are located. The findings shed light on the spatial distribution of new residential developments in relation to essential urban services, providing valuable insights for urban planning and development strategies in Craiova, as well as for future residential investments.

ASSESSING URBAN GROWTH IN GREATER SURABAYA USING GOOGLE EARTH ENGINE: AN EVALUATION OF BUILT-UP AREA EXPANSION IN INDONESIAN SECONDARY CITIES

Author(s): Nugroho Purwono,Danang Budi Susetyo,Seftiawan Samsu Rijal,Gina Koedatu Syaripah,Siti Munawaroh / Language(s): English Issue: 1/2024

Urbanization in Indonesia's cities is increasing, leading to various impacts, including negative consequences due to insufficient investment in local public infrastructure. Urbanization assessment primarily relies on examining changes in built-up areas over the past decade. These changes serve as an indicator that can be effectively derived from remote sensing data. In our study, we applied remote sensing data from the Google Earth Engine (GEE) catalog to delve into the urbanization dynamics within Greater Surabaya area, Indonesia. We employed satellite imagery from Landsat 7 Enhanced Thematic Mapper Plus (ETM+) and Landsat 8 Operational Land Imager and Thermal Infrared Sensor (OLI TIRS) for 2012 and 2022. We used Support Vector Machine (SVM) classification techniques to construct precise urban expansion models. Our analysis revealed distinct urban expansion trends in Mojokerto and Sidoarjo, which contrast with the relatively stable urban development trends in northern Surabaya due to the construction of toll roads. The findings provide valuable inputs for urban management, necessitating targeted interventions and strategies to address the urbanization disparities between these two areas. It underscores the critical importance of resource allocation, infrastructure development, and urban planning initiatives, with a specific focus on Gresik, to ensure sustainable urban growth and mitigate potential challenges associated with rapid expansion.

The Determinants of Sub-Central Government’s Efficiency: The Case of Polish Districts

Author(s): Tomasz Skica,Lejla Lazović-Pita,Ademir Abdić / Language(s): English,Polish Issue: 95/2024

Academic research indicates that total or current expenditures have been most commonly used in sub-central or local government’s efficiency analysis as dependent variables, and a proxy for the cost of service provision. Our research applied in the case of Polish districts for 2019 and 2020 indicates two important results: firstly, regardless of whether total or current expenditures have been used, the determinants indicate the same direction of impact, and, secondly, the COVID-19 pandemic did not change the direction of the impact. The regression results confirm the positive direction that the administrative, educational, protection, and safety variables have on dependent variables.

Increasing Local Community Resilience in the EU-Ukraine Cross-Border Area

Author(s): Khrystyna Prytula,Ewa Łaźniewska,Anna Maksymenko,Yaroslava Kalat,Olga Demedyuk / Language(s): English,Polish Issue: 95/2024

Nowadays, the development of local communities is hindered by crises, external shocks, and disturbance. Under such circumstances, an important characteristic is their resilience, i.e. the ability to withstand negative external influences and ensure further growth. Border communities are particularly sensitive to external stresses stemming from geopolitical and economic changes. The article aims to identify key determinants and indicators of territorial community resilience in the EU-Ukraine cross-border area. The methodological foundations of the research comprise the main provision of economic theory, regional development, and spatial economy theory, etc. The methods of comparative, economic, and statistical analysis are used in the study of various dimensions of community resilience. The main results of the study of the peculiarities of socioeconomic development of Ukraine’s border communities and existing opportunities for the use of instruments of cross-border cooperation derive from a sociological survey based on the expert opinion method.

„Diagnoza stanu gospodarki przestrzennej Polski 1981–1983” – wnioski i inspiracje

Author(s): Grzegorz Gorzelak / Language(s): English,Polish Issue: 95/2024

The article presents the achievements of the “Diagnosis of the state of Poland’s spatial economy”, developed in 1981–1983, which critically analyses the effects of the thirty-year impact of the principles of building socialism on Poland’s spatial economy. These effects are related to the elements of the current state of the country’s spatial management, which leads to the conclusion that many of the unfavourable phenomena and processes of that time also occur today, after 30 years of market economy and the democratic system. The article ends with a proposal of research on the contemporary spatial conditions of the country’s development.

Upodmiotowienie obszarów wiejskich w kontekście ewolucji polityki spójności Unii Europejskiej

Author(s): Agata Mróz / Language(s): English,Polish Issue: 95/2024

The aim of the study is to examine how and at what stage in the evolution of the cohesion policy rural areas have been incorporated, thus gaining space for empowerment. The role of the territorial instrument, CLLD, will also be considered. The research problem was verified through a review of literature and EU legislative documents as well as empirical material from two evaluation projects. It was found out that the extension of the cohesion policy to include the objective of territorial cohesion was of particular importance for rural areas. In the 2014–2020 financial perspective, due to the territorialisation of cohesion policy – previously perceived as mainly urban – rural areas were considered for participation. CLLD has been proven to strengthen the sense of empowerment of local communities.

Ewolucja stylów lokalnego przywództwa politycznego. Luka między preferencjami mieszkańców a ich postrzeganiem faktycznego zachowania burmistrzów (prezydentów) miast w Polsce

Author(s): Paweł Swianiewicz / Language(s): English,Polish Issue: 95/2024

This article aims to explore residents’ preferences and perceptions of the actual styles of local political leadership in Poland over the past decades. In particular, it analyses the size of the gap between preferred and perceived leadership styles. The paper uses a classification developed by Peter John and Alistair Cole distinguishing city boss, visionary, care-taker, and consensus facilitator styles. The primary empirical material comes from a nationwide survey of residents conducted in December 2022 and surveys in a few case study cities conducted in the spring and summer of 2023. In addition, previously published results from surveys conducted using similar methods are used. The results indicate a growing preference for consensus facilitator style, assuming an inclusive style for both policy preparation and policy implementation. The size of the ‘expectations gap’ is explained by the socio-demographic characteristics of the respondents (age, education) and the size of the city. Younger and better educated respondents have a particularly high expectation that mayors should involve different stakeholders in the preparation and implementation of local policies, while at the same time being more critical in assessing the actual behaviour of local authorities.

Funkcjonowanie połączeń transportu zbiorowego w Miejskim Obszarze Funkcjonalnym Słupsk‑Ustka a zjawisko wykluczenia transportowego

Author(s): Martyna Sydorów / Language(s): English,Polish Issue: 95/2024

The aim of the article is to present the communication by public transport of the towns located within the boundaries of the Municipal Functional Area of Słupsk–Ustka (MOF S–U) with the core cities (Słupsk and Ustka) and to indicate the areas where the phenomenon of transport exclusion may occur. The public transportation network in the area does not meet the needs directed by the residents to local authority decision-makers, which may limit their ability to get around, especially on weekends. During the study, the literature on the subject, documents at local and regional levels, and data contained in timetables were analysed as well as the GIS visualisations were used. Insufficient communication with public transport in the area results in limited transport accessibility and, consequently, may lead to transport exclusion.

Próba oszacowania rzeczywistej liczby ludności w strefie podmiejskiej Wrocławia

Author(s): Katarzyna Kuzara,Robert Szmytkie / Language(s): English,Polish Issue: 95/2024

The suburban zone of Wroclaw is characterised by dynamic population changes and increased construction traffic. However, the pace of the changes taking place is not fully reflected in official population statistics, based on registration data, presenting a much lower population than actually resides in the suburban municipalities. The purpose of the article is to estimate the actual population of the Wroclaw suburban zone for data from 2012/13 and 2020, and to show the degree of the differentiation of the population transition taking place in individual reference units. The estimation of the population size was made on the basis of the author’s method, based on the aggregation and comparison of statistical data on registrations from the register of the General Electronic System of Population Registration (PESEL) and vector spatial data from the Database of Topographic Objects (BDOT10k). From 2012/13 to 2020, the population of suburban zone of Wrocław almost doubled compared to official statistics data. The highest level of the underestimation of the actual population was observed in villages located near main communication routes and in the closet vicinity to Wrocław city. Those are places where the suburbanistion processes were observed the earliest.

Jacek Rudewicz, Paweł Czapliński, Marketing miejsc. Ujęcie przestrzenne, Wydawnictwo Uniwersytetu Szczecińskiego, Szczecin 2023, 196 s.

Author(s): Maciej J. Nowak / Language(s): English,Polish Issue: 95/2024

Forum

Author(s): Brigitte Krech / Language(s): German Issue: 04/2024

Glossar: Terminologie europäischer Bildungs- und Berufsbildungspolitik SIGMA – Support for Improvement in Governance and Management Aktuelle wissenschaftliche Publikation: „Climate. Changes. Security. Navigating Climate Change and Security Challenges in the OSCE Region“. Schriftenreihe der Landesverteidigungsakademie

Note de călătorie: Cuba 2022

Author(s): Alexandru S Bologa / Language(s): Romanian Issue: 11/2022

High temperature and pronounced humidity. Incredibly aggressive mosquitoes. But an interesting journey. Nature, mountains (Sierra Maestra), beaches, Atlantic Ocean and Caribbean Sea, extremely diversified flora (especially for a botanist), crops stretched by sugarcane, banana trees, coffee, a communicative population in the beautiful Spanish language, very many attractive girls and women (of all the sizes and colors (white, mulatto, black), most of the buildings in a deplorable state (except for historical centres), ancient American and Russian cars, pure communist political regime, a lot of poverty, modest level of life,numerous restrictions, lack of freedom, acute feeling of Romania for a few decades ago, people does not express their opinions easily, but they are very cheerful, tasteless gastronomy, the national drink is the very tasty rum („vitamin” R) of exceptional quality (at least 20 varieties). I tried for two weeks to maintain the Romanian-Cuban friendship!

Încadrarea faunei din rezervaţia naturală Buciaş în categoriile IUCN

Author(s): Roxana Țîncu / Language(s): Romanian Issue: 11/2022

This study presents the significant anthropogenic impact of recent years has imposed the need to protect nature at the local, regional and global level, therefore numerous laws have been promoted to protect the environment and various measures have been imposed. The aim of these measures is to preserve biodiversity at all levels. Protected areas are vital for biodiversity conservation, they represent the basis of all national and international conservation strategies, they contribute to maintaining the functioning of ecosystems, serve as refuges for species and maintain ecological processes that could not survive in intensively managed terrestrial or marine landscapes. Given the context we are going through, i.e. the decline of biodiversity at an alarming rate, we considered it opportune to analyze the fauna of the Buciaş Nature Reserve, Bacău County. The analysis consisted of the classification of fauna protected by the Bern Convention, in terms of IUCN categories and population trends. Considering the problematic situation of biodiversity globally, the results of the analysis are gratifying, 95% of the analyzed species are non-threatened species, 3% are almost threatened and only 1% are vulnerable species, otherwise Romania is one of the countries with a wide biodiversity and well preserved.

Note de călătorie: croazieră Marea Caraibilor 2023

Author(s): Alexandru S Bologa / Language(s): Romanian Issue: 12/2023

The cruise in the Caribbean Sea, aboard the luxurious passenger ship COSTA PACIFICA, under the Italian flag, resumed after the Covid–19 pandemic, was particularly attractive and successful according to expectations. It included, during the trip, the visit of hispanofone Dominican Republic and anglofone Jamaica. The landscapes, the beaches with very fine sand and the very communicative and hospitable populations have marked numerous agreeable moments. The national drink, namely the renowned local rum varieties, could not be missing of course, maybe in competition with the Cuban one, in the opinion of the locals even tastier. Destinations worthy of being explored again with other tourist objectives still unknown.

Note de călătorie: Coreea de Sud 2022

Author(s): Alexandru S Bologa / Language(s): Romanian Issue: 12/2023

South Korea is at present a rich, technologically highly advanced and increasingly globalized Asian country. The capital is Seoul. Population 50,000,000 inhabitants. Varied geography, predominantly mountainous and forested, with a coastline of over 2,500 km on the Sea of Japan to the east and the Yellow Sea to the west. Millennial history and culture. Their traditional enemies and invaders are the Mongols,the Russians, the Chinese and the Japanese. Gastronomy specific to the Far East. Impressive developmental achievements in all fields (infra‑structure, constructions, IT, culture, art). The advanced living standard, incomparable to North Korea, with inhabitants poorly paid, hungry and deprived of any freedom. The national obsession is a continuous education! Incredible cleanliness everywhere, without a single trash can on the streets.