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Population, Turkey’s EU Accession and Migration Crisis

Author(s): Neriman Hocaoğlu Bahadır / Language(s): English Publication Year: 0

Turkey’s European Union (EU) membership process started with its associate membership application in 1959. In 1963, Ankara Agreement was signed but because of many different reasons the process has not completed yet. There are many reasons that caused this process to be so long. Some of these reasons are; political, economic, religious and cultural and some of them are closely related to the population and geography. The process has gained speed with the 1999 Helsinki Decisions and the Negotiations started in 2005 but there are still some impediments.

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Internal Migration and Perception of Employability: Case of Kocaeli

Author(s): Doğa Başar Sarıipek,Burcu Kümbül Güler / Language(s): English Publication Year: 0

As a consequence of globalization and deindustrialization, over the past decades, many countries have struggled with the problem of job insecurity. In the sea of uncertainty where the negative impact of job insecurity might be very high, the contingent workers can only have a chance to survive in this harsh working environment by relying on employability to secure their labour market position (De Cuyper et al., 2010: 70). When we consider internal migration studies done since 1970’s in Turkey, early studies were emphasizing a culture of optimism in the perception of migrants because of having better conditions in cities compared to their original villages. However, after 1980’s, due to increased deregulation of the labour market with subcontracting and lower wages, migrants have begun to feel less secure in the labour market (Peker, 1996: 9). Therefore, in this study, we try to emphasize the significance of internal migrants' employability perception in the integration of labour market which is also a good predictor of social integration after migration.

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The Angel of Nostalgia Trapped between East and West

Author(s): Marta Fernàndez Soldado / Language(s): English Publication Year: 0

This is how Andrzej Stasiuk, returning to the places he has traveled to and recreating them with a map in front of him and his baggage of memories, images, scents, coins and stamps, depicts a sort of nihilistic monetary flow from the West to the East. On the Road to Babadag. Travels in the Other Europe is the writing in movement of the Polish writer’s wanderings through Eastern Europe, first published in 2004, right at the time when Poland joined the European Union and went the opposite direction, westward. But Stasiuk is not interested in travelling to the Western cities where all wishes seemed to emerge from the eighties onwards and rather, finding himself in Słubice in the summer of 1983 or 1984, looking across from the river to Frankfurt, turns his back and 'that same evening I headed back, east. Like a dog, I had sniffed an unfamiliar locale, then moved on.’

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A COMPARATIVE LOOK AT LGBT RIGHTS AND ACQUISITIONS: EUROPEAN UNION AND TURKEY

Author(s): Gaye Gökalp Yılmaz / Language(s): English Publication Year: 0

Same sex relationships have been an issue of debate through years beginning from ancient Rome and Greece. Especially homosexuality has been visible part of historical struggle of LGBT movement. On the other hand, masculinity have always been an issue of power and therefore, decisions based on masculinity and hetero-normative codes have been neglecting and sometimes criminalizing same sex relationships in history of Europe. Religious authorities were also other actors in criminalizing homosexual relationships and religion have been a matter of issue while considering same sex acts. Within that framework, history of Europe, was not an era of liberation for homosexuals or lesbians until recent decades. However, it must be highlighted here that criminalizing and punishing LGBT people of the time were common in many historical empires of Europe. Moreover, France have decriminalized homosexuality during Napoleon era and Netherlands have favored more tolerating laws of French administration. However, Germany after its retarded unification, have been harshly punishing homosexual acts under Prussian empire (Kollman and Waites, 2009:2).

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Syrian Unaccompanied Minors Journeys to Germany and initial experiences upon arrival

Author(s): Raphael Kamp,Katie Kuschminder / Language(s): English Publication Year: 0

A differentiating element of the so-called European migration crisis in 2015 has been a significant increase in the number of children migrating to Europe, many of whom are unaccompanied. Approximately 89,000 unaccompanied minors (UAMs) applied for asylum in the European Union (EU) in 2015, which is the highest recorded number since the beginning of data collection on UAMs in 2006 (UNHCR, 2016: 3). In 2016, Germany received the highest number of asylum claims by UAMs with 35,900 out of 63,300 in the EU. The other two most important destination countries were Italy (6,000 applications) and Austria (3,900 applications) (Eurostat, 2017: 2). Most UAMs in the EU came from Afghanistan (38%), Syria (19%) and Iraq (7%) (Eurostat, 2017: 3).

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‘I just wanted to be safe’: Agency and decision-making among unaccompanied minor asylum seekers

Author(s): Işık Kulu-Glasgow,Monika Smit,Sanne Noyon / Language(s): English Publication Year: 0

The year 2015 was characterized by a peak in the number of asylum seekers arriving in the European Union, with over 1.2 million first time asylum seekers applying for protection. Among them were over 96,000 minors who arrived without parents or other adult relatives. Sweden received the highest number of these so-called unaccompanied minor asylum seekers (UMAs), followed by Germany, Hungary, and Austria. The Netherlands, ranked seventh among the destination countries with 3,859 UMAs, representing almost a fourfold increase compared to the year before. An overwhelming majority (85%) of the ‘Dutch’ UMAs came from Syria, Eritrea and Afghanistan (IND, 2015).

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Navigating the Immigration Process Alone: Unaccompanied Minors Experiences in the United States

Author(s): Jennica Larrison,Mariglynn Edlins / Language(s): English Publication Year: 0

Unaccompanied minors (UMs) in the United States first garnered national attention in 2014. In the summer of 2014, an unprecedented number of UMs (68,541) entered the United States from the US-Mexico border. While the number of youth crossing appeared alarming in itself-the rate was a 77% increase over the previous year-a significant shift in origin of UMs also dramatically affected the way in which the Government would respond. The majority of unaccompanied youth previously crossing the border were from Mexico, however by 2014 the majority were from Guatemala, El Salvador, and Honduras (Department of Homeland Security, 2014). Youth continue to cross and in 2018, the United States apprehended 50,036 UMs, with 76% from Guatemala, El Salvador, and Honduras.

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Mobilities from the Exile: the Sahrawi student migrations

Author(s): Rita Reis / Language(s): English Publication Year: 0

Historically, the Sahrawi population has been involved in various mobility processes, associated with different socio-economic contexts, shaped by strong political implications (Caro Baroja, 2008; Pazzanita, 2006). Colony of Spain, from 1884 - 1976, and then so-called Spanish Sahara, the Western Sahara is included in the list of “non-autonomous territories” of the United Nations and is monitored by the Special Political and Decolonization Committee (Fourth Committee) since 1963.

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Conflict Responsive Patterns of Labour Migration from Hatay, Turkey to the MENA Countries

Author(s): Ibrahim Sirkeci,Selver Özözen Kahraman,Berrin Gültay,Ibrahim Sirkeci,Vedat Çalışkan / Language(s): English Publication Year: 0

The Middle East and North Africa (MENA) region comprising 21 countries has been through crises and drastic political changes since 2010 along with having had a protracted history of armed conflict. These crises, including civil wars and international military interventions, have caused disruption in terms of the demographic structure and processes (see Yucesahin and Sirkeci, 2017). Turkey has not only become one of the largest immigration countries mainly because of conflicts in the MENA region, but also has been one of the largest labour exporting countries to these countries.

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Türk Sinemasında ‘Dış Göç’ün Temsili

Author(s): Levent Yaylagül,Nilüfer Korkmaz Yaylagül / Language(s): Turkish Publication Year: 0

30 Ekim 1961’de önce Federal Almanya Cumhuriyeti, daha sonra da diğer Avrupa ülkeleriyle yapılan anlaşmalar çerçevesinde endüstriyel işgücü açığını kapatmak için Türkiye Cumhuriyeti’nden işçi alınmaya başlamıştır. 1970’li yılların başına gelindiğinde 500 binin üzerinde Türk işçisi Avrupa ülkelerine göç etmiştir. 1973 yılında yaşanan küresel krizin ardından işçi alımı durdurulmuştur. Bu gelişmeler Türk sinemasında da yansımasını bulmuş ve 1970’li yıllarda Avrupa’ya göç eden insanların dramını anlatan filmler yapılmıştır (Makal, 1987). Bu kapsamda bu incelemenin amacı, 1970-80 döneminde yapılan Dönüş (1972- Türkan Şoray), Otobüs (1975-Tunç Okan), Almanya Acı Vatan (1979- Şerif Gören) filmleri çerçevesinde Türk sinemasında dış göç olgusunun nasıl yansıtıldığını ortaya çıkarmaktır.

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Bir Göç Ülkesi Olarak Türkiye

Author(s): Savaş Çağlayan / Language(s): Turkish Publication Year: 0

Göç olgusunun, en temel ve basit söylemle insanların bir coğrafyadan bir başka coğrafya doğru gerçekleştirdiği bir hareketlilik eylemi olduğu ifade edilebilir. Gerçekleşen bu hareketlilik eyleminin en temelde coğrafi bir yer değiştirme olduğu kabul edildiğinde, kitleselliğin hâkim olduğu göç hareketlerini anlamak için coğrafi etkenlerin önemini özellikle vurgulamak gerekmektedir. Modernite süreciyle birlikte rasyonel bir varlık olarak konumlandırılan insanoğlu, göç hareketinde de rasyonel davranarak, bu hareketi en kısa ve en kolay yoldan gerçekleştirme arzusundadır. Bu arzu da dünya üzerindeki temel göç akımlarının güzergâhını belirlemede en önemli etmen olarak karşımıza çıkmaktadır.

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70’li Yıllardan 2010’lu Yıllara Almanya’ya Dış Göçün Türk Sinemasındaki Yansımaları

Author(s): Hanife Nâlân Genç / Language(s): Turkish Publication Year: 0

İnsanlık tarihiyle koşut olan göç, bireysel veya toplumsal olabilir. Göçün çok farklı sebepleri olsa da insanları göç yapmaya iten en önemli sebep daha güzel, daha esenlikli ve daha rahat bir yaşam arzusudur. XIX.Yüzyılda tarımsal alanlardan sanayi bölgelerine göçün yoğunluk kazanmasıyla bir kırılma noktası yaşanır. Kırsal alanda çalışma olanağı kalmayan İnsanları göçe iten temel sebep yaşama tutunma mücadelesidir. Bu göçler iş bulma amaçlı olmaları sebebiyle ‘işçi göçleri’ olarak tanımlanabilir. 1950’li yıllarda Türkiye’de kırdan kente göç siyasal, ekonomik ve toplumsal olgularla belirmiş ve tüketim toplumunun tetiklemesiyle de cazip hale gelmiştir.

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İşgal Yıllarında İstanbul’dan Ankara’ya Aydın Göçü

Author(s): Yaşar Şenler / Language(s): Turkish Publication Year: 0

Şahısların hayatında olduğu gibi milletlerin hayatında da iniş çıkışlar, güç ve zor günler ve bunun tam karşısında mutlu ve sevinçli günler vardır. Tarih bunun sayısız örnekleriyle doludur.

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Football player migration in Greece: Wage differences and crowding-out effects

Author(s): Panagiotis Dimitropoulos / Language(s): English Publication Year: 0

Athlete migration has been on the forefront of academic research for more than twenty years since the migration flows of footballers has increased significantly in Europe. Greece is among the top receiving countries of migrant football players in Europe despite the fact that the Greek championship is not highly competitive as other European leagues. The scope of this paper is to provide some initial evidence regarding the flow of foreign football players in the Greek league. The study analyzed a database of all migrant and local athletes that participated in the professional Greek football championship over the period 2001-2013 and performed descriptive analyses. Descriptive evidence suggests that football player migration has increased significantly from 2001 until 2013 yet the relative numbers of foreign athletes are lower than their natives’ counterparts. However, foreign athletes are utilized more by their coaches since they have more actual minutes of participation on clubs’ official matches and earn higher income than the native football players. These findings provide support to several voices echoing on the crowding out effect of native athletes by migrants.

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Refuge for the Rohingya in Southeast Asia?

Author(s): Jera Lego / Language(s): English Publication Year: 0

The plight of the Rohingya has increasingly come under the international spotlight since 2015 when hundreds of them were stranded for days on boats in the Andaman Sea and denied entry by neighboring countries. The “crisis” had eventually come to an end when fishermen from the island of Aceh in Indonesia rescued many of them, and nearby Southeast Asian countries - Thailand, Malaysia, and Indonesia, through the Association of Southeast Asian Nations (ASEAN)-eventually agreed to provide temporary shelter and aid. As a result, some observers argue that significant policy change is forthcoming. This paper (i) evaluates Southeast Asian responses to the plight of the Rohingya, particularly during the “boat people crisis,” (ii) assesses the prospects for refuge and protection of the Rohingya in the region, such as whether policyfocused change has been happening, and (iii) outlines the nature of refuge that the Rohingya are likely to receive in the region. The paper concludes that significant change is unlikely, and that the possibilities for protection and assistance remain limited.

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Support or Obstacle? Effects of Immigrants on Domestic Labor Force in Turkey

Author(s): Atakan Durmaz,Özge Korkmaz / Language(s): English Publication Year: 0

The phenomenon of migration, as old as human history, is one of the most interested subjects of countries in the 21st century, especially in the last 10 years. Undoubtedly, one of the important reasons for this is the fact that migration has significant influences on from economic to social life almost every subject in terms of both emigrating countries and receiving countries. The fact that economic factors and security problems are the main causes of migration movements also laid the groundwork for the work done in the field of economy to concentrate on this subject. At this point, there are also studies of the impact of receiving countries on labor market, although the impact of migrant movements on emigrating countries’ economy is largely a matter of focus. However, there is no consensus on the work done in this regard. As a matter of fact, some studies have found that immigrants have a negative effect on the labor market because they are willing to work at lower wages, while in some studies they have found that immigrants have a positive influence on the labor market by increasing labor supply in areas where the local labor does not want to work. At this point, Turkey has taken its place in studies in the literature as a country that both emigrating (especially from the early 1960s to the 1990s) and receiving country (especially in the last 10 years because of events happening in neighboring countries). Although the vast majorities are refugee status, a growing number of immigrants are involved in the labor market and this affects the position of the local labor force on the labor market. From this point of view, the effect of immigrants on the labor force participation rate of the local labor force has been examined by means of regression analysis, using immigrant data from 26 provinces in Turkey between 2011 and 2015. According to the study results; Migrants allowed to work in Turkey have a positive effect on the participation rate even if just a bit. From a gender perspective, it has been found that immigrants have positive effects on women's labor force participation rates. But, there has been no significant impact on the male labor force participation rate of migrants. In the study, there has been also found that the increase in the level of education of men has a positive effect on the labor force participation rate, while in women, it has been found to be a negative effect of the higher education graduation although the primary and high school graduation has a positive effect on the labor force participation rates.

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Stakeholder's Concerns into the Federal Registration and Procedure Centres in Switzerland

Author(s): Marwan Alkhouli,Rémi Baudoui / Language(s): English Publication Year: 0

This paper aims to explore the administrative and accommodation process of asylum seekers in Registration and Procedure Centres (CEP) of Swiss Confederation, which are managed by the State Secretary for Migrations (SEM). It is the result of an unprecedented survey we have conducted in two federal Centres. By interviewing the three main field actors, we highlight the interactions between SEM administrative staff, management and accommodation employees and asylum seekers who are received in the CEPs for a temporary period at the beginning of the asylum procedure. We will be confronted with the hypothesis that despite the integrated reception process in these centres, the implementation of the Sectoral Asylum Plan and the acceleration of asylum procedures, as well as the varied concerns and priorities of the main actors impact the development of future federal centres (CFA) and cannot satisfy all the requirements of asylum process stakeholders.

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The Immigrant-Native Wage Gap in Malaysia: The Preliminary Results

Author(s): Borhan Sareya Abdullah,Alexandros Zangelidis,Ioannis Theodossiou / Language(s): English Publication Year: 0

This paper focuses on the wage gap between native and immigrant workers in Malaysian labour market. This paper uses the Productivity and Investment Climate Survey (PICS) 2 for 2007 to explore the components of the immigrant-native wage gap. The Oaxaca decomposition analysis and quantile regression decomposition were applied in this study. By exploiting the PICS data, the result of this study shows that the immigrant has a lower human capital return on earnings compared to native. Another significant finding is that the wage gap between native and immigrant is mostly explained by the difference in the characteristics of the workers, while, the remaining were explained by the discriminatory effects.

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"The Application of the Analytical Hierarchy Process Model in the Process of Conflict Management"

Author(s): Nena Nenovska Gjorgjievska / Language(s): English Publication Year: 0

The incitement and the occurrence of the conflicts, their escalation, ceasefire and de-escalation are processes which are continually appearing, lasting and resolving. Consequently, the conflicts usually pull migratory flows. Migration is an issue which nowadays is very present, and it needs to be resolved. The migration usually starts where conflicts arise. Having that in mind, the main concept in the paper is focused on the conflicts and the emergence of the migration flows. It also gives a suggestion how the conflicts can be resolved in the Middle East countries. The purpose of this research is to find out real reasons for appearance of migrations and most rational solutions for their solving. For doing that the Analytical Hierarchy Process (AHP) method is applied. A short overview will be given of the main elements of the AHP method and how it is applied in the conflict resolution. AHP method is enforceable and leads to concrete recommendations for further conflict resolution. The results of the research will show that resolving the conflicts may contribute in suppression of the migration and it can also protect countries for further armed conflicts and unwanted migration flows.

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Deciding to Stay: Bissau-Guinean Labour Migrants in Cabo Verde, West Africa

Author(s): Kezia Lartey,Brandon D. Lundy / Language(s): English Publication Year: 0

Cabo Verde, once serving as a migration transit country into Europe and the Unites States, is becoming a final destination for some West African labour migrants, especially those from Cabo Verde’s sister republic, Guinea-Bissau. Many enter Cabo Verde under the Economic Community of West African States’ open borders agreement, eventually overstaying. The aim of this research was to discover why and how Cabo Verde is becoming a choke point for irregular labour migrants from Guinea-Bissau, and the effects these changes are having on immigrant/host community relations. As an illustrative case study on the effects of increased structural barriers to mobility from underdeveloped to developed countries, this study asks, how do marooned Bissau-Guineans integrate into host communities in Cabo Verde, especially when tensions rise alongside migrant populations and resource pressures? What is convincing them to stay? This study is based off of data collected from structured and semi-structured interviews and focus group discussions in twelve communities on two islands. We found that a majority of immigrants had stable, full time work, began families, and joined community organizations. Additionally, what friction was observed stemmed from displaced and disenfranchised domestic youth mainly from the capital city of Praia competing over employment with more highly skilled or experienced migrants. We also found that conflict seems to have lessened with the adoption of the 2012 National Immigration Strategy, the first of its kind in Cabo Verde, although we also argue that more can still be done to improve integration and community relations. This study has implications for realizing successful economic and community integration of irregular labour migrants, especially at choke points in the developing world resulting from structural changes intensifying the role of host in buffer countries within the Global South.

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