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Military service-migration nexus in Turkey

Author(s): Ulaş Sunata / Language(s): English Publication Year: 0

The engagement between military and migration calls to mind either migration of soldiers or migrations at the time of war or military coup. Military migrants and their families (Ware, 2012; Cooke & Speirs, 2005), as well as comparisons of veterans and non-veterans (London & Wilmoth, 2006: 135) have received attention since World War II in the literature, particularly from life course approaches (Wilmoth & London, 2013). Special interest has gone to experiences of American soldiers and their psychological and health problems. But this chapter is not related, in this sense, to military migration.

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Mobilities of Turkish migrants in Europe

Author(s): Steffen Pötzschke / Language(s): English Publication Year: 0

While recent studies have investigated intra-European mobility of EU citizens (Favell, 2008; Recchi & Favell, 2009) and the transnationalisation of selected European societies (Mau, 2010) the main goal of this paper is to shed light on border crossing mobility practises of Turkish migrants residing in member states of the European Union. Particularly, it is of interest to investigate whether the third-country migrant status influences the extent to which these individuals make use of the common European mobility space. To allow for an assessment of this question, their data will be contrasted with that of intra-European migrants from Romania. Existing studies, such as Neumayer (2006), clearly show the impact of visa regulations on international mobility. One of his arguments is that for citizens of most countries in the world from a practical point of view, the national passport is less important than the visa it contains (or lacks). Therefore, it could be assumed that the question of whether or not Turkish migrants reside within the Schengen area has a direct impact on their intra-European mobility. To review this issue, survey data collected both in signatory and non-signatory countries of the Schengen agreement is used in the analysis. The first part of the paper provides an overview of the data used, while the second part presents some insights in physical and non-physical mobility of Turkish migrants. The final part of this text discusses the results of regression analysis, which uses intra-European mobility as a dependent variable and, among others, country dummies, different socioeconomic characteristics and communication with individuals abroad as independent variables.

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Alevis’ transnational practices and the consolidation of Alevi identity in the United Kingdom

Author(s): Ayşegül Akdemir / Language(s): English Publication Year: 0

Alevi immigrants from Turkey who live in European countries have actively established associations for solidarity and for demanding democratic rights for Alevis back in Turkey. They do not only struggle for the official recognition of Alevi belief and places of worship in the host countries such as Germany, Netherlands, UK and France, where these demands can be accommodated through existing laws in the host countries, but they also strive for recognition in the host countries to set an example for desired improvements in Turkey itself and thereby transform Turkish society in such a way that Alevis’ rights are improved. Consequently Alevi demands focus on obtaining recognition “as a distinct community in a particular, nonstigmatising way” (Sökefeld, 2008, p. 17). For Alevis being recognised means both the acceptance of the distinct qualities of their belief system and also being free from stigma and discrimination due to these differences. This is described as ‘equal citizenship’ (eşit yurttaşlik) by the leaders of the Alevi movement.

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Turkish-language ability of children of immigrants in Germany

Author(s): Oliver Klein,Nicole Biedinger,Birgit Becker / Language(s): English Publication Year: 0

In the 1960s, German industry was in need of low-skilled labour and started to recruit ‘guest workers’ (Crul and Vermeulen 2003: p. 970). Many of these labour migrants came from Turkey. In 2011, about 1.6 million individuals of Turkish origin lived in Germany, constituting that country’s largest migrant group (Statistisches Bundesamt, 2011). Several studies report that on average, the socioeconomic status of Turkish immigrants is lower than that of native Germans. Furthermore, they are the least well integrated migration group in Germany (Diehl & Schnell, 2006). Research in Germany mainly focuses on the German language ability, but knowledge of the heritage language can help to maintain the immigrants’ ties to their ethnic culture, which in turn can facilitate their psychological adjustment. The stronger roots in the ethnic culture may facilitate their social and cultural adjustment through the ethnic community and may also facilitate their adjustment to the host culture (cf. Park et al., 2012). In the following paper we seek to answer the question of how children of Turkish immigrants in Germany are able to learn their heritage language (language retention/maintenance).

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‘Making the balance: to stay or not to stay?’ Highly educated Turkish migrants, trends of migration and migration intentions.

Author(s): Işık Kulu-Glasgow / Language(s): English Publication Year: 0

For more than a decade the countries of the European Union (EU) have been chasing their ambition to make Europe a centre of excellence’. In 2000 they formulated their common goal of making the EU the most competitive and dynamic knowledge economy of the world in the Strategy of Lisbon. The European Recovery Plan of the European Commission, which aimed to combat the most recent economic crisis, emphasized the importance of the innovative knowledge economy and scientific research (European Parliament, 2010). To fulfil the targets of the Europe 2020 Strategy (e.g. increasing productivity, competitiveness, economic growth, solving the problem of labour shortage in sectors of innovation), stimulating intra EUlabour mobility or needs-based migratory flows were named as relevant policy tools. Similarly, encouraging highly skilled immigration from non-EU countries was considered to be essential. In the EU, the share of the highly educated among migrants born outside the EU was almost negligible - only 2% - compared with 4.5% in the USA, 8% in Australia and almost 10% in Canada. As a consequence, the EU-countries got engaged in a global ‘battle for brains’, not only as a union, but at the same time among themselves in order to attract the ‘best and the brightest’ and to reach sustainable economic growth.

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Human capital exchange between Germany and Turkey. A focus on Turkish students in Germany

Author(s): Rebecca Tlatlik,Beatrice Knerr / Language(s): English Publication Year: 0

Germany is facing a shrinking and ageing population due to a sustained decline of the country’s birth rate and a longer life expectancy of its population. As a result, the population is expected to decrease to 70 million in 2030 (BMAS, 2011), from 80.62 million in 2013 (Statistisches Bundesamt, 2014), while the labour force is predicted to drop by 4% between 2010 and 2020 (OECD, 2013a). The German Federal Employment Agency (FEA), moreover, expects a skilled labour deficit of around 5.4 million in 2025 (FEA, 2011). This development preoccupies policymakers as well as business representatives, because the availability of highly qualified human capital is seen as a basis for the country´s prosperity (Czernomoriez, 2009). Especially the growing shortage of specialists in the MINT subjects, i.e. Mathematics, Informatics, Natural Science and Technique, might have severe consequences for the economy. In order to find a way to cope with this situation, the attraction of highly skilled people from abroad has come into the focus of German politics. Hence, with the New Immigration Act (“Zuwanderungsgesetz”) in 2005, Germany officially accepted its status as an immigration country, and accordingly put a regulatory framework in place. Consequently, the new law and its following modifications made Germany one of the countries with the lowest entry restrictions to the domestic labor market towards highly-skilled migrants within the OECD area (OECD, 2013a).

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Working Rights for Refugees: A Comparison of the Turkish and the Australian Models in Achieving Humanitarian and Labour Objectives

Author(s): Rodger Fernandez,Ali Zafer Sağıroğlu,Sherene Özyürek / Language(s): English Publication Year: 0

The paper begins with a quantitative analysis of the changes in refugee’s situation over the past 15 years with a discussion on major refugee holding countries. Then a specific quantitative analysis of the role of Australia and Turkey’s history of accepting and resettling refugees will be explored. This is of particular interest as it will demonstrate that three modulating factors, namely, the historical background of the host country, its proximity to troubled regions and its political environment, could have contributed to the changing roles of both countries in resettlement of refugees over the past 15 years. Subsequently, a comparative analysis approach encompassing a qualitative analysis will be used to compare new laws adopted by both countries to provide working rights for refugees, namely Turkey’s Regulation on Work Permit of Refugees under Temporary Protection in January 2016, and Australia’s adoption of Safe Haven Enterprise Visa (SHEV) in July 2015. Both Australia and Turkey’s introduction of their respective law whilst only provides temporary protection does extend the current rights to provide working rights.

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Displaced People and Right to Evacuation

Author(s): Gökhan Akgün / Language(s): English Publication Year: 0

There are some man-made problems such as civil conflicts, wars and environmental problems such as global warming, water-food scarcity in many parts of the world. According to the United Nations High Commissioner for Refugees Agency (UNHCR) Global Trends Report (2015, 18 June), at least 15 clashes have erupted or re-fueled in the last five years: eight of which in Africa (Ivory Coast, Central African Republic, Libya, Mali, Northeastern Nigeria, Democratic Republic of the Congo, South Sudan and Burundi), three of which in Middle East (Syria, Iraq and Yemen), one of which in Europe (Ukraine) and three of which in Asia (Kyrgyzstan and in many parts of Myanmar and Pakistan). As a result of events that are similar to these situations, many people are forced to leave their homes but some of those people can’t do this. In such cases, these people should evacuate to safe locations. In this study, in order to clarify the status of displaced people and explain the importance of the right to evacuation; the problems especially man-made lead to displacement, the effect of these problems to the right to evacuation, displaced people and the fact that people must have right to evacuation as well as the right to life are addressed by reviewing literature and creating a model about who will carry out the evacuation operations. Furthermore, the right to evacuation is handled within the context of international law and domestic laws of Turkey and the United States of America (USA).

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Contextualizing Refugee NGOs in Izmir

Author(s): Denise Tan / Language(s): English Publication Year: 0

Izmir became popular throughout the last few years as one of Turkey’s refugee hotspots. Located next to several Greek islands hundreds of thousand refugees entered the metropolis in search for smugglers, who would organise their refuge across the Mediterranean Sea. According to UNHCR, over 350 000 refugees have arrived at Greek islands next to Izmir’s coast during September and October 2015, when I collected the ethnographic material for this study (UNHCR, n.d.). Thus, over three hundred thousand people must have transited the city within these two months alone. However, this number doesn’t include all those refugees, who have settled in Izmir or who are somehow stuck there. In autumn 2015, refugee NGOs estimated this number between 67,000 to 100,000 and counting. Most of these refugees were not registered, living on the streets in Basmane or in substandard flats or rooms in different districts around the city. While state or city authorities seemed to be overtaxed in regard to these large numbers of refugees, more and more associations which can be classified as non-governmental organisations (NGOs) emerged starting to work on the issue of immigrants and refugees. NGOs are recognized as civil society actors per excellence, which act within the sphere between the household and the state (Akkaya, 2012, p. 59). Though, what are these partly new established civil society associations actually doing on the ground and in interaction with refugees? How can these NGO practices be situated within refugees’ daily needs and struggles? Furthermore, what other support systems are helping refugees to organize their new lives in their host country?

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Attitudes of Tradesmen Towards Somalian Asylum Seekers

Author(s): Veli Duyan,Tuba Yüceer Kardeş,Münevver Göker / Language(s): English Publication Year: 0

Turkey has increasingly aslyum seeking movements from Asia and Africa as a destination country. Aslyum seeking movements has created the necessity to reorganization of the personal and social space for the aslyum seekers and local people of the hosting country. In the scope of the open door policy of the Turkey, temporary protection and residence permit have been provided in accordance with political and humanitarian obligations. Turkey allow for the temporary aslyum seekers freely reside in some cities which is called ‘’satellite city’’. Isparta as a satellite city have good practice examples and social aids and services for aslyum seekers.

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Attitudes of Turkish youth toward Syrian refugees in respect to youths’ gender, income, education, and city: A Scale Development Study

Author(s): Ulaş Sunata,Seray Çağla Keleş,Tuğçe Aral,Muazzez Yıldırım,Ece Kurtoğlu / Language(s): English Publication Year: 0

Immigration due to several factors such as natural disasters, lack of employment and education opportunities, and political environment in a country has occurred in the modern world. As one of them, there has been increased migration from Syria to neighboring countries since the emergence of civil war in spring 2011. According to the United Nations High Commissioner for Refugees (UNCHR), more than five millions of Syrians have fled to Turkey, Lebanon, Jordan and Iraq for the reason to find better living conditions, food and clean water. However, the flow of millions created a new sociological and political dynamic in the regions that received migrants. Even though Turkey is known with its multi-ethnic society, the sudden rise in the numbers of refugees and the effects of accommodating refugees in Turkey led for a spectrum of opinions towards Syrian refugees.

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Education of Turkish People for Social Cohesion with Syrians in Turkey

Author(s): Tuba Duman / Language(s): English Publication Year: 0

Turkey has received 3 million Syrian refugees in 4 years. The terror, chaos and the uncertainity of the Syrian war made many Syrians to live in Turkey for long years. Many people indicate that they will accommodate in Turkey even the war ends since Syria is a ruinous country. Additionally, Syrian people have started to build a life in Turkey. Thus, Syrians should be considered as permanent citizens rather than temporary visitors and the social cohesion of Syrians to Turkey is significant need for Turkey. A succesfull cohesion will ensure Syrians a more peacefull and comfortable life both financially and socially. Education is one of the most significant tools to ensure a succesfull social cohesion. Therefore, both Syrians and people of Turkey should be trained to live together. Emergently necessary education areas are language, vocational, intercultural and regular education which will be provided as a result of communication and networking between Syrians and people of Turkey. These activities to know each other for Syrians and people of Turkey will provide a healthy social structure in Turkey.

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Voluntary Work in the Active Aging Experiences of First Generation Immigrant Turks Living in Netherlands

Author(s): Ferhan Saniye Palaz,Yusuf Adıgüzel / Language(s): English Publication Year: 0

Although there have been studies in recent years which have been conducted on “Turks living abroad,” it is doubtless that more comprehensive and deep prospecting studies are required. Approaches focussing on health conditions in discussing aging should be dispensed with and social facts that “aging as immigrants” involves should be highlighted.

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Benefiting from a Turkish migration background? Experiences from medical students with Turkish migration background

Author(s): Gloria Tauber,Heidi Siller,Margarethe Hochleitner / Language(s): English Publication Year: 0

Persons with migration background have become a central issue in research in the past few years, especially according to the current migration debate in the German speaking countries (Brian, 2009; Frum, 2015; Straubhaar, 2016). However, the statistical and scientific evidence of students with Turkish migration background, who are found in higher qualification levels of the tertiary education sector, are so far underexplored. The available data refers almost exclusively to secondary education and the tertiary area is not considered (Müller, 2012).

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Skilled Migration to USA: Diaspora Networks and Contribution to Home Country

Author(s): Neslihan Arslan / Language(s): English Publication Year: 0

Skilled labor migration is a major concern for developed and developing countries. Some sending countries has achieved significant successes in dealing with this problem. Some countries are using diaspora channels effectively. Through diaspora networks contributions, they are able to compensate some of the loss caused by the skilled out migration. Firstly, in this study, the terms are described and the literature on skilled migration, diaspora and diaspora networks are visited. Then, diaspora networks have been categorized based on their characteristics. Findings of a research on Turkish diaspora and their contribution to Turkey are presented before conclusion with some remarks on Turkey.

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Transformation of The Migration Theme in Turkish Cinema

Author(s): Tugba Elmacı / Language(s): English Publication Year: 0

According to the Turkish Language Association (TDK), migration is; the act of moving of an individual or a community to another country or settlement because of the social or political reasons. Looking at the history of Turkey, the act of immigration has been discussed in the phenomenons of domestic migration and external migration. Theme of Migration in Turkish Cinema can be separated into three groups; domestic migration, external migration and migration of minorities.

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Ukraine’s East-West Regional Division

Author(s): Zhanna Mylogorodska / Language(s): English Publication Year: 0

There are some similarities in any discourses concerning Ukraine´s regional divisions. Most of them are about the East-West division. The West is commonly presented as Ukrainian-speaking and oriented to Europe, the East is rather Russian speaking with a strong representation of ethnic Russians and is inclined to Russia. This division is strengthened by the regional poles, which are opposed to each other: Galicia in the West and Donbas in the East.

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Gendered differences in emigration and mobility perspectives among European researchers working abroad

Author(s): Elisabeth Scheibelhofer / Language(s): English Publication Year: 0

This paper focuses on gendered mobilities of highly skilled researchers working abroad. It is based on an empirical qualitative study that explored the mobility aspirations of Austrian scientists who were working in the United States at the time they were interviewed. Supported by a case study, the paper demonstrates how a qualitative research strategy including graphic drawings sketched by the interviewed persons can help us gain a better understanding of the gendered importance of social relations for the future mobility aspirations of scientists working abroad.

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A Participatory approach to research with migrant working adolescents

Author(s): Rita Bertozzi / Language(s): English Publication Year: 0

Child centred approaches focus on the children’s perspective and on participation. Participatory action research can be a fruitful methodology for investigating delicate topics such as child labor in migrant communities. This article presents a peer research project conducted in Rome (Italy) which actively involved a group of foreign working young people over two years and employed a variety of methodologies. Research methods will be illustrated and critically discussed, with a particular focus on the benefits for the migrant youths involved and ethical questions arising from this type of research. A brief summary of the main findings will also be provided.

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Overcoming challenges of international migration research: a case study approach in Southern Mexico

Author(s): Julie Boyles / Language(s): English Publication Year: 0

An ethnographic case study approach to understanding women’s actions and reactions to husbands’ emigration or potential emigration offers a distinct set of challenges to a U.S. based researcher. International migration research in a foreign context likely offers challenges in language, culture, lifestyle, as well as potential gender norm impediments. A mixed methods approach contributed to successfully overcoming barriers through an array of research methods, strategies, and tactics, as well as practicing flexibility in data gathering methods. Even this researcher’s influence on the research was minimized and alleviated, to a degree, through ascertaining common ground with many of the women. Research with the women of San Juan Guelavía, Oaxaca, Mexico offered numerous and constant challenges, each overcome with ensuing rewards.

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