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Contributor or barrier: The role of Kurdish Diaspora in Turkey’s European Union accession process

Author(s): Sevin Gülfer Sağnıç / Language(s): English Publication Year: 0

Castles and Miller explain the character of the international as a part of a “transnational revolution that is reshaping societies and politics around the globe” (1998: 5). Diaspora communities which form as the direct result of the international migration process constitute a driving force for restructuring world politics. Transnational activities of diaspora members change the meaning of local and global; and conflicts no longer stay in their national border but reach the international arena.

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Perspectives on communal violence against Kurds in Turkey

Author(s): İmren Borsuk / Language(s): English Publication Year: 0

The second half of the 2000s saw an “expedited process” for the Kurdish question in Turkey as many reforms regarding cultural and linguistic rights were put into place by the AKP (Justice and Development Party, Adalet ve Kalkınma Partisi) government at an unprecedented speed compared to earlier governments. Moreover, the negotiations to disarm the PKK (Kurdistan Workers’ Party, Partiya Karkerên Kurdistan), which were also unimaginable before, started in late 2012 and came to a halt after the elections on 7 June 2015. The reforms shattered the pre-existing relationship between Kurds and state authorities that viewed Kurdish identity as an existential threat to the unity of Turkish state. Ironically, the betterment of Kurdish rights coincided with the increase in communal violence incidents against Kurds. My study on communal violence against Kurds is compiled from the archives of Özgür Gündem and Dicle Haber Ajansı (Dicle News Agency) and it finds more than 600 communal violent acts against Kurds between 1999 and 2012. Communal violent acts can be described as violence in which one of the motives of mobilization is “communal” that targets the communal identity of certain persons or groups.

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Turkish refugees and their use of health and social services in London

Author(s): George W. Leeson,Nilüfer Korkmaz Yaylagül,Suzan Yazıcı / Language(s): English Publication Year: 0

Following the Second World War, work forces in more developed countries needed labour to reconstruct and further drive their economies, and to satisfy this demand, labour was increasingly imported from less developed countries, and the phenomenon of “labour migration” was thus born. For the receiving countries, this was a simple way to meet a transitional demand for labour, and for the sending countries – one of which was Turkey – it was a way of easing off population and unemployment pressures as well as an opportunity for generating hard foreign currency for the economy. The migrant workers were expected to provide financial support to their families left behind and to invest in their home countries (see Akgunduz, 2013:195).

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A Widening immigrant – native gap. Child income and poverty in Sweden among immigrants from Turkey and the surrounding region

Author(s): Björn Gustafsson,Torun Österberg / Language(s): English Publication Year: 0

Sweden has received immigrants from Turkey for many years. As a consequence, in 2010 there were approximately 20,000 children with a Turkish migration background have living in Sweden. That is, they are born in Sweden having at least one parent born in Sweden or are themselves born in Turkey. How is this group faring in terms of income in the households they live in? How large is relative poverty among such children? We expect to find an income gap and ask if the gap has widened over a period of one generation, and if so, we try to understand the reasons underlying such a development.

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Turkish women in Alsace: Language maintenance and shift in negotiating integration

Author(s): Feray J. Baskin / Language(s): English Publication Year: 0

European political themes in the 21st century are overwhelmingly dominated by concerns about the nature of national identity, the role of Islam in democratic society, and the impact of immigrants and their descendants on the perceived cultural homogeneity among the majority of EU countries (Modood, 2013; Meer & Modood 2013; Joppke, 2007; Crul et al., 2012; Akgönül, 2009). The immigration policies of the European Union have been critical towards immigrant populations in the sense that policies have been inconsistent and heavily focused on assimilationist processes.

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Social communication among Turkish immigrants in Belgium

Author(s): Filiz Goktuna Yaylaci / Language(s): English Publication Year: 0

Turkey signed its first immigration and labour force exchange agreement with Germany in 1961, followed by similar agreements signed with the Netherlands, Belgium, Denmark, Austria, France and Sweden. Belgium has been one of the destinations for Turkish immigrants. According to the Turkish Embassy in Brussels a total of approximately 180,000 Turkish people live in Belgium (Turkish Embassy in Brussels, 2014). Similar to Germany, the Netherlands and France where a large volume of Turkish immigration was allowed, distinctive characteristics of Turkish immigration evident in Belgium. Turks arrived and settled in certain parts of Belgium due to family ties and networks. Half of Turkish people in Belgium live in the Dutchspeaking Flemish Region, 25 % in Brussels and 25% in the French-speaking Valloon Region (Kanmaz, 2003; Aydın and Manço, 2002).

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Rethinking loyalty (vefa) through transnational care practices of older Turkish women in Sweden

Author(s): Öncel Naldemirci / Language(s): English Publication Year: 0

First-generation Turkish immigrants in Sweden have started to reach older ages and to think about their old age and future care needs. Strong family and community ties, intergenerational solidarity, and cultural practices regulating marriage, socialization and care are believed to be a characteristic of Turkish families (Liljeström & Özdalga, 2002). However, as Finch and Mason argue, “responsibilities between kin are not straightforward products of rules of obligation, they are (…) the products of negotiation” (1993, p. 60). An increasing number of studies attempt to understand how families are made and remade in the migration context through care relations, responsibilities and negotiations (Baldassar, 2001, 2007, 2008; Bryceson & Vuorela, 2002). In this paper, I will highlight the role of emotions in negotiating and thinking about care responsibilities in a migration context and argue that emotions not only redefine transnational care practices but they also reshape the ways in which family responsibilities are imagined in diaspora space (Brah, 1996). After briefly describing the methods of the research, focus will be directed towards exploring the significance of emotions in migration studies. Then I will focus on a particular emotion – vefa – and discuss how it is translated into gendered care practices, by referring to three older Turkish women’s accounts.

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Segmentation or assimilation over the life course? Career mobility of second generation Turkish women in Germany

Author(s): Jörg Hartmann / Language(s): English Publication Year: 0

In Germany, the second-generation migrants’ share of the overall population is growing fast and, among them, those of Turkish origin represent the largest group. They are also the group with the lowest labour market outcomes, and this holds especially true for secondgeneration Turkish women. Of all the ethnic groups, their employment rate and hourly income are the lowest (Algan et al., 2010; Seibert, 2011), while their chances of attaining non-manual employment positions do not differ from those of native-born German women (Seibert, 2011). In addition, they have a higher risk of unemployment and being a housewife (Fincke 2009; Haug 2002), and they have the highest out of labour force rate (Luthra 2013). In comparison, other second-generation women in Germany of Iberian, Greek, or Yugoslavian origin, have less pronounced disadvantages (Heath et al. 2008). While the disadvantages of second-generation Turkish women have also been found for the Netherlands, Belgium, and Austria (Heath et al. 2008), nothing is known about the development of these disadvantages over the course of their employment careers.

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How highly skilled labour migrants deal with flexibility?

Author(s): Ulaş Sunata / Language(s): English Publication Year: 0

During the last three decades, the phenomenon of flexibility has attracted a great deal of attention in sociology, not only in relation to work flexibility but also flexibility of migration. In this respect, the structural changes in both employment relationships and migratory conditions have brought about new lifestyles. The theoretical debates in the field of migration studies and human capital have often concentrated on the (changing) roles of nation-states, transnational corporations, and recruitment agencies at the macro level. Sassen (1988; 1998) observed two critical social classes and their spatial polarization in transnational migration. People from low income groups are employed in low-skilled service jobs. In contrast, there are newly emerging high income segments employed in professions. This latter group are also the “young urban professionals” (yuppies) who tend to be portrayed as enjoying affluent lifestyles (Robinson, 2009).

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The Impact of Mass Migrations on Immigration Policy of Turkey

Author(s): Özlen Çelebi,Özlem Pehlivan / Language(s): English Publication Year: 0

Turkey is believed to pursue a nation building process with migrations since it was established. There is consensus in the literature on this. On the other hand, migration flows have always occurred in/through Anatolia, where Turkey is located, due to its geographical location. However, Turkey has tried to manage migration influxes with separate laws and directives. But, mass influxes have induced Turkey to make a comprehensive legislation changes and eventually to establish necessary institutions to implement those new regulations. In this study, Turkish laws, regulations and directives managing migration to Turkey and existing institutions/institutional structures are examined.

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Deportation of Foreigners in Turkey: What Has Changed After the Law On Foreigners and International Protection and the Creation of the Directorate General of Migration Management? Evidence from Kocaeli

Author(s): Ali Haydar Soysüren,Kuvvet Lordoğlu,İbrahim Soysüren / Language(s): English Publication Year: 0

Historically, the deportation of foreigners has been considered as an indispensable tool by the nation states firstly for the construction of their “imagined communities” (Anderson, 2006) and then for the implementation of their migration policies. In this regard, Turkey has not been an exception. As it is rapidly trasnforming into a country of immigration, the deportation of foreigners has become an essential tool of this country’s immigration policies .

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Emigration Policy in the PostConstitutional Period (1908-1914)

Author(s): Meryem Günaydın / Language(s): English Publication Year: 0

The emigration from the Ottoman Empire to America from the 1820s to 1914 became a long-time matter with a history of about 80-90 years. Immigration to America from Anatolia, Rumelia, and the Arab provinces continued intensely from the last 30-35 years of the Ottoman Empire. In the period after the proclamation of the Second Constitution, not only wealthy and skilled artisans and craftsmen but also unskilled workers and peasants’ participation in this immigration. The immigration movements to America occurred in groups of 3-4 people or 5-10 people. A mass immigration was out of question. It took place on a voluntary basis. Apart from various reasons according to the information revealed in the archive documents and memoirs, these immigrations usually occurred due to economic conditions and forcing factor brought about by the military obligation.

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Cross-Border Lives in The Eyes of the Children: A Qualitative Study

Author(s): Ezgi Arslan,Tuba Yüceer Kardeş / Language(s): English Publication Year: 0

Civil war in the countries and forced migration of local community, adverse effects brought about by the war and adaptation problems in the countries migrated to affect physical, psychological, social, economic and cultural developments of the individuals at all ecological levels. When all such unfavorable effects are considered, the age, gender and other characteristics of an individual cause level of the impact of the migration and war on the individual to increase. The individuals who essentially need to be protected from the war and migration are the women, children and elderly people.

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Peace Journalism or War Journalism: Representation of Refugees in Turkish Media

Author(s): Arda Umut Saygın / Language(s): English Publication Year: 0

Brutal conflicts in Middle-East and Africa has created a huge flow of migration to other countries which actually cause for Europe a serious refugee crisis since the II World War. In this process, due to its geographical region Turkey has become an important destination by refugees both for living in it and for using it as a transit point. Therefore, Turkish public is now familiar with the refugee issue because Turkey is hosting almost 3 million Syrian refugees, according to UN data (http://data.unhcr.org/ syrianrefugees/regional.php). By living in the same environment, refugees sometimes may face relatively little hostility and experience otherness in the public. On the other hand, there is also feeling in Turkish public which shows their philosophy of brotherhood that they have to accept the refugees in their lives because of the same cultural, religious and historical heritage. However, while it is possible to come across media contents about refugees almost every day, the mass media imposes a very dangerous picture about refugees. In the media, refugees mostly are seen as a problem, are shown with attention to the racist and intolerant events, and are not viewed with their painful living conditions. All these unfriendly approaches of mediaand its conflict orientation are the indicators of war journalism actually.

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Attitudes of Shopping Mall Workers Towards Somali Asylum Seekers

Author(s): Elif Gökçearslan Çifci,Burcu Özdemir,Ezgi Arslan,Fulya Akgül Gök / Language(s): English Publication Year: 0

Globalization effects countries differently and social, cultural, economic and political problems create a lot of conflicts in many countries. As a result of these conflicts many people have been forced to or have voluntarily leave their countries as their countries are no longer safe to be lived in. These people have sought shelter in different countries. Even though the term migration primarily connotes the movement of a particular population from one location to another, migration has a structure that is much more extensive and deep-rooted than mere geographic replacement (Aksu & Sevil, 2010).

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Transnational Identity among the Bulgarian-Turkish Migrants in Turkey

Author(s): Özge Kaytan / Language(s): English Publication Year: 0

multiple constructions, including memories, experiences, observations and many more in the case of migrants. Nevertheless, migration is not a finite event, it is an ongoing process in which migrants deal with different life patterns and social relationships, which have economic, social and cultural characteristics (Basch et al. 1994; Glick-Schiller et al. 1992, Guarnizo and Smith 1998; Levitt 1999, 2001 in Park, 2007:201). The Bulgarian-Turkish migrants have transnational identities, which have multiple attachments to more than one space, and indicate an interplay between ethnicity and nationality. The borders of nation-states do not determine the transnational identity perception of migrants. These borders may only indicate political confinements. However, for Bulgarian-Turkish migrants, the border between Turkey and Bulgaria refers only to a geographical location, which is not related to any political boundary. Hence, a visible interplay of ethnic identity and national identity among Bulgarian Turkish migrants is a significant determinant for their transnational identity. In Bulgaria, they used to have a strong ethnic identity, whereas in Turkey it turns out to be an even stronger national identity. However, they also tend to equalize ethnicity and nationality in Turkey, as they acquired a majority status in Turkey. Nevertheless, they have transnational social attachments between these two political territories, though it does not matter for them if it is a political border or not. Some migrants tend to see these two territories as homelands, depending on the context, since “some migrants identify more with one society than the other, the majority seem to maintain several identities that link them simultaneously to more than one nation” (Schiller, Basch, Blanc-Szanton 1992 in Vertovec 2009:6).

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Crisis or Opportunity? Public Debate and Perception on Syrian Refugees in Turkey

Author(s): Oğuzhan Ömer Demir / Language(s): English Publication Year: 0

Since 2011, millions of Syrian refugees have left their countries due to ongoing civil war in Syria. Almost three million of them are now a part of Turkish community. Despite several problems affecting culture, economy, and security, Syrian refugees and Turkish people have achieved to live together without any significant social crisis and moral panic. Düvell (2013) argues that unlike Western countries, where it would create a moral panic, Turkey surprisingly showed a social acceptance towards huge number of refugees. In fact, the number of refugees in Turkey enormously increased in the last few years. The rate of Syrians was only 0.02% in 2012, while it increased to 0.29% in 2013, and 1.96% in 2014. In 2015, the rate sharply doubled (Table-1). This unusual change in Turkey’s foreign population is the one that has never been experienced in Turkey.

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Not Only a Burden but Also a Contribution: Impacts of Syrians on Turkish Economy

Author(s): Ali Zafer Sağıroğlu / Language(s): English Publication Year: 0

Immigrants, especially refugees are the first and easist disadvantage groups who are targeted the focus of prejudice and mostly discriminations. Besides the many others, the economy became the leading matter. The natives tend to think that they lost their jobs because of new comers who are also the reason of rising inflation, decreasing wages etc.

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Solidarity with Syrian Immigrants with the Power of Islamic Beliefs and Volunteerism

Author(s): Emel Topçu,Sevgi Kurtulmuş / Language(s): English Publication Year: 0

Nowadays, 2,733,784 refugee Syrian people are legally registered in Turkey. They constitute 2.7 % of Turkish population. During last 4 years, Turkey has received a mass amount of migrant without being properly prepared. 1.5 million of the Syrians live in the cities which are close to the border. For example, in one city like Kilis, the number of the Syrian refugee is more then the inhabitants of the city. During the five years of Syrian war, Kilis, a town of 90,000 inhabitants, located on the Syrian border has welcomed 120,000 Syrians who are fleeing from war since 2011. How come in such a short time can one town absorbs more then its population peacefully? This question has encouraged us for our study. There are so many organisations and persons in Turkey working to help Syrians; so, we have also joined to one of these voluntary group which is initiated by a female teacher, Nezahat Albay, in Ankara. By this group we have perfomed participary observation which guided us to formulate our research questions. We did not have any theory or any hypothesis but we had our curiosity to find out why, how, where the volunteers work with Syrians. We let the field to formulate its own story.

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Working Conditions and Informal Employment of Syrian Refugees in Turkey

Author(s): Gülşen Gerşil,Ramazan Temel / Language(s): English Publication Year: 0

Migration is the main of events that communities have mostly had from past to today. Many economic, social, cultural and politic reasons such as wars, natural disasters, climate conditions, earthquakes, unemployment, education are accelerant factors in national and international, massive or individual migration acts.

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