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ARTIFICIAL BORDERS AND NATIONALISM: TURKMEN MIGRATION FROM IRAQ TO ISTANBUL

Author(s): Meryem Bulut,Seher Çataloğlu / Language(s): English Publication Year: 0

Migratory movements led to a modern crisis as they have challenged the concept of borders that had emerged with nation states. Improvements in communication and travel have eroded the invincibility of geographical and political borders while social boundaries have transpired within nation state entities. It is more likely than ever that people come across different identities and cultures, and are required to cohabit with those.

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RECONSTRUCTION OF DAILY LIFE BETWEEN TWO CULTURES: SYRIAN WOMEN LIVING IN ANTAKYA

Author(s): Aylin Eraslan / Language(s): English Publication Year: 0

Migration is common to all human groups since many thousands of years. There are various reasons why people move from one place to another. Epidemics, famine, natural disasters, changes in climate and political factors are some of these reasons. Hence, migration is an ongoing process that involves historical and strategic elements. Migration, whether on an individual or mass scale, is strategic as it involves actions that are carefully determined and planned in order to leave adverse circumstances behind and move to a new and better place. This study deals with forced migration on an international scale rather than movements based on individual choice, the displacement of Syrians who had to leave their homeland. Forced migration, no matter what its initiator is, involves a dramatic rupture, a detachment. The one who has to migrate has to leave his/her home and homeland as well as loved ones, living or dead, behind. All of those left behind is to remain in the memories of the migrant. This forced abandoning causes an emotional burnout which is usually reflected in tears, sighs and trills during narratives told by migrants. This is why forced migration is much more than a geographical transposition.

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AFGHANISTANI IMMIGRANTS SEEKING PEACE IN VAN

Author(s): M. Fuat Levendoğlu / Language(s): English Publication Year: 0

Illegal migration of humans from Asian countries, such as Afghanistan, Pakistan, India, Tajikistan, Iran, Syria and Bangladesh moving towards the West and Europe is the most important and the greatest movement of people of our era. On considering the areas through which the movement of migration passes in addition to the starting and finishing points of this movement, we observe continuous movement, journey of problems and challenging stories of migration. Those migrations which start illegally and which end illegally are also an area of unearned income for human smugglers.

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PERCEPTIONS ABOUT ‘WAR MIGRANTS’ FROM SYRIA IN ANTAKYA: ANXIETY, FEAR, EMPATHY

Author(s): Mustafa Çapar / Language(s): English Publication Year: 0

The twentieth and twenty-first centuries are rightly called as ‘age of migrations’ (See Castles, Haas & Miller, 2014). Contemporary times witness the movements of people at a pace and scope never seen before. Though migration is nothing new: If we consider that the history of the dispersal of homo sapiens from Africa dates back around 150 thousand years, we can safely claim that human beings have been moving since their first appearance on earth.

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MIGRANT WOMEN IN VAN: HOME AND DAILY LIFE AS A REFLECTION OF BELONGING

Author(s): Berivan Vargün / Language(s): English Publication Year: 0

The issue of migration is an increasingly debated topic in many countries around the world. International migration, which is one of the important realities of our time, is one of the most fundamental processes of social change. It is an undeniable fact that the number of migrants fleeing their countries origin is quite high as evident in the mass population movements in the second half of the 20th century. According to the United Nations, if the growth trends seen in the last 20 years continue at the same speed, the number of international migrants in the world will reach 405 million in 2050 (GIGM, 2016). International migration, a symptom of the global social change process, causes people to move in masses around the world (Buffoni, 2017: 325). Due to wars, violence and political pressures, a large mass of people is being forcibly displaced and Turkey has been heavily affected by this migration movement. Especially in countries such as Afghanistan, Iraq and Syria, people have been forced to leave their countries due to very serious problems such as war and violence over the last 20 years. Of the 5.6 million Syrians (5,625,871) who left Syria due to the civil war, over 3.6 million (3,614,108) arrived in Turkey (UNHCR, 2019). The arrival of such a large volume of people in Turkey shows that Turkey will be heavily affected by immigrations.

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THE CUISINE OF UZBEKS WHO EMIGRATED FROM AFGHANISTAN TO OVAKENT (HATAY): PRESERVED, CHANGED AND REMEMBERED

Author(s): Kadriye Şahin / Language(s): English Publication Year: 0

Having a long history and located at a transition point, Afghanistan, which has lived through centuries of war and conflict (Wahab and Youngerman, 2007:52), consists of different tribes and ethnic groups, the past of which is based on nomadic lifestyles (Rasanayagam, 2003; Runion, 2007, Barfield; 2010). Having different ethnic groups, Afghanistan’s “social structure is based either (where kinship relations determine social organization and basic political alliances) on tribe or (where people identify themselves in terms of a common place) locality” (Akyüz, 2019:724).

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‘A Forest with many trees’ - Mapping migration governance and the dispersion of authority in Europe

Author(s): Lisa Marie Borrelli,Rebecca Mavin,Giorgia Trasciani / Language(s): English Publication Year: 0

The effective governance of migration has become a key issue in contemporary politics, on both the national and international levels. While attempts have been made to lock down border zones – for example, in the Schengen area or the Mexico-U.S. border – the so-termed ‘migration crisis’ and summer of migration in 2015 has shown the permeability of borders, the agency of migrants, and the diversity of actors involved in the migration process more generally.

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Policing Migrants in Transit and Upon Arrival: The Bordering Tactic of Integration in Austria and Germany

Author(s): Olivia Johnson / Language(s): English Publication Year: 0

Since 2015, over a million refugees have crossed into Europe. While small in comparison to other places, this number has had a tremendous impact on the policies governing Europe’s borders. This attention is in part owing to the growing nationalistic sentiments in Europe and anti-immigrant rhetoric. This piece is a critical look at the consequences of a shared asylum policy for refugees in Europe. Although asylum policy is widely reported to be rooted in humanitarian ideals, I argue that EU asylum policies expand systems of incarceration through heightened surveillance, detention and physical barriers to accessing asylum. In part one of this article, I look at how integration processes purposefully restrict asylum seekers to the periphery of the state. I then explicitly look at the resources available to asylum seekers and how lack of access to the labor market keeps asylum seekers to the margins of society. In part three I argue that this liminality is a tool used to facilitate the smooth deportation of unworthy asylum claimants. Using the case of integration in Austria and Germany, I explore how asylum seekers are kept to the margins, why they are marginalized and the larger implications of this marginalization in relation to the carceral state.

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The Body and Embodied Experiences in the British Asylum System: Developing a Conceptual Perspective

Author(s): Rebecca Mavin / Language(s): English Publication Year: 0

Claiming asylum or humanitarian protection is fundamentally a legal process. In the UK, individuals present a case to the Home Office outlining the reasons that they require protection, and submit to a bureaucratic process in which their eligibility is determined. For asylum seekers, however, this process is a lived experience: their encounter with the state does not only affect their legal status, but structures their experiences of ‘space, time, personhood, collectivity, and embodied subjectivity.’ (Willen, 2007: 2) For the state, asylum has exceeded its humanitarian connotations and become connected to considerations about security (Huysmans, 2007), access to territory and resources (Gibney, 2004), and the preservation of national identity and values (Boswell, 2002). Untethered from notions of human rights, asylum has become a deeply political issue.

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From Invisible to Visible: Brazilian Female Migrants’ Occupational Aspirations under the Force of Visibility in Japan

Author(s): Tamaki Watarai / Language(s): English Publication Year: 0

In 1990, the Japanese government began issuing renewable three-year “long-term residence visas,” with no restrictions on socioeconomic activities, for non-citizen children and grandchildren of emigrants from Japan and their family members. Although the Japanese government denied publicly that this policy was intended to attract unskilled foreign workers, it served, in fact, to alleviate Japan’s shortage of unskilled labor, especially in secondary industries. For Japanese–Brazilians, who were mainly members of the Brazilian middle class, returning to their ancestral homeland and becoming unskilled workers at that time was a solution to the high unemployment and wage reductions that were resulting from Brazil’s economic crisis and hyperinflation.

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Halo-Halo, Nostalgia and Navigating Life for Overseas Filipino Workers (OFW’s) in the Kingdom of Saudi Arabia

Author(s): Simeon S. Magliveras / Language(s): English Publication Year: 0

This chapter gives a snapshot of OFWs' life in Saudi and explores how Filipinos maintain their identity as Filipinos in Saudi Arabia. Saudi is the second most popular destination for Filipino transnationals in the world and OFW's remit almost as much money from Saudi as from the United States. Propelled from one socio-cultural and sensual environment into another, Filipino nationals must navigate personal and family needs, their emotions, and their identities. This chapter explores how OFW's recreate cultural continuity and constitute a sense of self through food-ways related to their sojourn. The chapter concludes that practices and memories are not only fixed, to a sensual experience of the consumption of global Filipino branded fast-food such as Jollibee, or merely by shopping at kabayan sari saris (Filipino markets). The ubiquitous embeddedness into such sights results in cognitive systems where sensual, social environmental spaces for identity exist and are actualized. These practices maintain a sensual romanticized identity with home while at the same time re-enforce their identity as transnationals, players in a global world.

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Minorities in Iraq: National Legal Framework, Political Participation, and the Future of Citizenship Given the Current Changes

Author(s): Saad Salloum / Language(s): English Publication Year: 0

Minorities have been one of the main targets of the violence that has swept through Iraq after the American occupation in 2003. This violence reached a pivotal turning point when the so-called ‘Islamic State’ (ISIS) invaded Nineveh governorate, including Mosul, the second largest city in Iraq, and extended their control over other areas in the Anbar and Saladin governorates.

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John the Baptist’s Water: Extinction of a Millennial Culture

Author(s): Saad Salloum / Language(s): English Publication Year: 0

At the end of filming a documentary, I sat with the Reesh Umma Sattar Jabbar Al Hilou, head of the Mandaean sect, in his religious headquarter in Qadisiya locality on the banks of the Tigris River in Baghdad. The man stood like an old angel descending from the sky with his white beard and his clothes, made up of pure white cloth, which the Mandaeans call Al Resta. He was awaiting the baptism of two new clerics.

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The Yazidi Quest for Protection in Sinjar in the Post-ISIS Iraq

Author(s): Arzu Yılmaz,Bayar Mustafa Sevdeen / Language(s): English Publication Year: 0

This paper considers the future of Sinjar (Kurdish: Shingal) in the current context where local, regional, and international actors shape the political setting in Iraq after the so-called Islamic State (ISIS). It traces primarily the political and military dominance of the two prominent Kurdish political parties, namely the Kurdistan Democratic Party (KDP) and the Kurdistan Workers’ Party (PKK) in Sinjar; and, in turn, it explores the newly emerging parameters of the Yazidis’ self-understanding which reshapes their political identity and even their perceptions of ethnic belonging vis-a-vis the efforts for centralisation and decentralisation dictated from above. It argues that regardless of whether or not the geopolitical equilibrium in post-ISIS era would favour the Yazidi aspirations for self-rule in Sinjar, the vibrant Yazidi activism will not vanish soon and will add new dimensions to the Kurdish and Iraqi political landscape.

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The Haqqa Movement: from Heterodox Sufism, to Socio-Political Struggle and Back

Author(s): Lana Askari / Language(s): English Publication Year: 0

One day I told my mother, I am going to join the Mama Razayeti [Haqqa movement under Sheikh Mama Raza]. She told me, your father is going to kill you. I said no, even if he would kill me I will go and convert anyway. I left and ran to the takiye (dervish lodge) and told them I wanted to convert. They quickly heated up some water and shaved my head, leaving only a little bit of hair on the top. This [taking off his cap and pointing to the small patch of long hair] has not been cut for over 50 years, it is still the same do you hear! During the time of the prophet, people had their hair like this. Our greeting ‘ya karim, ya raza’, this is also from the time of the prophet. When I went back home I told my father I had joined Mama Raza and received a beating. However, after four nights, four brothers of the order came to our house and talked to my father. After a long discussion, they also converted my father. I was the first in my family in Sergalu village to convert. I came to the Haqqa with a clean conscious and therefore I am still part of it and still live in the khanaqa [rest- and guesthouse].

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Bahaism and the Bahai Community in Iraq: A Fateful Past and Fragile Present

Author(s): Maria Six-Hohenbalken / Language(s): English Publication Year: 0

The Bahai community is one of the smallest religious communities in Iraq. As a transnational religion, Bahaism has its roots in Iran and neighbouring countries in the Middle East but today has seven million followers around the world with approximately 60 per cent living in Asia, 20 per cent in Africa, and 18 per cent in the Americas.

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Kurdish Zoroastrians: An Emerging Minority in Iraq

Author(s): Matthew Travis Barber / Language(s): English Publication Year: 0

A significant movement of apostasy from Islam is underway in the Middle East, one that is simultaneously birthing a new religious minority. Kurdistan is experiencing a gradually intensifying revival of Zoroastrianism as increasing numbers of Kurds are converting to the tradition or affiliating with it at varying levels.

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Migrant Religions in Iraq: Hindus and Buddhists

Author(s): Ghazwan Yousif Baho / Language(s): English Publication Year: 0

Religions are the primary source of human thought that explore ways to achieve integrity for human society. They are dominated by principles of peaceful coexistence amongst all people, regardless of sect, religion or nationality. They enable humans to live peacefully with God and with others. This cannot be achieved except through love, which cannot be achieved without knowing people, which, again, cannot be achieved without dialogue.

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Sığınmacı ve Göçmen Çocuklarla Sosyal Hizmet

Author(s): Semra Saruç / Language(s): Turkish Publication Year: 0

Türkiye 2000’li yılların başından beri “uluslararası göç alan ülke” konumuna gelmiştir. 2011 yılı sonrasında ise Suriye’de yaşanan iç savaş sonrasında göç sürecini en yoğun şekliyle deneyimlemektedir. Göç, önceleri özellikle erkekler ve emek gücü açısından ele alınırken, kadın göçü 1980’li yıllarda, çocuk göçü ise 2000’li yıllarda tartışılma ortamı bulmuştur (Atasü Topçuoğlu, 2014: 94).

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Sığınmacıların Sosyal Hizmetlere Erişimleri: Düzce Uydu Kent Örneği

Author(s): Çetin Yılmaz / Language(s): Turkish Publication Year: 0

Dünyada yaşanan düzensiz göç dalgalarında sığınmacıların yerleşmek istedikleri hedef ülkeler daha çok gelişmiş Batı ülkeleridir. Türkiye de bu düzensiz göç dalgalarından Avrupa’yla sınır olmasından dolayı hem transit hem de hedef ülke olarak etkilenmiş ve etkilenmektedir (İçduygu, 2015). Türkiye’deki sığınmacıların sayısı her geçen gün artmaktadır. Örneğin Türkiye’de 2010 yılında 8 bin 932 kişi uluslararası korumaya başvururken, bu rakam 2017 yılında 112 bin 415’e yükselmiştir (GİGM, 2018). Bu rakamın çok önemli bir bölümünü Irak, Afganistan ve İranlılar oluşturmaktadır. Fakat Suriye’de iç savaşın başlamasıyla birlikte Türkiye’deki sığınmacı sayısı daha da büyük bir hızla artmaktadır. Göç İdaresi Genel Müdürlüğü’nün (GİGM) verilerine göre Türkiye’de, 3 milyon 607 bin 563 Geçici Sığınma statüsü sahibi sığınmacı yaşamaktadır. Bunlardan 153 bin 413’ü geçici barınma merkezlerinde, 3 milyon 454 bin 150 kişiyse uydu kentlerde yaşamaktadır.

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