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Население Чернигова X–XІІІ веков по данным палеодемографии

Author(s): Anna Tarasova,Yurii Dolzhenko / Language(s): Russian Issue: 2/2021

The work is devoted to the 10th–13th-century paleodemographic data regarding the city of Chernigov and its districts, and to their introduction into the scientific domain. The study is based on the data on the anthropological series of Chernigov in the 10th–13th centuries, divided into three samples according to the topographic principle. This series is characterized by a low average life expectancy in comparison to other southern Old Rus cities. The feature of the necropolises of Chernigov indicating the predominance of female burials over male ones, revealed in the 1980s, has been confirmed at a new level. A study of the demographic parameters of the Chernigov population groups in the 10th–13th centuries, united on a territorial basis, has shown differences in their structure, probably reflecting the peculiarities of the life quality, social status, and professional specialization of the population of different parts of the city. Further research into the remains of the city’s population with methods of paleopathology, osteometry, osteoscopy, radiology, etc., as well as the analysis of aspects of the political history of the region, would help shed light on the possible causes of the identified features of the demographic structure of the population in the pre-Mongolian period.

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Демографско развитие на българските земи през праисторията и Античността

Author(s): Shtelian Shterionov / Language(s): Bulgarian Issue: 2/2021

Clarifying the demographic state of humankind during all periods of its historical development is an issue that has long been of interest to the scientific community. This paper traces the specifics and trends in the dynamics of the main demographic processes and structures of the population that has inhabited the Bulgarian lands in prehistory and antiquity. Their analysis allows us to establish that, according to the parameters of the studied indicators, the studied area can be related to the Mediterranean area, whose development was ahead of the rest of the world at that time.

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TERITORIUL ORAȘULUI MEDIAȘ DIN PREISTORIE PÂNĂ ÎN EPOCA ROMANĂ, PRIN PRISMA DESCOPERIRILOR ARHEOLOGICE

Author(s): Mihai Chiriac / Language(s): Romanian Issue: 4/2022

The Territory of the city of Mediaș from preisthory to the roman era throught the prism of archaeological discoveries. Summary. The present study aims to carry out a brief review of all representative archaeological finds from the area of the city of Mediaș from ancient times until the Roman era. The territory of the municipality of Mediaș and its adjacent areas have been densely populated areas since ancient times. Evidence of this reality is primarily the multitude of ceramic fragments, monetary hoards or the discovery of various archaeological artifacts dating to historical periods prior to the Roman one.

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MAIOTEN UND MAIOTISCHE ARCHÄOLOGISCHE KULTUR: ZUM ZUSAMMENHANG VON BEGRIFFEN

Author(s): Valentina Mordvintseva / Language(s): German Issue: 2/2022

Der Begriff „Maioten" ergibt sich aus der Lokalisierung verschiedener Völkerschaften an den Ufern des Asowschen Meeres (Maiotis) durch antike Autoren. Die Identifizierung der archäologischen Kultur begann in den 1930er Jahren mit der Entdeckung von Siedlungen und Nekropolen entlang des unteren und mittleren Kubanflusses; deren Untersuchung ermöglichte die Rekonstruierung der sesshaften Lebensweise der lokalen Bevölkerung. In Anbetracht der Hauptzüge dieser Siedlungen (so z. B. besondere Formen von Grabritualen oder spezifische Töpfereigattungen) umfasst das Verbreitungsareal der maiotischen archäologischen Kultur den mittleren Lauf des Kuban und die Vorberge des nördlichen Kaukasus. Dieses Gebiet ist viel größer als der Bereich, der von den schriftlichen Quellen beschrieben wird. Seine „kulturellen Eigenheiten" sind auf die geographischen Besonderheiten und das wirtschaftliche Potential der Gegend zurückzuführen. In diesem Sinne sollte die „maiotische Kultur" eher „archäologische Kultur des Kuban" benannt werden.

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Антропоморфные изображения периода Яз-I

Author(s): Nikolaus G. O. Boroffka,Leonid M. Sverchkov / Language(s): Russian Issue: 2/2023

Two groups of unusual objects from contexts of the Early Iron Age Yaz-I period at the site of Maydatepa, southern Uzbekistan, are presented. The first group is interpreted as abstract anthropomorphic figurines. They are small rod-shaped clay objects (fired and unfired), with plastic noses and impressed eyes, sometimes with sparse additional ornaments. The second group is a collective find (and one separate individual object) from a closed pit context from the same site. The collective find consists of five, partly fragmentary, stele-like roughly hewn limestone objects, some of which have a marked off head. In view of the abstract clay objects, these small stelae can also be interpreted as anthropomorphic representations. The individual stone object is a stalagmite, which was brought intentionally to the site. Because of the natural grooved erosion at the top, which may represent hair, this object is included here. The entire collection contradicts the presumed lack of figurative art in the Early Iron Age Yaz-I communities, but it is also radically different from the preceding art of the Bronze Age.

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Подходы к таксономическому определению изображений животных (по материалам сибирских петроглифов)

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Подходы к таксономическому определению изображений животных (по материалам сибирских петроглифов)

Author(s): Lidia V. Zotkina,Kseniya A. Kolobova,Roman V. Davydov,Sergey V. Sutugin,Dmitriy G. Malikov / Language(s): Russian Issue: 2/2023

The article discusses the possibilities of taxonomic determinations of zoomorphic rock representations and the significance of these data for further interpretations, indirect dating and other scientific tasks. In addition to the applied method of zoomorphological description on the depicted animal’s exterior features, two approaches to the analysis of proportions have been proposed. The first basic-zoological approach is focused on the animal as a biological object and describes the ratio of animal body measurements according to the zoological standard of body measurements of large mammals. The second comparative-zoological approach requires the selection of proportions that are significant for each particular species, based on the morphological features of the animal exterior features. Both approaches have been tested on a sample of 30 petroglyphs from the rock art sites Kalbak-Tash I and Shalabolin, representing images of wild boars and bears. The obtained data on the proportions were analyzed using the principal component analysis (PCA), which allowed to verify the degree of differentiation between the images of the two selected species. As a result, we conclude that the comparative-zoological approach as a tool aimed at distinguishing the most significant features for taxonomic definitions of rock images is expedient.

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Колесный транспорт в петроглифах горы Усо в Армении: отражение реальных и мифологических представлений

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Колесный транспорт в петроглифах горы Усо в Армении: отражение реальных и мифологических представлений

Author(s): Vitalii V. Stepkin / Language(s): Russian Issue: 2/2023

The paper is aimed to examine petroglyphs depicting wheel transport on stones of Huso mountain in Armenia. The research objectives are to define design features of wheel transport, to determine its cultural and chronological background, to consider the semantics of these images. Semiotic analysis of historical content and analogy was used to cope with the task. Results. The first petroglyph presents a two-wheeled horsed carriage. The wheel transport cut on two other stones is depicted as an element of compositions. The first composition includes the following signs: a two-horse carriage (biga), two anthropomorphous forms, a chaotically twisting snake (a sign of anrta — chaos), two coiled snakes (a sign of rta — cosmic order). The second composition pictures a three-horse carriage (triga), an anthropomorphous form with a tool in hands, a bezoar goat (lat. Capra hircus aegagrus). The described petroglyphs with carriages are dated by the author by the methods of historical content and analogues from 2nd millennium B.C. They contain mythological subjects connected with cosmogonic views reflected in Rigveda. The petroglyphic compositions accompanied some certain cult actions directed to advance the cattle-raising cycle coinciding with the summer solstice. As Aryans understood, by the beginning of each seasonal movement of nomadic tribes in the alpine zone, the charioteer Indra, following the cosmogonic plot, defeated the daemon Vritra who had turned water streams of Mt. Huso into snow and ice. Conclusion. The wheel transport petroglyphs on Mt. Huso stones are an important source for study.

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Модифицированные черепа эпохи ранней и средней бронзы с территории Кавказа и Ближнего Востока

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Модифицированные черепа эпохи ранней и средней бронзы с территории Кавказа и Ближнего Востока

Author(s): Dmitriy A. Kirichenko / Language(s): Russian Issue: 2/2023

The author focuses on generalization of finds of artificially deformed skulls from the area of South Caucasus and Near East as well as on characterization of types of head shaping spread among the population of the studied region and Eurasia. The finds of modified skulls of the Early - Middle Bronze Ages are not so numerous. Among archaeological sites, the following ones were identified as having the traces of head shaped skulls: Uzun Rama, Kudurlu (Azerbaijan); Yupsy cave, Abkhazia (Georgia); Velikent, Manas-Dagestan (Russian Federation); Karatash, Resuloglu, Hayaz Höyük (Turkey); Vounous (Cyprus); Shahri Sohta (Iran). On the territory of South Caucasus fronto-occipital type of artificial deformation combined with a mild low variant of circular head shaping type prevailed. The skulls from Uzun Rama, Velikent, Karatash (some exemplars), Resuloglu, Hayaz Höyük and Vounous show some similarity by the types of artificial modification. Probably, in case of Uzun Rama and Velikent we are dealing with the influence of traditions from the Near East, while in case of Yupsy cave, Manas, Kudurlu — the source of innovation was influenced by steppe tribes of the Catacomb culture. Population of Karatash, Resuloglu and Hayaz Höyük inherited the tradition of changing head form from Chalcolithic times. The same can be observed for Cyprus, where artificially deformed skulls existed in the Neolithic period. In case of Shahri Sohta it is difficult in present days to define how this custom and its followers transitioned in the South-East Iran during the Early Bronze.

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A new find from the northern border of the Tatra Mountains

Author(s): Paweł Valde-Nowak,Magda Kowal,Anna Kraszewska,Jakub Skłucki / Language(s): English Issue: 57/2022

Despite over a hundred years of various archaeological works, including the latest in Hučiva Cave, considering the presence of Stone age peoples, Tatra Mountains remain an archaeological terra incognita. Therefore it is very important to communicate any new finds. The purpose of this article is to present the discovery from the mouth of the Lejowa valley, found in 2009 in close proximity to the formerly known site no. 1 in Witów, com. Kościelisko. The analyzes of raw material and technological aspect of specimen are presented in this article and can indicate that it was made by Stone Age people.

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Blade from the Brona Pass

Author(s): Wojciech Mika / Language(s): English Issue: 57/2022

Due to its landscape, dominated by hills reaching above 1000 m a.s.l., the southern part of the Western Beskids was long considered an area beyond the reach of prehistoric migrations. The small number of artefacts known from the area makes every new find significant. The article presents a stone artefact found on the Brona Pass in Beskid Żywiecki. It was made of a local raw material, quartzite sandstone. The discovery provides new evidence of the penetration of mountain landscapes by prehistoric communities.

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ANADOLU COĞRAFYASINDA NEOLİTİK DÖNEM ARKEOBOTANİK BULUNTULARI

Author(s): Ece EREN,Hatice TOSYAGÜLÜ ÇELİK / Language(s): Turkish Issue: 58/2023

Anatolia is a geography with extensive variety. It is the natural habitat of the wild ancestors of "Basic Plants" such as emmer wheat, einkorn wheat, barley, lentils, peas, chickpeas, barley, and flax species. Humankind has been farming in these lands aproximately 10 thousand years. During this period, relationship of humans and plants goes through changes extending over this time. Archaeobotany ,one of sub-disciplines of enviromental archeology, enables us to understand culturel uses of plants , humans impact on the enviroment and how enviroment effects humans' life practice in consideration of plant findings from archeological settlements. In this study, archaeobotanical excavation results reports and published publications of 22 archeobotanical studies from approximately 90 neolithic excavations carried out in Anatolia were discussed. It was observed that a comprehensive study was carried outonly 8 of these 22 settlements. It has been determined that the archaeobotanical studies carried out in the Neolithic Period settlements, which are generally settlement-based, are quite inadequate and the publications of some of them are insufficient or not accessible. It has also been determined that the most intense archaeobotanical studies were carried out in the Southeastern Anatolian Region, which is considered as the core region of the Anatolian Neolithic. Briefly, in this study, It is aimed to contribute to prehistoric literature and carry out a general evaluation compiling current archeobotanic data obtained from Neolithic Period settlements in the Anatolian geography.

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NEW DATA ABOUT THE ”WHITE PAINTED POTTERY” CULTURAL HORIZON IN TRANSYLVANIA

Author(s): Marius Mihai Ciută,Anamaria Tudorie / Language(s): English Issue: 4/2022

The knowledge of the earliest Neolithic cultural horizon in Transylvania (Starčevo-Criș I-II phases or Precriș culture) took shape in the last 50 years, gradually, with the discovery of traces of habitation in various researched sites. Thus, to the already classical sites from Baciu-Gura Baciului and Ocna Sibiului –Triguri, researched in the 70-80s, are added those from Șeușa-La Cărarea Morii, Miercurea Sibiului-Petriș and Limba -Bordane, researched at the end of the 90s, and more recently, those from Cristian I, Miercurea Sibiului II-Valea Gârbovei. A common element of these first settlements is represented by the so called ”white-painted pottery”, present in a reduced proportions in the large mass of "red-ware" ceramics. The present study brings to the attention of specialists new materials - discovered in the recent rescue researches (2016-2017) - carried out within the archaeological site of Limba-Oarda de Jos (Site no. 6), which led to the identification of several inhabited complexes belonging to this cultural horizon. The typological analysis of the motifs painted in white, but also in black (!), come to outline more clearly the particularities of the community that lived on the banks of the Mureș, approx. 7500 years ago.

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Novootkrivena prahistorijska gradina Lepar kod Gračanice

Author(s): Ago Mujkanović / Language(s): Bosnian Issue: 55/2023

This article presents data on the newly discovered archaeological site of Lepar in the settlement of Bijela Polja (City of Gračanica). It is a prehistoric fort, which by its area is by far the largest in the area of the Gračanica, as well as beyond the area. In February 2023, we carried out a reconnaissance of the site, collecting a certain amount of ceramics and daub (surface finds). Based on the characteristic shapes and ornaments, the site can be dated to the Late Bronze Age, although the presence of layers from older periods cannot be ruled out. In any case, it is a significant site, and more data would certainly be obtained through archaeological excavations.

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The oldest traces of human settlement in the vicinity of Ulów in Middle Roztocze (SE Poland)

Author(s): Tadeusz Wiśniewski / Language(s): English Issue: 85/2017

During the many years of archaeological research in the settlement micro-region in Ulów in Middle Roztocze, traces of human presence dated to Old and Middle Stone Ages (Palaeolithic and Mesolithic) were discovered. M ost sources are flint materials, most of which lost their stratigraphic context due to subsequent settlement. At the current stage of research, their classification is possible only on the basis of a typological and comparative analysis. M ost likely, the oldest traces of human occupancy in the vicinity of Ulów can be synchronized with a series of radiocarbon dating obtained for samples of charcoal from five different archaeological sites. The to-date discoveries have revealed new sources for research on the Palaeolithic and Mesolithic periods in south-eastern Poland.

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Post-New Kingdom topography and chronology of the Hatshepsut Temple at Deir el-Bahari in light of new archaeological evidence

Author(s): Patryk Chudzik / Language(s): English Issue: XXXI/2022

Around 1000 BCE, an earthquake brought down many temples in Western Thebes, thus putting an end to the cult centre at Deir el-Bahari which had been a key site for the celebration of the Beautiful Feast of the Valley all through the New Kingdom. Within a few dozen years the deserted chapels and rooms of the Hatshepsut temple were turned into a burial ground. The necropolis established on the ruins of one of the most famous temples of Egypt was first excavated in the 19th century; however, current work by the Polish Centre of Mediterranean Archaeology University of Warsaw expedition in the Hathor cult complex of the temple of the female pharaoh has resulted in the discovery of a group of shaft tombs and a great number of burial remains. These new finds have instigated a revisiting of both the topography and the chronology of this reuse of the older monument, as well as a contextualization of the work of the early explorers which has gradually been forgotten partly through lack of proper documentation.

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Former Villages of Patara Liakhvi Gorge

Author(s): Giorgi Sosiashvili,Ioseb Alimbarashvili / Language(s): English Issue: 8/2022

The gorges of Shida Kartli, including the Patara Liakhvi gorge, were densely populated already in the Eneolithic and early Bronze Age, as evidenced by the material obtained as a result of the archaeological excavations conducted in this area at different times (fragments of obsidian and clay vessels, collective and individual burials of the dead, copper or bronze blades etc.,) reveals, however, as a result of historical and natural cataclysms (epidemics, invasions of Lezgins and Ossetians, etc.), many villages became desolate. The names of some of the villages in Patara Liakhvi gorge have been preserved only by historical sources. As a result of studying the information preserved in the documents, it is possible to determine the location of several former villages in the Liakhvi gorge. One of these folktales “Kvabni” can be found in 1392 in document of the Catholic estates of Kartl-Kakhet-Meskheti, where a number of villages in the valleys of the Didi and Patara Liakhvi are mentioned. In the document we read: “Gori, the estates and merchants of Mtskheta, the village of Zerti, the village of Tsita with the estate, former village Satibi, the village of Kushi, the village of Disevi, Plavi, the village of Chkhriketi, the village of Satikhari and nine households of Vanati, the village of Kvabni, the village of Kordi and Patara Meghvrekisi. Ereds Giladze’s, Virsha Monastery with the introduction of Archangel; from Krtskhinvali Eliozidze a jew, with his estate.” The “kvabni” mentioned in the document, in our opinion, was located in the upper part of the Patara Liakhvi gorge and bordered the village of Vanati.

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Early Bronze Age Cultural Environment of Samtskhe Highlands: Archaeological Survey in Adigeni Municipality

Author(s): Gia Chilingarashvili / Language(s): English Issue: 8/2022

This article presents the results of an Adigeni archaeological survey project conducted in the River Kvablian gorge of Samtskhe region (southwest Georgia) in the modern territory of the Adigeni municipality. In general, the microregion is less studied archaeologically. Even so, limited data indicate that the area as a frontier zone between different regions served as a cultural crossroads during multiple stages of prehistory. Consequently, it was expected that such cultural interaction continued in the Bronze Age as well and in this region, two Early Bronze Age cultures would coexist: Kura-Araxes and the so-called Western Georgian culture. With the combination of survey methods 12 Kura-Araxes sites were identified in the study area and as a result, no evidence of “western” influence was attested. This suggests that Adigeni was a Kura-Araxes culture dominating area and clearly defines its cultural environment.

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Interdisciplinary Study of Neolithic-Early Bronze Age Macro Tools (Based on Grinding Stones from Georgian National Museum)

Author(s): Ana Tetruashvili / Language(s): English Issue: 9/2023

The grinding stone is a significant tool for agricultural purposes, as supported by numerous archaeological sites from Transcaucasia. It's worth noting that grinding stones have received less attention compared to other artifacts like flaked industry, pottery, and metal artifacts. This theoretical and methodological gap has resulted in a lack of crucial information concerning the definition of prehistoric socio-economic activities. The objective here is to illuminate the type, raw material, and function of grinding stones, as well as the plants processed by the inhabitants of Kvemo and Shida Kartli regions in Eastern Georgia during the Neolithic (second half of the 6th millennium BC) to the Early Bronze Age (second half of the 4th millennium BC). This research aims to contribute both qualitative and quantitative data to address questions pertaining to the techno-typological and functional aspects of stone macro tools. The research involves the study of Grinding Stone Tools (GSTs) from several archaeological sites: Gadachrili Gora, Shulaveri Gora, Imiri Gora, and Kvatskhelebi, Eastern Georgia. The chosen artifacts for this study are preserved in the archaeological collections of the National Museum of Georgia. The typological study of stones has revealed various shapes of grinders and querns, including oval, saddle-shaped, and quadrangular ones (concave and flat working surfaces). Petrographic analysis encompassed the study of eight different rock types utilized in the production of GSTs, including Rhyolite (porphyry), rhyolitic hyaloclastite, rhyodacite, tuff (rhyolitic), vesicular basalt, basalt, sandstone (carbonatic), and diorite. The use-wear analysis, conducted using Omax (40X magnification) and Dino-lite digital microscopes (50X magnification), identified smooth, glossy surfaces, occasionally displaying linear traces. This suggests that GSTs were primarily used for plant processing. Additionally, palynological analysis was employed to specify the types of plants that were processed, revealing a variety of plant usage for both dietary (sowing cereals, walnuts, hazelnuts, grapevine, and chenopodium) and medicinal (Tilia, oak, Artemisia, plantago, and urtica) purposes.

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Un nou tezaur monetar geto-dacic de tip Inotești-Răcoasa descoperit în zona de sud-vest a Dobrogei

Author(s): Gabriel Talmațchi / Language(s): Romanian Issue: 21/2023

In unclear conditions, which exclude an archaeological excavation, a small hoard composed of six Geto-Dacian silver coins of the Inotești-Răcoasa type was discovered near the town of Hațeg, at the point "Valea Baciului - Dealul lui Văleanu". They are specific to the period corresponding to the end of the 2nd century and the first two to three decades of the 1st century BC. The modest hoard arrives in the local milieu from the north of the Danube, most likely ready-made. It is similar to two others discovered in Dobrogea that contain the same type of coins, more precisely, the hoards from Cochirleni and Somova.

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Железный топор из тасмолинского кургана могильника Кызылжартас: результаты металлографического и химического анализов

Author(s): Arman Z. Beisenov,Alexander V. Panichkin,Darkhan T. Shashenov / Language(s): Russian Issue: 15/2023

In 2020, barrow 1 in the Qyzylzhartas burial ground, Karaganda region, the Republic of Kazakhstan, was excavated. The barrow of the Early Saka period had a crepidome in its base, and the mound itself had 37 m in diameter and was surrounded by a stone fence with a diameter of 56 m. Under the mound, there were three stone sculptures depicting two males and a female, while another one, representing a male, was placed in the dromos of the grave. The burial had been robbed in the past. The burial pit contained part of the bones of a human skeleton, near which over 300 small pieces of gold decoration were found. An iron axe head has 21.3 cm of length and 1.7 kg of weight and was found near the burial pit. In the spring of 2023, two bone samples were analyzed by the Laboratory of Mass Spectrometry ‘Vilnius Radiocarbon’, Lithuania. The one was a human bone found in the grave, and the other was an animal bone from a tunnel dug by robbers. Both archaeological evidence and a radiocarbon date obtained from a human bone sample suggest the 8th century BCE to be the most relevant date for the burial. It is the same time range that the massive axe head of archaic appearance, made of a piece of iron, apparently dates back to. This is the first discovery of an iron axe head of the early Saka period in Kazakhstan. In 2022—2023, metallographic and chemical analyzes of the iron tool were carried out. The results of these analyzes are published for the first time in this paper. The bits of the axe head were found to have been carburized by an ancient blacksmith in order to impart hardness onto these spots. The Vickers hardness test confirmed this observation by comparing the bits and the shaft-hole part of the axe head.

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