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On présente les plus importants objets artistique découverts jusqu’à présent à Räcätäu, comme: 1. Le vase de type kantharos avec des representations en relief, avec la divinité suprème “le chevalier heros"...
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L'article tarte des divers types d'établissements spécifiques de la culture geto-dace classique: dava, l'établissement fortifie, citadelles, et établissements rurals.
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L'article aborde le problème encore peu solutionné de la delimitation précise du périmètre des habitations néolithiques et énéolithiques, dans les situations quand il n'y a pas de rangées cohérentes d'empreintes laissées par les poteaux des parois.
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Anthropomorphic and zoomorphic plastics are often associated with complex manifestations of the spiritual life of Cucuteni communities. Therefore, knowledge and interpretation of anthropomorphic representations are necessary to have a better picture of the role played in the daily and spiritual life of prehistoric communities. The Cucuteni A-B settlement from Dâmbul Morii provides an important number of such pieces that will complete the data known so far. In this study, attention will be paid to plastic representations with painted, incised, and plastic decorations. Therefore, a batch of 27 anthropomorphic figurines was analyzed, some in a fragmentary state. Based on the decor analysis, a clear separation of figurines by gender was possible
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The three axioms of evolution are: uniformism, the long period of time, transformism. All of them are the metaphysical ideas which are the origin of evolutionism and define it. When they are considered the opera of the vague god of theists, they become religious ideas. Not being revealed by the true God, but inspired by the pagan philosophy, they are not demonstrated, nor demonstrable, they are not scientific observations, but their distortions only. Without them evolutionism is abolished, having no content. We will meet these three as preconceived ideas in all the „demonstrations” of the evolutionist model. To interpretate the scientific data this way, the researcher must believe in them without researching them, because if he would research them seriously, he could no longer be an evolutionist.In this article we have listed all three evolutionary axioms and we have shown that they are neither in line with the revelation of the Holy Spirit, nor with current scientific data. Uniformity is proved false by Saint Maxim the Confessor, through neo-catastrophism and geological evidence. The long time is shown to be false as well through the VIth Holy Ecumenical Synod, global and local dating (including radiometric) and the presence of unaltered soft tissue in dinosaurs. We have also explained that transformism is false as well, again through the words of the Saint Maxim the Confessor, by studying some false intermediate links, the fossil record, the mutations made on the vinegar flies and the statistics of the mutations.
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In this article, we feature the most significant technological stages of animal hides processing during the Late Bronze Age, in the North-West Pontic area. The topic is challenging because this occupation – due to organic raw material use – left no direct archaeological evidence. From this perspective, the reconstruction of the entire technological process involves both archaeological information, ethnographic and ethnoarchaeological data. Hence, we start with the relevance of animal breeding within the economy of Late Bronze Age communities, and we discuss the technological stages of animal hides processing to turn them into raw material. Unfortunately, because it is a perishable item, no animal hides artefacts have been found in archaeological contexts. However, the occupation providing this organic product has been partially reconstructed indirectly, relying on the artefacts used for scraping, cleaning, cutting, and perforating. Thus, the authors enumerate the bone artefacts used (i.e., notched scapulae, „skates”, piercers and bronze items used for hides perforation). Along with natural fibres processing, animal hides processing has been intensely practised: on the one hand, because the raw material was available and, on the other, because people obtained an entire array of products from these organic materials.
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The paper presents the results of a geochemical investigation of the raw material for making stone chopping tools of the so-called Russian Karelian type, which were actively used for exchange interactions between the peoples of the North-Eastern Europe in the IV–III millennia calBC. The study is based on the ICP-MS analyses of 54 samples from different regions of Karelia, Finland, and Estonia conducted in the analytical laboratory of the Karelian Research Centre of the Russian Academy of Sciences. The investigation was aimed at confirming the proposition suggested in the early XX century that these tools were produced in one production centre on the western shore of Lake Onega (the outfall of the Shuya River) and spread by exchange. For this, the authors used the modern geochemistry methods, which greatly reduce the influence of the subjective human factor. The samples that were found at great distances from the known workshops, including those found outside Karelia, were analyzed for the first time. The new data generally confirm the idea that all certain tools of the Russian Karelian type, regardless of their discovery place, originate from the Shuya centre, and the raw material for this centre was taken from the volcanic greenstone rocks (“metatuff”) deposits that can be found in the vicinity. The study is well in line with the investigations of the organization of the prehistoric exchange in the North-Eastern Europe which are actively being carried out nowadays.
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The City Hall of Negrilești and „Florea Julea” Secondary School in Negrilesti intend to build a school gym on a plot of land located in the archaeological site, 6m West of the S-W corner of the school building. The discharge of the archaeological burden of this PLOT, with an area of 816 square meters, was undertaken by investigating the SSP/2021 surface, through machine scalping the vegetation layer, up to a depth of 0.30m. In the SSP surface, where the school gym will be built, 42 housing complexes from the Bronze Age, the post-Roman period (4th century AD), pre-medieval (9th-10th centuries AD) and the modern era were unearthed. The most numerous complexes are pits with household deposits, 26 in total. Materials specific to the Bronze Age, Noua Culture, were discovered in 18 pits, five pits containing materials from the 4th century AD (Santana de Mures-Černjachov Culture), whereas the remaining three pits belong to the modern period. Nine complexes are residential structures, dwellings or outbuildings, out of which three belong to the Bronze Age, three are from the 4th century AD, two dwellings belong to the 9th-10th centuries AD and one is from the modern period. Eight fire installations (domestic hearths) were also investigated, five of which belong to the post-Roman period (4th century AD), two hearths served homes from the 9th-10th centuries AD, and one is from the modern period.
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In this paper, we present the main results of interdisciplinary project that allowed us to formulate a new perspective on the economy of the Late Bronze Age in the Eastern Baltic region. New excavations at the Late Bronze Age fortified settlements of Garniai 1 (Utena district municipality) and Mineikiškės (Zarasai district municipality) lead us to analyse the economy of the communities in much greater detail and to formulate a more reliable economical model than before. This paper reviews the new results of archaeobotanical investigations of these fortified settlements, as well as δ13C and δ15N data of food remains in Late Bronze Age pottery, grains and animal bone collagen samples. These analyses allowed us to refine and clarify the likely dietary practices of consumers of certain products in the Eastern Baltic region. The paper also publishes new data on the elemental composition and lead isotopes of metalware, thereby adding to our earlier findings These studies show that metallurgy as a specialized activity did not play a significant role in the Late Bronze Age economy, but its emergence was driven by the economic changes of the period. In contrast, the production of high-level bone-antler artifacts reflects the activity of specialized craftsmen in Late Bronze Age settlements. The collection of a new large and varied dataset allows us to determine the lifestyle and dietary habits of the people living in these settlements. By developing a new model of the Late Bronze Age, we present a picture of the interwoven economies of agriculture, animal husbandry, hunting, fishing, gathering, metallurgy and bone craftsmanship as a whole, asking what might have influenced the distinctive development of the economy of the eastern Baltic Sea region during the Late Bronze Age.
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The main goal of this paper is to publish two fragments of Panathenaic prize amphorae that have been excavated in the northern part of the Roman citadel in Olbia Pontica. Stylistic analysis of both fragments allowed us to date them to the last third of the 6th century BC and to draw the conclusion that they belong to the same amphora manufactured at the time of the Antimenes Painter.
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Archeologija kaip istorijos mokslo šaka, XIX a. II pusėje įgaudama vis didesnį populiarumą, užvaldė daugelio Europos inteligentų protus. Tenkindama scientistinius praeities tyrinėtojo poreikius, ji žadino nenumaldomą domėjimąsi tuo, ką būtų galima pavadinti daiktine senovės žmonių istorija. Bandydama įtvirtinti savo autonominės disciplinos statusą, archeologija ieškojo modernių galimybių, leidžiančių jai užsitikrinti deramą vietą pozityvizmo idėjų apibrėžtame pasaulyje.
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The present study has in view an ancient period from the History of Art on the territory of Romania, that is the Eneolithic one. Though it is a utilitarian field, ceramics can not be separated from the artistic side which has accompanied the creative manifestations of people since immemorial times. In a developed Eneolithic – which itself comes with changes, among which it is very important the level reached by the creative activity of the human being of that time –, the culture Petrești is one of the important cultures with ceramics painted polychrome, which occupies a central place near the wellknown Cucuteni culture. Despite the poor conservation of pots (but also of the small statuettes), this ceramics completes the image of painted and not painted cultures of the period.
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The aim of this paper is to reconstruct settlement preferences and the dynamics of cultural changes that occurred in the sheet of Polish Archaeological Record (Archeologiczne Zdjęcie Polski = AZP) no. 105–80, located on the Kańczuga Upland. The materials for analysis were collected over several seasons of surface surveys in which 210 archaeological sites were identified. The obtained results show that this region was very attractive for both hunter-gatherers and settled communities.
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In a period in which people “started to create and appreciate beauty” – and the inverted commas here mean that it is only a quotation!... – it is necessary to underline some facts about the historical period itself, first of all regarding the continuous evolution that took place in most fields of life. The man’s creativity and inventiveness were always growing, socially speaking the man was transformed from a hunter-picker into an agriculture and shepherd, the communities became stable; spiritual life became more and more complex, new occupations always appearing, once tools became more useful. All these factors are combined with the necessity of a discussion regarding the theories of installing the phenomenon of Neolithification in the world. Regarding the art of this period, the present material will focus only on the spring of the field of future architecture, presenting some facts about the new vision regarding man’s life where megaliths appeared.
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The cave settlement at Getahovit-2 in Armenia has a proven record of human occupation from the Palaeolithic to the Middle Ages, making it the third prehistoric cave site, after Aghitu-3 and Kalavan-1, to be known from this region. The current excavation of an Upper Palaeolithic horizon, discovered in 2014, has yielded a radiocarbon date placing the site within the Last Glacial Maximum, thus filling a gap in the archaeological record between the middle and late Upper Palaeolithic (between 24,000 and 18,000 cal. BP). The short-term occupation by a group of hunters, revealed by the preliminary results, is interpreted with considerable likelihood as a stop during a hunting expedition. Work at the cave site has been resumed under the flag of a newly established Armenian-Polish research cooperation between the Institute of Archaeology and Ethnography of the National Academy of Science of the Republic of Armenia and the Faculty of Archaeology of the University of Warsaw.
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Early comparative research on the material from the site of Kadakol 1 in the Letti Basin (Sudan), which was surveyed in the late 1960s, suggested an association with the Kerma Culture horizon while not excluding multicultural occupation. Investigations, which were resumed in 2022 within the frame of a new research project exploring the significance of the Middle Nile Valley in prehistoric times, have yielded data confirming the early findings and contributing information on younger occupational episodes from Napatan and Christian times, in both cases attested by extensive burial grounds.
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There are four main protagonists in Early Dynastic III contest scenes: two heroes, a bull-man and a human-headed bull. They are usually involved in guarding herbivores against predators. Contrary to common opinion, the protected herbivores are identified apparently as wild rather than domesticated species. The paper explores the role of the depicted beings, the interactions between them, and the secondary motifs that accompany them in the contest scenes. Despite the many composition variants and some intricacies of interpretation, the scene as such is considered consistent and imbued with a deeper mythological meaning, rather than being a purely ornamental arrangement of random decorative elements. The author observes the association between specific participants and certain elements of the contest scene and the god Utu/Shamash or else the mountainous region east of Mesopotamia. In both instances, the association points to the eastern horizon—a liminal location where the Sun-god rises, a region with the symbolism of rebirth bestowed upon it, where fates are determined and judgments passed—which is the setting suggested for the perpetual contest depicted in Mesopotamian glyptic art.
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“Tsikhiagora” is one of the significant archaeological monuments of East Georgia. It is located in Kaspi municipality, northwards from a village Kavtiskhevi. Multi-horizon monuments of Tsikhiagora reflects three millennia development of the culture, starting from Early Bronze and inclusive Antique era. The upper, first layer of Tsikhiagora, with 8 construction horizons, is attributed to Hellenistic epoch, is dated by 3rd -2 nd cc B.C. This layer is presented by unique cathedral complex. There is no such good condition and comprehensively studied monument in Eastern Georgia. The 2nd layer, of Achaemenid period is attributed to the 5th -4 th c. B.C. It is presented in the form of remnants of cult constructions. The 3rd layer, of Late Bronze - Early Iron period is presented by 2 construction horizons, is attributed to the second half of the 2nd millennium B.C – first half of the 1st millennium. It is a former settlement. The 4th layer, of Middle Bronze period, is attributed to the first half of the 2nd millennium and is presented by small size kurgan type tombs. The 5 th layer of Tsikhiagora archaeological monument of the Early Bronze period is attributed to the 3 rd millennium BC and is presented by 5 construction horizons. 3 lower construction horizons are Kura–Araxes archaeological culture former residences. The upper 2 horizons unite complexes which followed early Kurgan and Bedeni cultures. This is a very rare case and is very important with the view of a problem of transition from Early Bronze to Middle Bronze epoch. Artifact remnants fixed in this layer include hand-made ceramic, anthropomorphic and zoomorphic statues, metal, stone and bone tools. The paper deals with the new X-ray Fluorescence study results of metal artifacts and with the new radiocarbon dates of Tsikhiagora settlement. Stratigraphic data from the Tsikhiagora settlement and new data allow us to assume the initial period of this cultural transformation in the first half of the 3 rd millennium BC, which is important in the study of synchronization with other cultures and the genesis of the Bedeni culture.
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The persecution of Christians occurred, sporadically and usually locally, throughout the Roman Empire, beginning in the 1st century AD and ending in the 4th century AD. Originally a polytheistic empire in the traditions of Roman paganism and the Hellenistic religion, as Christianity spread through the empire, it came into ideological conflict with the imperial cult of ancient Rome. Pagan practices such as making sacrifices to the deified emperors or other gods were abhorrent to Christians as their beliefs prohibited idolatry. The state and other members of civic society punished Christians for treason, various rumored crimes, illegal assembly, and for introducing an alien cult that led to Roman apostasy. The first, localized Neronian persecution occurred under the emperor Nero (r. 54–68) in Rome. A more general persecution occurred during the reign of Marcus Aurelius (r. 161–180). After a lull, persecution resumed under the emperors Decius (r. 249–251) and Trebonianus Gallus (r. 251–253). The Decian persecution was particularly extensive. The persecution of Emperor Valerian (r. 253–260) ceased with his notable capture by the Sasanian Empire's Shapur I (r. 240–270) at the Battle of Edessa during the Roman–Persian Wars. His successor Gallienus (r. 253–268) halted the persecutions. The Augustus Diocletian (r. 283–305) began the Diocletianic persecution, the final general persecution of Christians, which continued to be enforced in parts of the empire until the Augustus Galerius (r. 310–313) issued the Edict of Serdica and the Augustus Maximinus Daia (r. 310–313) died. After Constantine the Great (r. 306–337) defeated his rival Maxentius (r. 306–312) at the Battle of the Milvian Bridge in October 312, he and his co-emperor Licinius issued the Edict of Milan (313), which permitted all religions, including Christianity, to be tolerated.
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The rescue excavations on the Deva - Sibiu motorway brought to light a site which belongs to Late Bronze Age, Early Iron Age and post-Roman period. It is placed on the territory of Gelmar village (Geoagiu town, Hunedoara County). Geographically, this village is situated in Orăştie Depression, limited to North by the Metaliferi Mountains and to South by the Şureanu Mountains and is crossed from East to West by the Mureş river. The site is located on the left side of the Mureş, on the first terrace.The discoveries from the Early Iron Age belong to Basarabi culture, which is dated in the Danube-Carpathian region between 850/800 and 600 B.C. At Gelmar there were discovered features which are specific to a settlement (dwellings and pits) and to a cemetery (two inhumation burials). The stratigraphic observations, together with the analysis of the archaeological materials discovered in these features show the presence of two chronological phases from the Early Iron Age (Basarabi culture). On the basis of the ceramics, the settlement can be chronologically included in the early phase of the Basarabi culture, dated in the first half of the 8th century B.C. The burials overlap the settlement which was abandoned at the time the cemetery functioned. The funerary features are represented by two inhumation burials (Cx. 20 and Cx. 22) as well as by several human bones scattered in the proximity of burial Cx. 20. The two burials discovered in situ were placed at 48 m one from another. In burial Cx. 20, the skeleton was discovered in lateral decubitus position, crouched on the left side, oriented SSW-NNE. There were found two stones and potsherds belonging to a vessel which was probably part of the funerary inventory. In Cx. 22, the skeleton was discovered in dorsal decubitus position, oriented SE-NW. The funerary inventory consisted of 37 bronze and iron objects, among which there were four bracelets, a fibula, buttons, a collar made of saltaleoni and beads, four hair rings and a buckle. In both burials, the human bones were in a poor preservation state.For the inventory of the burial Cx. 22 there are good analogies in other Basarabi burials, as in the cemeteries at Balta Verde, Basarabi, Gogoşu, Iaz, Sviniţa and Moldova Veche, but also in the bronze deposits from Ghidici and Hunia. The ceramic vessel from Cx. 20 is also specific of Basarabi culture. On the basis of the fibula in Cx. 22 (fibula with triangular plate, double resort, and spring made from twisted wire) the burials at Gelmar can be dated between the end of the 8th century and the first half of the 7th century B.C.
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