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Motivation and the Psycho-Emotional Reaction of Volunteers in War-Time

Author(s): Nadija Hapon,Agata Chudzicka-Czupała,Marta Żywiołek-Szeja,Zlatyslav Dubniak,Roger Ho / Language(s): English Issue: 1/2024

Aim. The aim was to study motivation functions and the psycho-emotional reaction to participation in volunteering in Polish and Ukrainian volunteers who assisted Ukrainian refugees at the beginning of the war in Ukraine in 2022.Methods. For the empirical study of volunteers, the team of authors developed the questionnaire. The Volunteer Functions Inventory VFI and the Depression Anxiety Stress Scales DASS were used. The significance of the differences between the mean results of the measured variables in the Polish and Ukrainian samples was tested using the Student's t-test. Volunteers' expectations of volunteer leaders were tested by analysing responses to the open exploratory question.Results. The article reveals similarities and significant differences between Polish and Ukrainian volunteers in their motives and psycho-emotional reactions to volunteering. A common motive for both samples is that they are not helping for the sake of their professional careers. Ukrainian volunteers had higher rates of protective, religious, and social motivation functions of volunteering. Polish volunteers had higher rates of motivation based on understanding and empowerment opportunities. Ukrainian volunteers scored higher than Polish volunteers on the depression, anxiety, and stress scales. Volunteers' motivation expectations of leaders indicate the importance for volunteers of leaders' adherence to values, openness of intentions and actions, and attentiveness to volunteers' difficulties.Conclusion. The survey results can be used in psychological training for volunteers, in planning the activities of volunteer leaders, and in developing new methods for studying volunteer motivation.

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BEZPIECZEŃSTWO I JAKOŚĆ KSZTAŁCENIA W SZKOLNICTWIE WYŻSZYM W WARUNKACH WOJNY W OCENIE UCZESTNIKÓW PROCESU KSZTAŁCENIA

Author(s): Olha Zozulak,Nataliia Bashuryn / Language(s): English Issue: 4/2023

The paper addresses the theoretical and applied analysis of sociological study findings. The study involved the vice-chancellor's office, lecturers and students of Kherson State Univer-sity, and the vice-chancellor's office, lecturers and students of Vasyl Stefanyk Precarpathi-an National University. The study covered: the safety and quality of distance learning under martial law in Ukraine. The authors of the article draw attention to the practical aspects of the matters discussed, and also to the genuine feelings of the participants in the educational process, related to teaching and studying at a higher education institution during Russia's invasion of Ukraine. The authors also address the multi-level tasks that the participants had to face in the educational process. They also elaborate on the problem-solving strategies. The paper analyses the actions carried out by the authorities of the two universities under review (from the onset of the Russia's full-scale military invasion of Ukraine), as well as their relevance and effectiveness. It was concluded that the primary objectives in these conditions were to ensure the safety of all participants in the educational process; to main-tain the quota of the personnel and students; to facilitate distance working and learning for both students and lecturers. The paper focuses on the occupied Kherson and Kherson Oblast. The results of the surveys previously carried out among the vice-chancellor's of-fice's representatives of the two universities were also analysed, as were the survey respons-es regarding the safety and implementation of all possible methods and platforms for dis-tance or hybrid (stationary and distance) learning. The authors draw attention to the practical issues and the extent to which it is now possi-ble to guarantee a genuinely safe and effective educational process during wartime. The opinions of academics employed at Kherson State University and Vasyl Stefanyk Precarpa-thian National University were taken into account. By analysing the surveys completed by lecturers among whom previous research had been conducted, the main emphasis was placed on the questions relating to: the conduct of lecturers during the classes when an air raid alert is declared; the feasibility of teleworking; the effective use of resources and tools provided by the university; the overall evaluation of the level of knowledge and communi-cation with students; the quality of the provision of higher education under the conditions of martial law in Ukraine. The authors indicate that, as far as the surveyed university students are concerned,- there is a need for continuous transparency in communication based on mutual trust between the students, lecturers and university management. The effort should encompass the vast array of factors that are currently making the education process more complicated. It was also found that a number of students feel the need and necessity for: the large-scale develop-ment of distant learning; the provision of multimedia to make the studies interesting and worthwhile; the improvement of educational delivery methods; a uniform approach to guaranteeing the safety of all participants in the educational process, particularly during missile attacks and air raid alerts; a reduction in the demands placed on students in terms of the teaching load, as well as the testing and assessment of their knowledge.

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INSTYTUCJE SZKOLNICTWA WYŻSZEGO UKRAINY W WARUNKACH WOJENNYCH: WYZWANIA, PERSPEKTYWY, NADZIEJA

Author(s): Larysa Lukianova / Language(s): Polish Issue: 4/2023

The present paper analyses the activities of Ukraine’s higher education institutions under wartime conditions, as well as the challenges faced by the higher education system under martial law. With the commencement of the armed aggression of the Russian Federation against Ukraine on 24 February 2022, the situation in education in Ukraine got significant-ly more complicated, with full-scale war acting becoming a difficult test for universities. The normative-legal adjustments regulating the activities of universities in relation to military aggression are described below. Separately, the losses suffered by the higher educa-tion system and the changes in the organization of Ukraine’s higher education institutions with a regional component were analyzed. Conclusions are based on the results of pro-cessing statistical information presented in reports of the State Statistical Service of Ukraine, the National Agency for Quality Assurance of Higher Education of Ukraine and other documents.

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Collaborating Pariahs: Does the Ukraine War Cement an Adversarial Cyber-Information Bloc?

Author(s): Chris Bronk / Language(s): English Issue: 1/2024

Russia’s 2022 invasion of Ukraine has dramatically altered global politics, not least that several so-called pariah states appear to be cooperating at a deeper level than at any time since the end of the Cold War. Occupying a critical position between the pariahs and the rest of the community of nations is China, an adversary to the United States, but not a pariah to the degree of Russia or its allies North Korea and Iran. Each of these countries has advanced both cyber and information operations. Considered here is a frame- work for understanding linkages between China and the pariahs; a chronicle of cyberattacks by each of the countries mentioned as well as consideration of possible collaboration; and observations on their propagandistic information operations since the beginning of the Russo-Ukraine War.

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Russia’s Invasion of Ukraine and National Cyber Security Strategies: Quantitative Comparison

Author(s): Olesya Vinhas de Souza / Language(s): English Issue: 1/2024

Shared understanding of the operational environment in the cyber domain is the key enabler of NATO’s cyber posture. However, there have been no attempts to evaluate empirically the impact of the war in Ukraine on intra-Alliance coherence. This study applies a novel methodology based on computation text analysis to evaluate the trends within the recently adopted national cyber strategies with regards to the description of threats, risks, and actors involved in carrying out these threats – in particular, Italy, Latvia, the United Kingdom, and the United States. The analysis shows that before the large-scale invasion, the congruence was low between the two continental European states vis-a-vis the UK and the US on threat and risk assessment. After the invasion, these dif- ferences became smaller and the language of the updated National Cyber Security Strategies became more homogeneous as mea- sured by the cosine similarity scores. There are still differences in the discussion of relevant actors in cyberspace. The methodology applied here can be extended to measure the cohesiveness of the Alliance’s cyber posture along other dimensions.

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A Revolution in Military Affairs and Modern Armaments in the Russia-Ukraine War of 2022-2023

Author(s): Giga Gogua / Language(s): English Issue: 20/2023

The Russia-Ukraine conflict in 2022-2023 unfolds against the backdrop of a rapidly evolving military technological landscape, characterized by advancements in artificial intelligence, cyber capabilities, and autonomous systems. This abstract delves into the intersection of these technological developments and their profound implications on the dynamics of the ongoing war. The study examines the role of emerging technologies in shaping the strategies and tactics employed by both Russia and Ukraine. It explores how artificial intelligence-driven command and control systems, unmanned aerial vehicles, and cyber operations have altered the traditional balance of power, offering new opportunities and challenges for both belligerents. The research draws on a comprehensive analysis of open-source information, military doctrines, to provide insights into the ways in which military technological revolution has influenced the Russia-Ukraine war.

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Energy Security Strategy of the European Union in the Background of the Russia-Ukraine War

Author(s): Alika Guchua,Megi Jomidava / Language(s): English Issue: 20/2023

In the 21st century, the issue of energy security is an important challenge for many states. Energy independence is an important component of the country’s national security. That is why its development is considered a priority of the country’s economic policy. Along with the trends of globalization, international energy relations are increasing day by day. However, the issue of energy security and vulnerability is equally on the agenda, which in turn is related to the problems of access to energy resources and the aggressive appeal of industrialized states with this issue, which creates a destabilizing vulnerable environment in the state. This issue was clearly revealed in the background of the 2022-2023 war between Russia and Ukraine. The mentioned issue is one important part of this paper, along with which the issue of renewable energies is also discussed. Renewable energies, the so-called practical way to get rid of petroleum products is growing more and more. Accordingly, the mentioned work considers both issues equally on the example of the European Union’s energy security strategy, within the framework of the Russia-Ukraine war. The paper discusses the European Union’s energy security policy and current challenges.

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The Consequences of the Russian-Ukrainian War on the Ukrainian Education System

Author(s): Lika Lagvilava / Language(s): English Issue: 20/2023

The Russia-Ukraine war that started in 2022 has affected the education system of Ukraine. It was preceded by a period of pandemic. The impact of war on education goes beyond a humanitarian crisis; It also threatens the future of the entire generation of Ukrainians in terms of education, because education is a priority direction that has no alternative. An educated generation creates a strong future for the country. In this sense, war has no winners. The hostilities disrupt the normal rhythm of life, which affects all spheres. The emotional state of war children is very significant and attention-grabbing. It is a pity when in the 21st century war is no stranger to children. Children have to overcome difficulties in front of this harsh reality.

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The securitization of foreign disinformation

Author(s): Nicole Jackson / Language(s): English Issue: 2/2024

This paper analyses the Canadian government’s foreign and security policy responses to Russian disinformation in the context of the Russo-Ukrainian war. It asks whether, how, and why the government has securitised the “crisis of Russian disinformation.” The paper first briefly reviews literature on the Copenhagen’s School’s “securitisation” theory and how it has been used to explain responses to other crises. It then adopts the framework to contextualise the Canadian federal government’s official rhetoric, and then to categorise government policies and actions. The sources consulted include government actors’ reports and stated intentions and policies from 2022 to 2024. Adopting a securitisation framework reveals that Russian disinformation has been rhetorically securitised by government actors as an existential threat to national security and democratic integrity which requires urgent action. Within a context of cascading risks, the government has taken a range of distinct yet reinforcing policies and actions, some more comprehensive than others. The paper argues that together this “pervasive rhetorical securitisation” and “ad hoc practical securitisation” comprise the Canadian government’s ongoing process of partial securitisation. This process is legitimising different methods of governance: security and warfare communications (to address threats to national defence and security), democratic resilience (to address threats to democracy), and, most controversially, blocking and sanctioning (to signal discontent to the Russian regime). The analysis further reveals that each approach has different benefits and limits. The paper concludes that the securitisation process is incomplete compared to the government's rhetoric, with no over-arching organisation or strategy. It outlines implications for future research.

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WYZWANIA LOGISTYCZNE DLA UKRAIŃSKIEGO EKSPORTU ZBOŻA W WARUNKACH ROSYJSKIEJ AGRESJI MILITARNEJ

Author(s): Heorhiy Cherevko / Language(s): Polish Issue: 1/2023

The aim of the research was to identify the consequences of Russia’s military aggression as a huge challenge for the logistics of the grain sector of Ukraine’s economy and to outline the main directions of its development in the near future. This analysis was conducted in the context of the problem under study, using an optimal combination of analysis and synthesis as well as induction, deduction, and scientific abstraction. The study takes into account the socio-economic effects of the war in Ukraine on the basis of retrospective data and makes an operative assessment of changes in the current situation with a forecast for the future. This approach was of a systemic nature, as the socio-economic effects of Russia’s military aggression against Ukraine in the context of the examined problem are considered at the national, regional, and global levels. The main results of the research include the identified consequences of Russia’s military aggression on logistics in the grain sector of Ukraine’s economy and the direction of its development in the near future. The obtained results may be useful to planners and strategists for the post-war reconstruction of Ukraine’s economy, in particular, logistics of grain management and export of its products.

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Kultura bezpieczeństwa społecznego migrantów w Polsce w świetle wyzwań i zagrożeń na przykładzie COVID-19 i wojny w Ukrainie

Author(s): Klaudia Skelnik,Zbigniew Witaszek,Mateusz Ziętarski / Language(s): Polish Issue: 4/2023

Contemporary reasons for migration are diverse and they are treated as the most active factor of human activity. Highlighting the scale of migration processes that generate challenges and threats in the modern world seems fully justified. Analysis of the experience of the influx of Ukrainian immigrants for economic purposes as a result of the migration crisis of 2015–2018, the mass influx of foreigners during the crisis on the Polish-Belarusian border and the specific exodus of war refugees from Ukraine as a result of the military conflict triggered profound changes in Poland’s migration policy. This article presents the expansion of the causes and effects of the above phenomena on state security in the social and economic dimensions. The role of migration policy in the new and changing security architecture was also highlighted.

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Legal Regulation and the Role of Cross-Border Electronic Commerce in the Process of Post-War Reconstruction of Ukraine

Author(s): Volodymyr Ustymenko,Vladyslav Teremetskyi,Olena Kurepina,Oksana Nemyrovska,Oleg Poltavskyy,Viktor Dovhan / Language(s): English Issue: 4/2024

The article examines the role of e-commerce and commercial representation in the context of the post-war reconstruction of Ukraine. The theoretical and legal characterization of electronic commerce and e-business in Ukraine was carried out, and their legal nature was revealed. The regulation of e-commerce in European law is considered, and examples of legal regulation of cross-border e-commerce in EU countries are given. Special attention is paid to commercial representation as a form of electronic commerce and its role in the reconstruction of Ukraine. Electronic trust services as an important aspect of commercial mediation in Ukraine have been studied. The process of bringing Ukraine's digital space closer to EU standards and its impact on the economy, in particular in the conditions of martial law, are analyzed. The potential of e-commerce to stimulate international business cooperation, cross-border operations, and diversification of sales markets abroad has been revealed. Challenges related to the process of convergence of Ukraine's digital space with EU standards have been identified. A set of measures is proposed to maximize the positive impact of the development of electronic trust services and electronic commerce on the economy of Ukraine. A conclusion was made about the key role of the development of e-commerce in strengthening the economy, filling the budget, and deepening Ukraine's international relations. The significance of these processes for ensuring the financing of investment projects for the reconstruction and integration of Ukraine into the European digital market is emphasized.

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Different Realities Surrounding the 2022 Russo-Ukrainian Conflict: The Cases of Russia Today and CNN

Author(s): Ivana Šorgić / Language(s): English Issue: 25/2024

This small-scale research aims to provide a combined quantitative and qualitative analysis of the framing of news articles about the 2022 Russo-Ukrainian conflict, focusing on online news portals Russia Today (RT) and CNN. The 5 generic frames: Attribution of responsibility, Human interest, Conflict, Morality, and Economic consequences, developed by Semetko and Valkenburg (2000), were used to perform the analysis. The purpose of this study was to compare the dominant frames and the extent of their usage in the two outlets. Following the compilation of two separate corpora with an equal distribution of 100 articles from each outlet, the articles were classified according to the frames they exhibited by utilizing a set of yes/no questions. To ensure reliability, the classifications were performed independently by both authors. The results of the analysis showed on one hand significant differences in the framing of the war between the two outlets, and on the other similarities in the extent to which framing was utilized. RT mostly relied on the Attribution of responsibility frame to present the West as responsible for the outbreak of war, as well as the Economic consequences frame to portray the Russian economy as resilient despite the Western sanctions. On the other hand, the most frequent frames in CNN’s articles were Conflict and Human interest, which focused on battlefield reports and portraying the Ukrainian side as worthy of assistance, respectively.

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Wojna rosyjsko-ukraińska na forum Organizacji Narodów Zjednoczonych – debaty i działania w pierwszym okresie agresji

Author(s): Krzysztof Szczerski / Language(s): Polish Issue: 1/2024

Russia’s full-scale aggression against Ukraine, which began in February 2022, poses a huge challenge to the activities of the United Nations in performing its basic function, which is to ensure global peace. The outbreak of this war itself can be considered a failure of UN preventive diplomacy, while the reactions to this event at the UN forum allow us to point out its strengths and weaknesses. They combine three elements: the practical effectiveness of the Organization and its specialized agencies in responding to the war crisis (humanitarian aid, support for refugees, agreement on grain exports through the Black Sea), the ability to politically mobilize the vast majority of member states in defense of the basic assumptions of the United Nations Charter expressed in the resolutions of the UN General Assembly and the internal deadlock related to the veto power of the aggressor state in the Security Council, paralyzing its decision-making process. This article outlines the fields of analysis of the impact of the first months of the Russian aggression against Ukraine in 2022 on events at the UN forum, as a case study indicating the current condition of the international system, defined as an order built on a community of rules expressed in the Charter of the United Nations (rule-based international order).

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Uwarunkowania i dotychczasowe skutki inwazji Rosji na Ukrainę – (nie)bezpieczeństwo ontologiczne, przetrwanie reżimu czy dewiacja ideologiczna?

Author(s): Oleksii Polegkyi,Tomasz Stępniewski / Language(s): Polish Issue: 1/2024

The article explains the reasons for the Russian offensive against Ukraine in terms of national security and Putin’s regime’s fear of democratization. It also offers a reflection upon ideological foundations prevalent in the Russian society. Such an approach will facilitate the understanding of how, in light of the core values and characteristics of that society, Ukraine has been portrayed as both a threat for Russian identity and an existential threat for Russia itself. The Russian invasion of Ukraine was undoubtedly aimed at gaining support at home and strengthening Putin’s regime. However, war is also integral to Putin’s project of Russia. Putin’s imperial thrust is rooted in the internal dynamics of this system. The current Russian regime is not so much based on ideology as it is striving to turn its propaganda clichés into an ideological platform. On the other hand, the war is accelerating the process of change in Russia – the current situation could lead to the collapse of Putin’s regime and even the disintegration of the Russian Federation itself, which harkens back to the collapse of the USSR.

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Ewolucja stanowiska Francji wobec Ukrainy w latach 2014–2022 jako przykład gry geopolitycznej mocarstw na obszarze Europy Wschodniej

Author(s): Kinga Torbicka / Language(s): Polish Issue: 1/2024

After 1989, France treated Eastern Europe as Russia’s sphere of influence. Until 2014, Ukraine was perceived as part of the former Russian Empire. After the annexation of Crimea by Russia, France became diplomatically active by participating in the negotiations of the Minsk agreements under the Normandy format. However, for the following years, Ukraine remained dependent on France’s political support towards Russia. The analysis aims to show the evolution of France’s position towards Ukraine in 2014–2022. This process consists in a transition from a lack of understanding of Ukraine’s geopolitical situation and desire to maintain dialogue with Russia to provide full support to Ukraine in its pursuit of European integration and real economic, political, military and humanitarian support. The analysis concerns the change of the position of France, its causes and importance for France-Ukraine relations and for Eastern Europe in the new geopolitical realities.

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Stanowisko Polski wobec agresji Rosji na Ukrainę. Perspektywy akcesji Ukrainy do Unii Europejskiej i NATO

Author(s): Józef M. Fiszer / Language(s): Polish Issue: 1/2024

The article aims to analyze Poland’s position on Russia’s aggression against Ukraine on February 24, 2022 and tries to show the prospects of its membership in the European Union and NATO. The undeclared war between Russia and Ukraine has been going on de facto since 2014, since the illegal annexation of the Crimean Peninsula to the Russian Federation. Since then and Russia’s aggression against Georgia in 2008, the West, led by the US, has been promising Ukraine membership in NATO and the European Union but for now, formal negotiations have not even begun. In this article, the author tries to answer why this is happening and, at the same time analyzes Poland’s position on Russia’s aggression against Ukraine in 2022 and its Euro-Atlantic aspirations. The main thesis is the statement that Ukraine’s accession to NATO and the European Union is in the Polish national interest and will not be without significance for Poland’s security.

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Implikacje wojny rosyjsko-ukraińskiej dla środowiska bezpieczeństwa Polski

Author(s): Alicja Zyguła / Language(s): Polish Issue: 1/2024

The prevailing features of the environment of modern countries are uncertainty, chaos and a completely new quality of emerging changes. The contemporary international environment is complex and multidimensional, and the conflict in Ukraine that has been ongoing since 2014 is a factor that significantly destabilizes it. When analyzing the situation in the region in the context of regional security complexes, issues related to Poland’s security should also be viewed through the prism of the situation in Ukraine, which is its direct neighbor. Russia’s attack on Ukraine destabilized the security environment in Europe and strengthened the concerns of those in power to ensure Poland’s security and mobilized the international community to take active action. The aim of this article is therefore to try to find an answer to the question: what is the state of Poland’s security environment? What implications does the war in Ukraine have for Poland’s security?

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Czy wojna Rosji z Ukrainą wzmocni czy osłabi Unię Europejską? Neofunkcjonalizm versus neorealizm – zderzenie perspektyw i ujęć

Author(s): Zbigniew Czachór / Language(s): Polish Issue: 1/2024

The analysis presented to the readers is based on an in-depth study of the content contained in the acts and documents of the European Union and concerning the implementation of the EU strategy in the field of security union in the context of the war in Ukraine. The text justifies and proves that the European Union has taken strategic decisions and actions providing Ukraine with strong support for the general cause economic, military, social and financial resilience, including granting its humanitarian aid. In addition, the EU strongly condemned Russia’s indiscriminate attacks against civilians and civilian infrastructure and called on Russia to immediately and unconditionally withdraw all troops and military equipment from all of Ukraine’s territory within its internationally recognized borders. The analysis of the research material presented in the study led to the formulation of the main hypothesis, which is: the war in Ukraine strengthens the EU at the strategic level at the same time leading to a clash of diverse forces and interests, which may result in fragmentation of the system, and thus its local (sectoral) weakening.

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Wojna na Ukrainie jako czynnik państwotwórczego rozwoju Unii Europejskiej

Author(s): Tomasz Grzegorz Grosse / Language(s): Polish Issue: 1/2024

The aim of the article is to analyze the impact of the war in Ukraine on European integration. In particular, bellicist theories will be analyzed. I pose the following research questions: Has the security threat resulting from Russian imperialism prompted the European Union to develop its own defense capabilities? Did it stimulate the development of state functions of this organization, e.g. centralization or federalization aimed at guaranteeing the security of member states, especially those located in the east of the EU? I am also trying to verify the reasons why the state-building of the EU encounters difficulties in the situation of the war in Ukraine. The study was conducted during the first two years of the full-scale war in Ukraine (2022–2023).

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