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Die Inschriften zeigen, dass die Einheiten von Tibiscum mehrmals die Legion aus Apulum in verschiedenen Kriegszügen unterstützte. Auch legio XIII Gemina half, wenn es nötig war, der Garnison von Tibiscum. Eine Arbeitsvexillation der Legion hatte wahrscheinlich am Anfang der römischen Herrschaft in Dakien die erste Bauphase aus Stein des Lagers von Tibiscum errichtet. Die epigraphische Evidenz zeigt uns eine genug enge Bindung zwischen den Auxiliartruppen von Tibiscum und dem Oberkommando der Provinz, mit Sitz in Apulum, ins besonders im 3. Jahrhundert. n. Chr. Die militärische Beziehungen zwischen Zentrum und Peripherie hatte auch die wirtschaftlichen Verbindungen ermutigt. So kann man bemerken, dass die von Tibiscum stammenden suri negotiatores in Apulum tätig waren.
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Result of association in a homogeneous system of some elements inherited or taken over, of interferences and own experiences, Romanic sculpture was generator of some original shapes, of intense circulation and wide geographical spread in early medieval Europe. Sculptures from Roman-Catholic cathedral from Alba Iulia – objective integrated to our study – are defining for the characteristics of Roman Transylvanian plastic, within choice and interpretation of the ornamental repertoire. Without knowing the abundance and diversity of manifestations occurred within Occidental plastic, Romanic sculpture from the Roman-Catholic cathedral from Alba Iulia made use of all the experiences of Romanic art in the field of architectonical decorum: the combination of joints offered by apparent masonry; discrete geometrical and vegetal motifs, purely decorative or the high expression of anthropomorphous and zoomorphic figurative.
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The articol presents 273 coins, belonging to the numismatic collection of the History Museum of Aiud, stamped between 1867-1947 by Carol I, Ferdinand I, Carol II and Mihai I, the sovereigns of the romanian Royal Dinasty at that time. There are also presented coins emitted after the monetary stabilization on 15th of August 1947.
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It was attempted by this study to complete references to the important document drawn up in Vintu de Jos on 23 October 1848, discovered and published, almost integrally, by Akos Egyed in 1995. Emphasis was laid on the list of subscribers, only now published integrally, which allows a thorough analysis of Hungarian community from the given area, behind which the revolutionary Romanian camp configures, with its local leaders, out of whom definitely an important place had then also the Greek-Catholic priest of Vintul, Ioan Cornea and rememoration of some symptomatic formulations of the peace agreement. Rereading and reinterpretation of document, which reveals turmoil from that time, of real civil war in Transylvania may still be made from now on, the documentary source identified by Akos Egyed being an essential one for understanding the real state of spirit, from different moments of the great and historical political, social and national confrontation, from Transylvania during 1848-1849.
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The article presents 189 coins belonging to the numismatic collection of the History Museum of Aiud, stamped by 12 emitters: Transylvanian princeps, Brasov city and Austro- German of Habsburg monarchs.
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Biography of a great historian is, invariably, the biography of a great man. Being born outside the political borders of Romanian state, but within the historical ones occupied by Romanian nation, Alexandru Lapedatu was animated, throughout his whole life, by the feeling of affiliation to a territory which he considered to be connected organically with the political project that started in 1859. Convinced about the role and Transylvania’s importance within a modern and democratic Romania, the historian imposed a duty of honour that is sustaining, both by political actions, and through his historical speech, the national action of Romanians from Transylvania, he always identifying with their cause. Trained as a political man following the activity carried out in the Cultural League and the contact with personalities who activated here, the historian, aware of the necessity of promoting much more consistent actions and at the same time coordinated with those from across the Carpathians, supported publicly, after 1900, the political activism of Romanians from Transylvania, as the only way of realizing and applying a political national programme. Thus, involvement of Alexandru Lapedatu in the Romanian political life had a positive role, the historian influencing, by personal experience gained following the research of national history, numerous decisions taken by the authorities of time. Without sketching an idilic portrait of the historian and political man Alexandru Lapedatu, we must underline his importance within the general evolution of Romanian society, accepting also the existence of some options which, over time proved to be less beneficial. Such a moment was that of the evacuation of the Romanian hoard from Russia, in 1917, in front of imminent offensive of German armies, event in which the historian also took part, as associate of national archives, which were enstranged with this occasion.
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To promote political objectives in relation to the Ottoman Empire, Vienna put into action, next to competence and determination, important amounts of money. The first important „pouring” of money was made in March 1548, on the account of the peace agreement from 1547, this way: 30.000 ducats for the treasury of the state, as ”price of peace”; 5.400 ducats representing „gifts” for Ottoman dignitaries from Istanbul; 2.200 ducats for the administrative body of diplomatic legation. Totally, almost 37.600 ducats were spent on diplomatic purposes. A simple calculation shows us that on the whole of diplomatic expenses of Vienna in Istanbul those supporting the staff of its diplomatic legation represented approximately 5-6 %, while those destined to Ottoman dignitaries represented approximately 14 %. If it were to report only to the money that entered thepockets of high Ottoman dignitaries, we notice that the sum allocated to the legation represented only 37 % from that for „gifts”. Out of data offered by documents valorized in this study the conclusion may be drawn that Viennese diplomacy was prudent and pragmatic when it negotiated or made payments in the capital of the Ottoman Empire. To the Ottoman dignitaries it offered much and gave little, always for services provided and never for promises. Practically, the Ottomans received money only in 1548, for conclusion of peace from 1547, and in the following two years, to maintain peace at the border from Hungary. On the whole, in 1548, 1549 and 1550, years when payments were made, the diplomatic expenses of Vienna in Istanbul were approximately of 12.000 ducats. On 1551, on the background of the crisis generated by the intervention of soldiers of Ferdinand I in Transylvania, payments towards the Ottomans ceased until issues concerning „the Transylvanian crisis” were solved.
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Dimitrie Vaida (1760-1818) was one of the first Romanian scholars preoccupied with the issue of interpreting the Scripture, next to Samuil Micu and Teodor Pop. His interest for this subject is explained by the activity as teacher at the Greek-Catholic Theological Seminary fromBlaj and as tutor of aspirants to priestly dignity. This text focuses on the analysis of the significations of his first work (from 1809), previous to the involvement within the polemics with Petru Maior, as supporter of bishop Ioan Bob. We refer to Învatatura povatuitoare spre cunostinta Sfintei Scripturi, a translation after creation of Fleming Jansenist theologian Joannes Opstraet, De locis theologicis dissertationes decem […], existent both in the library of „Holy Trinity” monastery from Blaj, and personal libraries of clerics Stefan Salciai and Alexandru Fiscuti. From the work of Opstraet, Dimitrie Vaida translated selectively theses referring to Holy Scriptures, Tradition, Church, Fathers of the Church and ecumenical synods. The selection aimed at omission of eminent theological issues, that weren’t indispensable to priests or those who prepared to become priests; on the other side, avoidance of more problematic issues and the other theses (related to authority of Roman pontifs, history, scholastic theology, philosophy and natural reason) resulted in offering a more Orthodox view, from doctrinal point of view, than that characteristic of Opstraet. Translation of Dimitrie Vaida is comparable with another contemporaneous traslation from the creation of Opstraet (printed in Blaj in 1811), known as Tractat despre locurile theologhicesti; differences between versions prove the fact that they were made by different translators. Importance of work Învatatura povatuitoare spre cunostinta Sfintei Scripturi, which remained in manuscript, is conferred mainly by its character of textbook; it rendered rules of lecturing and interpreting the biblical text and fundamental doctrinal notions related to the Holy Script, Tradition and Church, together with their mirroring in the writtings of the Fathers of the Church and canons of the ecumenical synods; last but not least, it is important by ample reproductions from the work of Saint Augustine, De Doctrina Christiana, referring to the exegesis of the Scripture and requests of Christian life.
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Began on 10 July 1940, the Battle of England continued with almost the same level of intensity also in the second half of 1941, more precisely with March, because in January and February weather conditions weren’t favourable for flights, fact that resulted in the instauration of a period of relative calm between the two combatants. In the spring of 1941, Hermann Göring realizing the vital importance of supplying Great Britain with working material, started to apply the so-called “tour of ports made by Luftwaffe”. As a consequence, important cities of Great Britain were bombarded, which were also ports, amongst them being, of course, London. Romanian press of the time recorded almost exclusively only the successes of German pilots, these being opposed to failures of British raids over Germany, which ended invariably in minor damages or only bombarding of some civilian targets. Information presented by Romanian journalists must not be taken into consideration ad literam, as they took over information from German press, so that events were presented in a twisted manner. Moreover, there must not be forgotten that Romania was an ally of the Third Reich. German air raid from 10/11 May was the last big air raid led against Great Britain, because, Hitler, not being capable to defeat the resistance of the British, was slightly upset and, finally, not knowing how to act, just like Napoleon, planned a campaign in Russia. Its conquering was perceived as a preliminary stage of the final battle with England. Thus, as July came, the Battle of England practically ended, even if sporadic attacks were still launched.
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In 1940, in a report that is forwarded to the Instruction Ministry, school inspector Nicolae Nistor begins his speech for reorganization of the village libraries insisting over the role of book in education.Throughout the report, his main argument, sustained by a series of statistical data, is the effort, in this direction, of two leading personalities of the Romanians, Spiru Haret and Constantin Angelescu, visionaries and at the same time men of action who, while leading the Minstry of Instruction, tried by a coherent legislative activity, and to a certain extent, they succeeded also the reformation of Romanian education, including in the world of village. The results of the efforts are proven by the establishment of village libraries, the organization of some courses of specialization with the purpose of training some good librarians recruited in most of the cases from among schoolmasters, the arousing of interest for reading in the world of the village, peasants who were able to read creating their own libraries.
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As all historical collections, the collection of manuscripts of Batthyaneum Library was constituted in the XVIIIth century, by the initiative and at the expense of Roman-Catholic bishop Batthyány Ignác (1781-1798), great collector and bibliophile from Transylvania, founder of the Astronomical Institute and the library of Batthyáni from Alba Iulia / Institutum Batthyanyani Albo-Carolinensis/ the actual National Library of Romania Batthyaneum Branch (1962 -). The private collection of the bishop of 764 manuscript-codices (IXth-XVIIIth centuries) obtained during the last two decades of the XVIIIth century, constitutes the core around which the collection was built; it consists today of 1778 inventory numbers. After a review of the collection’s increase over time and its indexing carried out by different authors, it is insisted on the qualities and imperfections of the actual catalogue of the collection, which was drawn up by Robertus Szentiványi, Catalogus concinnus librorum manuscriptorum Bibliothecae Batthyanyanae, IVth edition, Szeged, 1958. The article arguments the necessity of drawing up a new catalogue of the manuscripts belonging to Batthyaneum Library which to take into consideration the increase and losses that the collection suffered over time, the specialized bibliography that appeared during the last fifty years and norms of manuscript depiction that nowadays are practiced throughout in the world. A new catalogue of the manuscripts may be realized in two volumes: a catalogue of manuscripts from the IXth-XVIth centuries and a catalogue of manuscripts from the XVIIth-XXth centuries and will respond to internal and external issues of manuscripts, offering a more ample and uniform depiction of the collection than the previous accounts.
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The Ploughmen Front was just from its beginning (1933) one of the most obedient political organization to The Romanian Comunist Party, this attitude being emphasized in the years that followed The Second World War. This organization was probably the most loyal to the communists in the attempt of taking over the power in the state. The communists saw and had in the Ploughmen Front the most efficient antidote against the national peasantry members in the villages, where the party had a great influence. The Ploughmen Front was an organization artificially developed after the war, especially to counteract the National Peasantry Party in the rural areas. After the communist party regime had become official, its interest in maintaining The Ploughmen Front disappeared. The less and less important attributions which this organization was having, eventually came to the decision of self-dissolution, but that was in fact, a dissolution decided and put in practice by the communists. In 1952 the role and the attributions of the Ploughmen Front totally disappeared. In fact, this organization was no longer useful because the Romanian Workers Party (Labor Party) had already created more efficient structures in the territory, such as the People’s Councils and it no longer needed the ploughmen’s party structures. Things became more clearly on the 24th of September1952, when a new constitution of the Popular Republic of Romania was adopted. This new constitution said that the Romanian Workers Party was „the leading force both for the working class organizations and for the state bodies and institutions”.Under these circumstances it was obvious that the Ploughmen Front had become an obsolete organization in spite of the fact that Mr. Petru Groza was still having an important role in the state. The so-called „self dissolution” was decided on the 7th of February 1953 during a meeting of the leaders of the Ploughmen Front. The Central Committee of the Ploughmen Front „carefully” presented the reasons of the dissolution to the county committees. The meetings for dissolutions took place in a „healthy” atmosphere in departments and counties and all the members unanimously voted for it. But in the village organizations there was an attitude of dissatisfaction and surprise. And all these because the Front was seen as a communist organization. The proper process of the self-dissolution of the Ploughmen Front lasted until the 22nd of March 1953, when the last issue of its newspaper was printed. All the properties which belonged to the organizations of the Ploughmen Front in the departments and counties were given to the communist party husbandry. All the reference archives, the library and all the materials kept in departments and counties were handed over, too. In the villages, all the materials such as subscription stamps, booklets, party membership cards were handed over to the party department organizations. In case that the village organiz
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The aim of the present study is the research and introduction to the scientific circuit of a number of pottery artefacts from Petresti-Groapa Galbena that have a decoration specific to the Precucuteni-type of excised ornamentation. The decoration was made in the interior of the parallel incised lines and employed the excision technique with „wolf’s teeth” and „chess board” motif. These types of decoration are typical to Precucuteni Culture, Phase I and II. The repertory of the Precucuteni-type discoveries in present Transylvania (Plate IV) includes 35 archaeological references. The present state of research determines us to believe that all these artefacts cannot be interpreted merely as Precucuteni import in the Transylvanian settlements anymore. We consider that the most part of the excised pottery of the Neolithic settlements in the Middle Mures basin lost its initial ethnical and cultural component. At this moment, it becomes visible a separation of the settlement group of the Southern Eastern part of Transylvania from the archaeological sites of the Southern Western and Central parts of the province.
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An issue that the entire gold industry had to deal with (becoming critical due to the significant financial fluctuations, particularly during the Second World War and afterwards), closely related to the production was the gold price which “affected – as the Chairman of the “Mica” Board of Directors, Ion Gigurtu stated at the presentation of the 1940 Activity Report - the profitability of the capital invested in the gold companies". Setting of a fixed gold price and bonuses for the obtained gold production have always been major objectives for the gold mining companies. Disregarding of these issues led to the occurrence and „undisturbed” perpetuation of the gold smuggling phenomenon which facilitated the overseas sale of large amounts of precious metals at prices higher than those offered by the National Bank of Romania. This situation was regulated in 1942 once the Mining Law was adopted; Article 82 of the law provided that the gold sale price was the world price. However, this regulation was not conclusive. The gold price was modified every 15 days by a Commission of the Ministry of Industry and Commerce. In 1929 only, on February 7, the Monetary Stabilization Law established a gold price close to the world price (Lei 111,111.111). In addition to the gold price stabilization, the State also considered the possibility to award bonuses intended to encourage the noble metal producers in developing the gold mining industry by investments particularly in exploration of new veins and development of new galleries. In 1936, pursuant to discussions held with the representatives of the Ministry of Industry and Commerce, the Council of Ministers decided that the National Bank of Romania should pay a bonus of 20 % of the gold value for each kg of fine gold delivered by the State Refining Office.
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Im Zuge der Vorbereitung der Sonderausstellung „Das Goldene Viereck in Siebenbürgen – Der Bergbau in Brad, Baia de Aries, Baita bei Deva und Baia Mare“ wurden in den Restaurierungswerkstätten des Nationamuseums der Vereinigung Alba Iulia (Karlsburg) sieben Grubenrisse restauriert. Sie stammen aus den Bergorten Baita und Baia de Aries und befinden sich heute in Privatbesitz. Im Laufe der Zeit wurden sie in Mitleidenschaft gezogen, sowohl was das Papier auf denen sie gezeichnet wurden, als auch was die Leinwand betrifft auf die sie aufgezogen (kaschiert) waren. Es waren Brüche vor allem an den Stellen festzustellen an denen sie geknickt waren bzw. am Rand, durch eine nachträgliche Verstärkung mit aufgenähtem Textilband. Verfärbungen und Flecken waren dort nachzuweisen, wo man provisorisch und unfachmännisch versucht hatte, dem Loslösen des Papiers von der Leinwand durch Auftragen von Klebebändern entgegenzuwirken. Aufgrund von Laboruntersuchungen konnte das ursprünglich verwendete Klebemittel (Gelatine) und der Säuregehalt des Paiers (von verschiedenen Stärken) festgestellt werden. Bei der Gelegenheit konnte auch nachgewiesen werden, dass die Tusche, im Gegensatz zu den anderen bei den Grubenrissen verwendeten Farben wasserfest war. Die ausgesprochene Restaurierungsarbeit bestand aus dem sorgfältigen Entfernen der textilen Einfassungen, mit denen man versuchte die Grubenrisse widerstandsfähiger zu machen und aus dem Verstärken der Ränder mit einer Schutzschicht aus japanischen Fließ. Nachdem im Vorfeld die Farben gefestigt wurden erfolgte auf einem Spezialpult die feuchte Reinigung der Grubenrisse. Für die Ergänzung der fehlenden Partien wurde doppelt (beiderseitig) aufgetragenes Japanpapier verwendet, während für die flächendeckende Verstärkung der Papiers der Karten auch die ursprüngliche Leinwand verwendet wurde. Dieser Arbeitsgang wurde sorgfältig gemacht umd das Entstehnung einer Spannung zwischen Papier und Leinwand zu vermeiden. Die Grubenkarten stammen aus den Jahren 1814-1884 und gehören hiermit in die letzte Entwicklungsetappe des Grubenrisswesens aus Siebenbürgen laut der chronologischen Gliederung, die Franz Kirnbauer in seinem Beitrag: „Die Entwicklung des Grubenrisswesens in Österreich“ (siehe Literaturhinweis) für Österreich und seine Kronländer, erarbeitet hat. Die Risse wurden in der Regel von Vermessungstechnikern (Markscheidern), aber auch von Bergwerkspraktikanten (ineiner Grubenkarte „Bergeleven“ genannt) oder auch von fachkundigen Gewerken erstellt. Bemerkerkens ist, dass auf einigen dieser Karten die genaue Angabe gemacht wird, wann sie „aufgenommen“, also markscheiderisch erhoben und anschließend „trigonometrisch aufgetragen und vermessen“ wurden.
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The present study begins from the context immediately created after the First World War, following the position of survivers and public opinion, in general, towards the ended conflagration. Special attention is paid to the French area, then it is discussed the way in which cinema, a „democratic” form of culture of rapid expansion, reflects social and political realities of respective years. The analysis focuses on the film J’accuse, of Abel Gance director, which had two releases or two different versions, one at the beginning of interwar period (1919) and the other one at its final (1938), film considered by critics as being the first important anti-war film. There are two guiding marks that define exactly the position of the pacifist segment towards war, each with its characteristic features, the first release making reference to the horrors bore by soldiers, that risk to be ignored by survivers, while the second addresses to the danger in which humanity is while menaced by the imminent outbreak of a new conflict. More images and symbols of the two releases are taken into consideration, analysing their significations. The central theme is the resurrection of dead soldiers and their march to draw attention or punishing the living, unworthy of the sacrifice made by the fallen.
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The present article is an attempt to overview the processes the administration of different lands in the Grand Duchy of Lithuania. The Kiev Duchy was a subject under consideration falling under the power of the Great Duchy of Lithuania in the third decade of the 14th century. When the Kiev Duchy fell into the view of the Grand Duchy of Lithuania, a Great Duke vicegerent was appointed. Apart from this institution, however, the Tartar Bascac was also functioning. The influence of Poland in the region had weakened. New changes in the status of the Kiev Duchy became apparent in the early 70s of the 14th century after the Blue Waters Battle, when the Tartar influence in the region had abated. Algirdas, the Grand Duke of the Great Duchy of Lithuania, could then enthrone his son in Kiev.
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