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Originally published in: "Bulletin of the International Commission of Jurists", Den Haag, Dezember 1956 (Original title:The "Rule of Law" and "Socialist Legality" in the USSR)
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In the introduction, the Author presents a brief historical outline of the cooperative movement in Poland. The activity of Common Cooperative of Consumers „Społem” Wadowice, based on the chronicle of this organization, was presented with particular emphasis on its development in the first post-war years. The author characterized the contribution of cooperatives to the development of the city, the local service market and entrepreneurship. The whole ends with a summary in which he emphasizes that the transformations of the 1990s led to an almost complete collapse of this form of socio-economic activity.
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source: Правда, Moscow, Dec. 6, 1964 (Der Staat des gesamten Volkes)
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Cesta českých kulturních pracovníků do Německa a Holandska v září 1940
Between 1939 and 1943, trips to Nazi Germany and to territories occupied by Germany (France, Belgium, the Netherlands, Poland, a large part of the Soviet Union) ranked among important tools influencing the public opinion in the so-called Protectorate of Bohemia and Moravia. The study deals with a trip of a group of Czech intellectuals – artists, representatives of culture and journalists – to Germany and the Netherlands in September 1940. Under German guidance, the 35-strong delegation was composed to give a representative and diverse impression. Apart from newspapermen collaborating with Germans, such as Karel Lažnovský (1906–1941) or Vladimír Krychtálek (1903–1947), men active in different segments of culture were invited as well, including personalities as outstanding as the directors of the dramatic company and the opera ensemble of the National Theatre in Prague, Jan Bor (1886–1943) and Václav Talich (1883–1961), respectively, operatic singers Jan Konstantin (1894–1965) and Pavel Ludikar (1882–1970), violin virtuoso Váša Příhoda (1900–1960), publisher Bedřich Fučík (1900–1984), or architect Jan Sokol (1904–1987). The study focuses primarily on five writers who took part in the trip. Jaroslav Durych (1886–1962) and Václav Renč (1911–1973) ranked among Catholic-oriented authors, while Josef Knap (1900–1973) and Jan Čarek (1898–1966) represented so-called ruralists (writers of the country), and Josef Hora (1891–1945) was a leading poet, initially writing social poetry and later reflexive lyric poetry. Between the wars, all of them had been critical toward the reality of the First Republic in one way or another, the first four from conservative positions and Hora on the left (until 1929, he had been a member of the Communist Party). The trip’s programme had been put together very ingeniously. In addition to proofs of the Third Reich’s brutal strength (a visit of the bombed-out city of Rotterdam, a sightseeing tour of the Krupp arms factory in Essen), the travelers were served a menu of diverse cultural experiences (visits of theatrical performances, exhibitions and museums, outstanding architectural creations etc.). In Berlin, they were received by Joseph Goebbels (1897–1945), Reichsminister of Public Enlightenment and Propaganda, who emphasized, while addressing them, that the survival of the Czech nation and its culture depended on its submission to the German Reich. Upon their return home, all participants were forced to give public statements about the trip and their impressions, which had to conform to Nazi propaganda. Having described the above facts, the author analyzes defence strategies which the above mentioned authors were using while writing made-to-order articles or showing their supposed loyalty in order to avoid being dragged into the Nazi propaganda machine. They were bypassing some topics, resorting to allegories and ambiguities, and making use of concealed irony. In the end of the study, the author follows the fates of those who took part in the trip to Germany and the Netherlands, pondering, in a more general manner, fuzzy boundaries and dilemmas of guilt and collaboration in a totalitarian regime. Attached to the article are short biographies of all thirty-five participants in the trip.
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Бокељски трговци држали су се, као и млетачки, начeла слободне трговине. Само што ово начела несамо да није било у сукобу са захтјевима трговачке солидарности, неrо ју је учвршћивало, будући да се ју у праксу проводило управ зато да се онемогуће насиља гусара уопће, а Турака у арбанашкоме приморју понапосе.
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The study deals with the first part of the Hebrew Chronicle „Qorot ha-cittim“ by A. Trebitsch of Nikolsburg (around 1760-1840). It compares this work with the contemporary historiography and tries to elucidate the chronicle’s place and significance within the framework of Hebrew historiography.
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Transgression of Gender Boundaries as Part of Female Identity in Communist and Contemporary Bulgaria
There is growing interest into how cultural frameworks produce stereotypes of “masculine” and “feminine” foods. The patterns and dynamics of this process have been discussed mainly from a socio-cultural perspective, but the research thus far has failed to create a conceptual framework to explain both the persistence in the association of some foods with a specific gender and shifts in others. Based on a case study of attitudes in communist and post-communist Bulgaria towards tripe soup – a dish with great potential to be perceived as manly – this article suggests that it is useful to consider food gendering as composed of several levels of codification. One of them is the perception about what constitutes masculinity and femininity in general, and this transpires to be the most conservative and consistent across periods and cultural frameworks. The second level of codification is the attribution to foods of certain traits, which are then associated with the content of masculinity and/or femininity. The associations made on this level are sometimes able to shift, depending on the cultural framework, but they can also form stable compounds, such as the association between meat and masculinity. The third level of codification is the inclination of the sexes to transgress the borders set by the first two levels in the process of building their gender identity. As gender is not something that one is, but something that one does, individuals assume their gender roles depending upon circumstances, and it is possible that this level of “codification” is a level of constant enactments, the most volatile of the three. This article investigates how tripe soup was constructed as “masculine” and how these discourses have been challenged. It argues that the process reflects shifts in the acceptability of women’s association with “masculinity”, rather than changes in the perceptions of what constitutes “the feminine” or “the masculine”.
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The article seeks to test a thesis - that was set during the Second World War and gradually grew into an unquestionable fact in a part of historiographical literature - "foreign Ustashe", primarily those from the western parts of Herzegovina, were the most responsible for crimes committed over Serbian-Orthodox community in the East Herzegovina during 1941. The article is composed of two parts: analytical elaboration in the first part and appendices containing extracts from documents of the District Court in Mostar.
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Európa šedivie. Staroba a starnutie sa tak stále častejšie stávajú predmetom mediálneho, sociálno-politického i výskumníckeho záujmu. Subjektívne prežívanie tejto životnej etapy i starnutia ako procesu je však v stredoeurópskom prostredí v sociálnych vedách skúmané málo. Ľubicu Voľanskú zaujímali motivácie správania sa a činností starých ľudí, ich postoje k vlastnému správaniu a konaniu a k správaniu a konaniu iných, ako sú zobrazené v ich autobiografických textoch. V monografii sleduje ambivalentné vnímanie staroby vo verejnom a odbornom diskurze prepojené s vnímaním starými ľuďmi v súvislosti s hranicami staroby. Bežne kladené otázky: Kto je starý? Ako možno stanoviť časovú alebo inú hranicu, odkedy je človek starý? necháva zodpovedať svojich partnerov a partnerky vo výskume. Ich výpovede dáva do kontextu širokej odbornej literatúry, ktorá sa hranicou staroby a prežívaním staroby zaoberá.
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Holokaust v českém samizdatu
This is a Czech translation of ‘“Vergangenheitsbewältigung” auf Tschechisch: Der Holocaust im tschechischen Samizdat’, which is published in Peter Hallama and Stephan Stach (eds), Gegengeschichte: Zweiter Weltkrieg und Holocaust im ostmitteleuropäischen Dissens (Leipzig: Leipziger Universitätsverlag 2015, pp. 237–60). The author analyses representations of the Holocaust in Czech dissident literature published as samizdat in the 1970s and 1980s. He concentrates on historical writings, but also considers journalistic contributions, memoirs, and works of belles-lettres, as well as translations of publications. In particular, the article considers two aspects that highlight the difficulties one faced and continues to face when trying to fully integrate the Holocaust into Czech national history. First, the Holocaust was often understood by the dissidents as evidence of the inhuman nature of totalitarian regimes. This interpretation, however, led to placing the persecution of the Jews by the Nazi regime on the same level as the persecution of the Czechs by the Nazi and Communist regimes. Second, if there was a reassessment or questioning of the Czech national master narrative, then topics such as home-grown antisemitism or the Holocaust were not addressed. The dissidents admitted that Czechoslovakia also had its question of guilt, but they related it to the expulsion of the German minority after the Second World War. The Holocaust, by contrast, did not generate any similar debate among the dissidents. The behaviour of Czechs during the Second World War, the attitude towards Jews, and domestic antisemitism were thus not questioned at all. The Holocaust has, according to the author, therefore tended to be overlooked or, at best, mentioned only incidentally in writing about twentieth-century Czech history – whether the authors published their texts in state-owned publishing houses or in samizdat.
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Am 6. März 1952 veröffentlichte die ostberliner "Tägliche Rundschau" auf der ersten Seite dreispaltig folgenden Aufruf, den wir gekürzt wiedergeben
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In December 1512 a consortium of Jewish printers and financiers in Prague completed the printing of a siddur, a prayer book for weekdays and the Sabbath services. Thanks to its publication, the Bohemian lands became one of the first places – after several localities in Italy, the Iberian peninsula and Constantinople – where there were Hebrew printing presses run by Jewish printers. From then on, Hebrew books were published to varying degrees of intensity in Prague and later in Prostìjov (Prossnitz), Brno (Brünn) and Mikulov (Nikolsburg) until the first half of the 20th century. The staff at the Jewish Museum in Prague (JMP) prepared several projects to commemorate the event. The results of research lasting for several years are presented in the collaborative monograph Hebrew Printing in Bohemia and Moravia edited by Olga Sixtová (Prague 2012, ISBN 978-80-200-2220-2).1
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Texts from: "Sowjetskoje Gossudarstwo i Prawo", Moskau, Nr. 10, 1951 (Original title: Raswitije sowjetskogo sozialistitscheskogo prawa w tschetwertoj stalinskoj pjatiletke) "Sowjetskoje Gossudarstwo i Prawo" , Moskau, Nr. 10/1951 (Original title: Wsaimodejstwije prawa i nrawstwenllosti w sowjetskom sozialistitscheskom obschtschestwe) "Komso.molskaja Prawda1/,Moskau, 19. Oktober 1951 (Original title: Bes blagoslowenija uprawdoma)
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The article discusses the problematic status of mountain literature and anthologization processes that shape it. Mountain literature was developed in opposition to the core of modern literature and at the same time was determined by the impulses and phenomena shaping modernism. The author describes the character of selected Polish anthologies of the second half of the 20th century as specific practices defining modern mountain texts. He considers the anthologization procedures to be consistent with processes of collecting and differentiating, which are distinctive for the modern culture.
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The notion of ghettoization is increasingly used in political science and sociology in the context of the processes of creating closed social, ethnic, political, informational spaces. Unfortunately, historical Bucovina experienced several phases of depletion of social capital during the communist regime. In the last century there has been an extensive process of depletion of social capital in Bucovina, and information ghettoization has become a new challenge. Northern and southern Bukovina are framed in two different information spaces, in two different political systems, and the population woke up without a common historical memory. If we talk about Ukraine and Romania, some small steps must be taken to begin with, without which the other discussions seem meaningless. Unfortunately, the public radio and television stations of Ukraine and Romania do not have permanent correspondents in the neighboring states. As a result, the consumer of information forms his image of the neighboring state from foreign sources, often financed by third parties or, at best, from translations of European news agencies. There is a need to set up a press cluster in the Bucovina cross-border area.
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