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Surveys and References / The Man of the Balkans in the Epoch of Crises and Ethno-political Collisions during the 20th Century. Rossiiskaya akademiya nauk, Institut slavyanovedeniya. Sankt-Peterburg, "Aleteya" 2002,406 pp.
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The religious and socio-political activity of Exarch Stefan occupies a considerable place in the history of Bulgaria and the Bulgarian Orthodox Church, but for a long period of time it remained outside the attention of the researchers, It was only in the 1990s that both the Bulgarian and the Russian secular historiography “opened” to the theme thanks to the wider access to the archival materials and to a more liberal thinking. In this study the authoress makes an attempt to fill essential lacunae in the studies on the life and activity of Exarch Stefan on the basis of Russian archival materials. Based on them she offers her own interpretation of aspects of the socio-political activity of the Exarch in the context of Soviet-Bulgarian relations during the period under review.
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Local self-government was a problem of public importance aimed at the successful development of the Bulgarian municipalities. It was an indicator of democracy in the government of society and a principle in the organization of the modern state. The foundations of the democratic state system in Bulgaria were laid after the Liberation in the two formations with different statutes; the Principality of Bulgaria and Eastern Roumelia. This article considers the question of the development of local self-government, its organization and activity both generally in Eastern Roumelia and its concrete manifestation in the Stara Zagora Municipality during the time prior to and after the passing of the Organic Statute on April 26, 1879.
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The teachers’ conventions which were held in the late 60s and early 70s of the 19th century were important events in the history of Bulgarian education during the National Revival. Caused by certain negative tendencies in the development of school life, they set themselves the goal of overcoming the organizational lack of co-ordination and the thorough decentralization of education and of assisting the introduction of identical study programmes obligatory for everybody. Due to the absence of unifying cultural national institutions, the organization of the first teachers’ conventions was effected by the local municipalities and reading-rooms, with the hope to grow gradually into regional and all-national undertakings. They failed to reach this stage but the conventions in Stara Zagora, Plovdiv, Razgrad, Oryahovo and elsewhere marked the beginning of a decisive turn in the development of Bulgarian schools, particularly of the village schools which to that point were in a most backward and primitive condition. The first teachers’ conventions laid the foundations of the teachers’ professional organizations and prepared the conditions for calling during the following years of many bigger and more authoritative conventions held by the Bulgarian Orthodox Church.
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Yurii Ivanovich Venelin had original hypotheses and conjectures in the field of our history, folklore studies, linguistics, literature, national psychology and ethnography. His name consolidated in belles-lettres and scientific literature, it was mentioned in liturgies. It united enlighteners and revolutionaries, members of the intelligentsia of different generations. The admiration of Venelin comprised not only wholehearted trust but also solidarity with what he defended and popularized as his scientific credo. In different periods of its political, literary and cultural development the Bulgarian National Revival intelligentsia stressed different aspects of his entire work, accepted with romantic exaltation one thing, was reserved or polemically disposed to another. The peculiarity in the building of the national awareness, the national psychology and character, the specific experiences of the different literary generations predetermined the acceptance and appreciation of Venelin by such figures as Vassil Aprilov, Neophyte Rilski, Karavelov, Botev and Rakovski.
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The adoption of the Constitution Amendment Law of Decembe 5, 1883 is examined in the article as an attempt of the Government of Compromise, headed by Prime Minister Dragan Tsankov (made up of moderate liberals and conservatives), at a reform of the Constitution. The text of the Turnovo Constitution and the proposed amendments in it, passed by the Third Regular National Assembly, are analysed in a comparative plan.
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During the period of Byzantine rule in Bulgaria (11th-12th c.) Bulgarian historical culture was expressed through the historico-apocalyptic works. Its functioning during the time when Constantinople through the Archiepiscopate of Ohrid implemented its ideological programme with respect to the Bulgarians has not been subjected to independent analysis. With the consolidation of historicism as a fundamental method of research the study of this problem has become still more topical and necessary. The studies during the past few years have made the picture of the policy of the Eastern Empire still more specific and realistic. The purposeful study of the Byzantine and Old Bulgarian eschatological literature during the last decades of the 20th c. has extended the nation of its importance as a source on socio-political life. The observations and findings of specialists concerning the individual works make it possible to proceed with an independent and more comprehensive examination of the problem of the development of the historical culture of the Bulgarians during the 11th-12th c. This is one of the basic tasks of this investigation. The comparatively large number of eschatological prophecies drawn up in Old Bulgarian during the second half of the 11th-12th c. raises the question of the attitude of Byzantium to the cultural tradition of the Bulgarians and more particularly to their literary heritage. At the same time they give grounds for the historical culture of the Bulgarians to be subjected to evaluation and analysis within the context of the changes which took place in the Bulgarian-Byzantine cultural synthesis in the 11th-12th c. This is also the other basic task of this study.
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The theme of the Bulgarian commercial literature during the National Revival still remains inadequately researched. Its largest part consisted of textbooks on commerce, this collective concept comprising all the aids on subjects directly or indirectly connected with trade, with its practical side, used for educational purposes at school and also by merchants in their professional instruction. It is the question of the subjects of book-keeping (diplography), geography, arithmetic, general history, of the textbooks, dictionaries and foreign language textbooks, and letterwriting manuals which helped commercial education and qualification. An attempt is made in the article at the analytical presentation of all these publications brought out in the 30s-70s of the 19th c. (i.e. in the period up to the Liberation) which numbered over 200. Their comparison with the European and Balkan publications leads to inferences about the foreign influences in this country and also about certain specific features of the Bulgarian titles caused by the requirements of the merchants during the National Revival. The theme of commercial textbooks is an introduction to a more extensive problem: that of the modernizing (Europeanizing) role of trade in the Bulgarian National Revival society which includes a number of interesting and important questions: about commercial literature in general, the merchant’s mentality and the attitude towards the merchant, the emergence of the new trade structures, the provisions of commercial law in the practice of the Bulgarian merchant, etc.
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The position of the Turkish minority in Yugoslavia during the first decade after the end of the Second World War is examined in the article, The principal questions considered are: 1. The problem about establishing the exact size of the Turkish population in Yugoslavia during the period under review. 2. The socio-economic and cultural position of the Turkish minority 3. The policy of the Yugoslav Communist Party towards the Turkish population. 4. The emigration question and its repercussions.
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In the present state of the Bulgarian economy the memory of Zhivkov.s time evokes nostalgia in many people. Bipolar are also the evaluations of the role of the Soviet factor in the country.s industrialization. For a large section of the Bulgarian dissidents Zhivkov was the main brake of Gorbachev.s perestroika. In the new historiography also gains ground the view that he was far more dogmatically thinking than the democrat Gorbachev. Does this view, however, refer also to Zhivkov.s economic policy? What was the role in and the personal responsibility of Bulgaria.s long-standing party and state leader for the uncontrolled drawing off of the national capital? The present study tries to answer both these and other questions directly corresponding to the causes for the failure of the system which had a fateful effect not only on the recent past but also on our present time. The study is based chiefly on the minutes of the meetings of the Politburo, kept in the Central State Archives. They reveal a number of details of the course of the economic reform in Bulgaria, of the influence of the Soviet perestroika on it and of the start of the hidden privatization. In this massif of documents are also the shorthand records from the meetings between T. Zhivkov and M. Gorbachev which shed new light on their relations and differences of principle.
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The article looks into the ethnic composition of the community of the Kipchaks, called also Cumans, Polovtsians, etc. On the basis of the source material an attempt is made to demonstrate that the Cumans were not a homogeneous ethnic body. Among the various hordes have been discovered Mongolian, Oguz, Tyurgesh and Korluk elements. The hypothesis is proposed that the Cumanian horde (= tribe, clan) Urusoba, closely associated with the activity of the first Assens, derived its name from the word combination by which the Turki-speaking peoples called the swan, tabooed by them, translated as “white, bright bird”. In the steppes of Southern Russia in the late 11th c. appeared the Urusoba hord in whose name transpirs the adjective “urus” ( ) - bright, white and at present among the peoples heirs to the Cumans exist tribes and clans “Kushchi”. The possibility is allowed that from the Urusoba horde originated the clan of Guman descent Bosoroba that in the early 14th c. headed the Wallachian Principality north of the Danube.
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