Две сведения на Климент Александрийски за музиката на траките
The article examines two informative reports by Clement of Alexandria regarding the music of the Thracians
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The article examines two informative reports by Clement of Alexandria regarding the music of the Thracians
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The paper aims to present and to analyze the elements of interest captured in an aerial photograph taken on 11.05.1944 by the German army above the area of Băiceni village, in whose perimeter is situated the eponymous settlement of the Cucuteni civilization. The published photograph represents an original historical document, which allows to describe the evolution of the phenomena and events which affected this important archaeological monument throughout the time.
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The paper presents data on the mosque of the village of Bokavici, Lukavac municipality, Tuzla Canton. Its construction and reconstruction over a period of more than ninety years, as well as the imams who have performed their duties in the past, and are less known to the public
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The sketch focuses on two novels by Olga Tokarczuk (Flights and The Books of Jacob), seeking to show different ways of using the travel motif. In Tokarczuk’s case, in fact, this is not only about moving in the geographical space, but also about exploring one’s own self. The questions posed by the author of House of Day, House of Night are universal; addressing fundamental aspects, they reveal the 21st century human condition. The writer often uses the motif of time, of the book or of travelling as such, showing literature as a specific language of communication that makes it possible to experience other people’s lives.
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Sustainability of cultural heritage is a complex issue and is rarely measured, especially at the project level, mainly due to a lack of universal heritage sustainability indicators. This is why many heritage projects are only partially sustainable. This article defines the concept of heritage sustainability and offers methods to measure and evaluate it. The research presented was conducted on good practice examples analysed in Greece, Italy, the Netherlands, Poland, Portugal, and Spain, which are assessed as strategic projects within specific EU, regional, or local policy instruments. The methodology, which explored possible indicators for evaluating the sustainability of cultural heritage investments, involved desk research and ex post analysis of selected heritage projects funded within a policy instrument, interviews with cultural heritage managers, focus groups, and comparative analysis of best practices analysed. The findings showed the crucial importance of cooperation and broad participation of various stakeholders, excellent cultural management, diversification of funding sources, community involvement and appropriation of cultural heritage by the community, respect for professional standards, innovative solutions, and careful spatial planning in ensuring heritage sustainability. Transferability of good practice examples is challenging because it depends on the local context. In order to be able to measure heritage sustainability at the project level, an all-encompassing set of cultural heritage sustainability indicators is proposed. To justify heritage investments, policy instruments may consider future priorities based on this set of indicators.
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In the whole concept of the communist ideology of the functioning of the totalitarian regime, the bureaucratic party nomenclature, which was appointing and dismissing persons from posi- tions in the structures of power, was of fundamental importance. In this context, the controlling dimension of katynizm shows the process of achieving the goal by using appropriately chosen methods. The consequence of such actions is organising the structure of socio-political life pursuant to especially worked out pedagogy of fear and punishment. It should be noted that the latter is generally applied in every ideology, not only the totalitarian one.
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The scientific development in the USSR has come a long way. Despite all the obstacles posed during its formation and development, it has reached a reasonably high level by the mid-1980s. This achievement was mainly in the natural and technical sciences. The progress was determined by the USSR’s desire to keep the palm in space exploration, nuclear physics, petrochemistry, and other sciences of strategic importance for the country’s development. In these areas, contacts were established with world scientific centers and exchange of scientific achievements took place. As a result, Soviet scientists became winners of prestigious international awards, including the Nobel Prizes. As for the humanities and especially the social sciences, the dominance of Marxist-Leninist ideology and the corresponding interpretation of historical events significantly affected the development of Soviet sciences and reaching the world level quality. Until the mid-1990s, political history as an area of science of history, practically, did not exist. The “History of the CPSU” and the “History of the Communist Party of Azerbaijan” virtually monopolized the multifaceted nature of political themes, reducing it to the apologetics of the party history. Everything changed with the beginning of ‘Perestroika’ and ‘Glasnost’ (the officially announced publicity policy). As a result, the previously unknown pages of the past of the country and national republics became public. Almost every day, there were sensational publications of various authors published by popular magazines and newspapers, which also printed previously classified documents from historical archives. Traditional historical researchers and academicians were in shock. It was not easy for historians to abandon the 70-year-old account of history tied to ideological dogmas; the crisis associated with the loss of orientation was overcome with great difficulty and mainly by young historians. In the late 1980s, foreign historians, who studied the history of Azerbaijan, began visiting the country. Until that time, their existence was known only to a narrow circle of historians, who worked with foreign literature in specialized repositories of local and central libraries. For the first time, Azerbaijani historians left the USSR in 1990, when a conference was held at the University of London on the history of the South Caucasus. The event was attended by historians from Azerbaijan, Armenia, and Georgia, as well as the so-called Sovietologists - scientists from Great Britain, the USA, and France. It is symbolic that in the same year in Moscow the last all-Union conference on political history was held. The event was attended by scientists from the Soviet republics, which declared independence the following year.
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The study of the Early modern period Western Armenian or Turkish-Armenian history did not interest the Soviet-Armenian historiography much. It was primarily subordi-nated to the Eastern Armenian historical priorities, and occupied a marginal place in the Soviet-Armenian historiographical system. The absence of study on the Turkish-Armenian history in the Soviet-Armenian historiographical system was not an acci-dental omission, but the result of the political attitudes of the Soviet historiographical thought, which [the attitudes], since the Stalin era, had not always derived from the Western Armenian historical reasoning.
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The history of the Turks of Bulgaria, following the forced migration that took place in 1989, became a topic highly studied in the Turkish academia. Although many scholars who are focused on the topic are in consensus about what happened between 1984 and 1989, it is less so the case in the period prior to it. In this study of reviewing the Turkish literature (or literature in Turkish) on the Forced Migration of 1989, it is aimed to provide the opinions and comments written by the Turkish scholars on the relations between the Turks and the Bulgarians of Bulgaria regarding the Forced Migration of 1989 and to show that there are discrepancies in the periodizations of the history of Bulgaria even though the main narratives overlap each other almost unanimously. To do so, this study features the interpretations of the agricultural and educational policies in Bulgaria and the dates of changes in these policies according to the scholars and researchers will be provided. The basis of their interpretations will also be included. Finally the perception of the identity of the Turks of Bulgaria prior to 1984 and its relations to that of Turks of Turkey after 1989 will be examined.
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The object of the paper is the development of Bulgarian science during the totalitari-an period (1945-1989), but its subject is the scientific career of the habilitated women, working in the Bulgarian Academy of Sciences (BAS) – the largest scientific organiza-tion in the country at that time. The aim is to explore the opportunities for vertical social (scientific) mobility and the existence of a “glass ceiling” for women’s scientific careers at the BAS. The research uses the social history approach, creating a collec-tive portrait and identifying major trends in the study period, using historical analysis of archival and published documents and content analysis of a prosopographic data-base containing biographies of habilitated women from the institutes and the labora-tories of the BAS.
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The political processes of the 20th century became a kind of test for Georgian writers, the passing of which was largely manifested by the writers’ physical presence-absence, the denial of their own beliefs. Immigrant literature has become a form of free expres-sion of dissident thoughts. The authors were forced to move to another language space for their spiritual and physical survival in order to at least somehow get closer to the national culture. However, new contradictions arose at the same time. Writers lived in a foreign country, in a society of a different mentality and worldview, for which the topic that was close to the Georgian way of life could possibly be completely alien and uninteresting. The works of Georgian emigrant authors could be incompatible or less compatible with foreign literary discourse.The goal of writers and poets of the early 20th century was to remove the shack-les of imperialism from Georgia and to become closer to Europe. The Soviet authori-ties launched a cruel and immoral campaign against the writer, caused by the ideolo-gy of that time. One of the outstanding representatives of this particular era was Grigol Robakidze. The present paper deals with the research and analysis of the movement that began at the beginning of the 20th century and was aimed at bringing Georgia closer to Europe; it also discusses the reasons that served the public to appeal to European ideals and how the struggle went on to establish their cultural values. Grigol Robaki-dze's German-language work is essentially a part of Georgian literature.The writer was delighted with the poetic greatness of the Georgian language and its capabilities. Robakidze's works clearly show his selfless love for the mother-land. He was in love with the Georgian language, the Georgian land, the Georgian character and, in general, with everything Georgian. It is easy to imagine that the stay in emigration even more strengthened the writer's patriotic feelings. The creative path of the emigrant writer was in expressing his own and national identity, on the one hand, and in adapting to the literary environment, the part of which the author should have become himself, on the other hand. Thus, he did not move away from his native roots and found his place in a foreign literary discourse.
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The work, on the one hand, highlights the mission of Europe, as an importer of knowledge, which has for centuries been the center of gravity for the whole world, and, on the other hand, the role of the Black Sea Region, as an important part of the Great Silk Road, which had also for a long time been promoting the process of rap-prochement and exchange of cultural values between East and West peoples, until it became the ‘inner lake’ of the Ottoman Empire, and today it reverts the function of rapproching and connecting civilizations. The article shows the importance of the Black Sea countries in maintaining overall European stability and in this context the role of historical science. On the backdrop of the ideological confrontation between Georgian historians being inside and outside the Iron Curtain, which began with the foundation of the Soviet Union, the research sheds light on the merit of the Georgian scholars-in-exile for both popularization of the Georgian culture and science in Eu-rope and for importing advanced (European) scientific knowledge to Georgia. Ex-change of knowledge in science and culture between the Black Sea region and Europe will enrich and complete each other through impact and each of them will have unique, inimitative features.
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This article analyzes the process of institutionalization of the Bulgarian circus be-tween 1944 and 1957. The appreciation of circus as “an equal member of the large family of socialist arts” was rooted in a belief that it was a democratic spectacle which transcended social divisions and classes. The source of the perception of the circus as an instrument of social change can be traced to pre-war Soviet tradition, when the circus became not only a tool of state cultural policy, but also inspired the most important creators of literary and theater avant-garde. In post-war Bulgaria, in order to improve the quality of performances, interinstitutional cooperation of the circus with literary and theater circles was initiated, and with the purchase of circuses by the state, numerous regulations were introduced in the profession of a circus artist. This purchase was not synonymous with nationalization: the state bought the circuses from the hands of their pre-war owners, allowing them to continue to perform strategic functions in the circuses.At the same time, despite deep institutional changes, the circus after 1944 main-tained its semi-peripheral status of an entertainment spectacle, not worth considering on the part of intellectual elites and unfit for the project of national high art. It is this peripheral potential of the circus as a spectacle not shaped by the refinement of the elites, that opens up new research perspectives which allow us to view the circus as a laboratory of social and cultural change. As a nomadic travelling institution, the circus crossed geographical boundaries and communicated with viewers from cities and villages, as well as representatives of various social groups and strata. On the other hand, multiethnic, international environment of the circus was a space for inten-sive transfer and intercultural dialogue, both in the artistic dimension and in the sphere of everyday interpersonal practices.
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The patrimonialization of the communist past in post-communist Romania is a twofold phenomenon: one the one hand, communism was demonized while its victims celebrated as martyrs, and, on the other, it was thrown away to the dustbin of history without comments. The last approach, promoted by neo-communists, was meant to hide the responsibility of theirs ancestors in perpetrating victimhood upon the Romanian nation. What were theirs strategies and concrete actions in achieving the wanted results are the main concerns of my article. It investigates how monuments, memorials and museums were instrumental in forging a politicized/ideological suitable image of the communist past. Furthermore, the laws, institutions, commemorative practices and rituals are analyzed in order to see what was at stake in creating them and who were the promoters of the narratives which lead to such creations.
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The paper deals with one of the highland regions of Eastern Georgia - Tusheti, which represents a geoeconomic and ethnocultural phenomenon from a scientific and worldview perspectives. The research sheds light on ideological influences on the socio-economic and the cultural situation of Tusheti from the 1930s to the present day, a number of shortcomings and consequences of Soviet economic reforms, and on its backdrop. The Tush people, uncontented with the system joined an anti-Soviet organization linking the idea of Georgia's independence to the European countries. The centuries-old model of life based on communal relations, setting up on the democratic principles (the right to private property, equality, freedom of speech) was destroyed by Soviet ideological pressure. These principles naturally merged with European values. For centuries, Tusheti, placed in the geostrategic area was of great importance not only for the security of the region, but it also was a natural bridge in connecting the Eurasian cultures. Its strategic importance was particularly increased in the post-Soviet period. The contours of the geostrategic location of this region was revealed exactly in this period. The importance of the sustainable development of Tusheti has transcended national and state boundaries and has come under international environmental frameworks, which have laid the foundation for adapting traditional knowledge and experience with modern international standards and irreversible processes of cooperation. Based on the analysis of scientific literature, historical sources, and field materials, I conclude that the elements of the pro-Western orientation that affects Georgia have been felt in Tusheti from social and cultural viewpoints. Integration into European culture is of great importance for the preservation and further development of Tusheti cultural heritage.
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After the 1960s the international tourism was developed as an important economic branch of Eastern European countries and space where the economic interests, ideol-ogy, consumption, and social policies were entangled. In this study, I will undertake a historic-anthropological analysis of international tourism in Bulgaria in the time of late socialism, which is based on a case study of Borovetz, the biggest Bulgarian mountain resort during socialism. The research question addressed are: how the re-gime was trying to establish legitimacy through tourism – among Bulgarian citizens and internationally, which is the role of the ideological confrontation with the West in the period of the Cold War and which are the leading strategies in the management and the work culture in the branch of international tourism at that time.
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The study of women's issues, the feminist movement, as an academic discipline, and the first curriculum were established in the University of San Diego in 1970. The women’s problems have been mainly studied in the framework of traditional social and humani-tarian disciplines, mostly in literature, philosophy and psychology.The active dissemination of feminist ideas in Turkey after World War II, espe-cially in the late 1970s, and the creation of various feminist societies and journals provided a solid foundation for the establishment of research centers in universities, that study women's issues.There are two directions in the study of women's issues in Turkish universities and academic circles. The first one includes research centers that bring together rep-resentatives of various disciplines and fields of science. They deal with gender, the economic and social status of women, education and health. The second approach combines all those trends that are associated with the social faculty.The level of female activity in Turkey is much lower than in Europe. The status of a woman here is also characterized by its specific development.In the 1980s and 1990s, the feminist movement in Turkey became more and more active. New women's communities, magazines, newspapers, libraries were creat-ed, and women's conferences with an active participation of Turkish women were held both in Turkey and all around the world.It can be concluded that the women's movement in the higher and academic sys-tem of Turkey after World War II led to a new political process that raised the issue of gender equality. The struggle of women for emancipation played an important role in the formation of Turkish society.Despite some achievements regarding women's issues, there is still gender ine-quality, violation of women's rights in Turkish society, what indicates the fact that the women’s problems are still relevant in republican Turkey.
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Review of the book The Socialist Good Life. Desire, Development, and Standards of Living in Eastern Europe, edited by Cristofer Scarboro, Diana Mincytė, Zsuzsa Gille, Bloomington, Indiana University Press, 2020, 244 p.
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Seeking to present the State from a different perspective, the book examines both classical and modern theories of the emergence of the State, as well as the historical typology and evolution of the State over time. By applying a different approach, it seeks to overcome the confines of single disciplines, such as history, political science, sociology, law and anthropology among others. In practice, the book traces the history of the institution ‘state’ from the Antiquity to the Modern Age. Paev, K. The State from Antiquity to Modern Age: Theoretical and Historical Questions. Second revised edition: Sofia, Paradigma Publishing House, 2020, 220 p., ISBN 978-954-326-424-7
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