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The subject of this study is the activity of the Belarusians in the GeneralGovernment in 1940–1945. Belarusians were the fifth largest ethnic group in theGG. The German occupation authorities, applying the principle of “divide and conquer”, were ready to give Belarusians some freedom in the sphere of culture,religion and economy. In 1940, the Belarusian Committee was established inWarsaw, with branches in Biała Podlaska and Kraków. The majority of committeemembers were Belarusians and Poles – prisoners of war and refugees from theSoviet occupation zone of Poland. As a priority of this organization, cultural,educational and religious activities among the Belarusians in the GeneralGovernment were recognized. The activists of the committee managed to createa school in Warsaw and two parishes (Orthodox and Catholic). Belarusianactivities faced some difficulties. Serious problems for the Belarusians Committeecaused the activities of Ukrainian organizations in the GG. One of the episodesin the history of the Belarusian Committee is the cooperation of its activists withGerman military intelligence.
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On May 7, 1904 the prohibition against the Lithuanian press was lifted. It wasone of the most significant events that had a direct influence on the evolutionof Lithuanian cultural, political and social life. Because of its importance it canbe considered as the beginning of Lithuanian modernity. The aim of this reaserchpaper is to demonstrate the significance of this turning point and to discuss thegenesis of modern era by analysing the period preceding this event, in Lithuanianhistoriography called “the era of press ban” or “the time of book smugglers”. Thisperiod begun in 1864, when czarist authority prohibited the press in latin alphabetand tried to enforce the Russian one. During these 40 years of Lithuanian fight forfreedom of printing, the proces of social and cultural changes were initiated. At thattime, the first cultural institutions gathering a new generation of intelligentsia,using Lithuanian language, were born, and new forms of self-organization andthe new cycles of ideas were shaped. Those processes were related to spreading thetypes and practices of printing word, available through illegal and well-organisedpublishing network. From this perspective, the period in which the seeds ofLithuanian modernity were created was a variant of the development of theprinting culture, characteristic for Central and Eastern Europe.
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The article presents the activities and selected views of the French educationalist Gaston Mialaret on the centenary of his birthday. He was a long-time professor at Faculté des Lettres et Sciences Humaines at the University of Caen. He combined the taste for empirical research with interest in philosophy. He continued and enriched the concepts of the New Education, especially the lasting importance of simultaneous research on the subsequent stages of child development and the implementation of education based on the assumptions of development pedagogy. He developed proposals for progressive educational reform presented in 1947 in the project “Le plan Langevin-Wallon”. On the background of the analysis of the changing role of education in the contemporary world, Mialaret showed the changing role of pedagogical studies and especially the new role of the teacher as an animator of educational acts and situations. The article emphasises the basic, in Mialaret’s opinion, the importance of the socalled active methods enabling the enrichment of personality at all levels of education and the development of the educational, intellectual, civic and cultural potential of each student.
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This paper presents the evolution and revolution as important factors of the constitutional changes in Greek philosophy. It contains an analysis of the terminology, selected political theories, as well as the necessity and diversity of changes. It is meant to establish the systemic sources of revolution and answer the question whether the revolution and evolution factors were essential for constitutional changes according to the ancients and can those theories still be considered as valid.
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The article concerns Soviet political jokes that arose as a reaction to theaggression of the USSR in 1968 in Czechoslovakia. It is emphasized thatpolitical folklore is an important source material that gives a fuller picture ofthe contemporary moods of the Soviet society as well as its evaluation of theKremlin’s policy towards Czechoslovakia. In this article proposed a thematicclassification of Soviet political jokes on the events of 1968 in Czechoslovakiaand the so-called normalization.
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The aim of the article is to look at what and how important for thecontemporary history of Central Europe events were presented in popularculture, which is represented here by board games. They are subjected to analysissix historical games created primarily in Poland, although one title comesfrom Czechoslovakia, which in various ways tell about selected events from thecommunist period, including about the papal pilgrimage, strikes and martial law.
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The paper presents the publications about a vision of the revolution in theRussian literature in the Enlightenment, which were published after the Thaw(Khrushchev Thaw) period (i.e. since the mid 1950s). It aims to present thechanging way of interpreting the attitude to the revolution and rebellion (futureand contemporary, e.g. The French Revolution, The Pugachev’s Rebellion) ofthe writers and philosophers in the Enlightenment. It relies on the contents of theperiodicals “Voprosy filosofii” and the works by Y.F. Karyakin i E.L. Plimakand others. There are discussed also the works by Alexander Radishchev(A Journey from St. Petersburg to Moscow) and the poets of his circle (I.P. Pnin).
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This article is a contribution to the study of historical settlement of thecentral part of Podlasie region in the vicinity of Brańsk. On the basis of availablearchival sources, the author reconstructed the history of the Abramiki mill villageand also established that the local family of millers was a branch of the Szpakboyar clan. The subject of the study was also the problem of origin of thetoponym Abramiki and the microtoponym Szpakowszczyzna and their relationson the extra-linguistic level. The paper also discusses historical anthroponymsused to identify the members of the Abramik family of millers.
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The private Polish elementary school in Lupeni was founded in 1929 based on the RomanianPrivate Learning Act of 1925 permitting the organisation of minority schools. It was createdin a magyarised and romanised environment and dealt with the education of Polish miners’children. Wilhelm Zöller became the organiser and the first teacher of the school on behalfof the Polish School Motherland in Romania. After two years of operation, the school cameunder the patronage of the Polish School Association in Romania. Under his tutelage inthe 1936/1937 school year, the school became public and its rank in the local communityincreased. It was also active during the World War II. With the consent of the RomanianMinister of Education, in 1946 it became a Polish public school consisting of 7 classes. It wassupported by the “Polish House in Romania” Association. This school was the only Polishschool in Transylvania that existed the longest in this part of Romania. When the Polish minersand teachers left Poland in 1948, the school was liquidated.
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The article is devoted to the social and political activity of Anatol Osipovich Bonch-Osmolovsky, who was one of the best representatives of the neopopulist direction in the revolutionary movement of Belarus and Russia in 1905–1917. This political biography of one of the Socialist-Revolutionary Party leaders looks at the revolutionary process and the establishment of democratic institutions in a predominantly peasant country by following Bonch-Osmolovsky’s opinions. The attitudes of the “red landowner” to the farm program, to the SocialistRevolutionary Party’s terror, to the Belarusian national movement, and to the idea of Belarus’ political independence are analysed in this article.
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The article describes different ways to identify Ruthenian (Ukrainian) womenliving in the eastern part of the Lublin province. The material was excerpted fromthe registers of the Uniate parishes of the former Chełm diocese from the period1596–1810. During the period under study, the anthroponymic system tendedtowards stabilisation in the form of two-element names in accordance with the[first name] + [surname] pattern. The majority of identification formulas consistof a given name and surname derived semantically or through word formation,although there are also few examples of the use of simple surnameless formulasor more extensive, two- and three-element anthroponymic descriptions used toidentify adults.
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