CEPOS New Call for Papers 2020 10th International Conference after Communism. East and West Under Scrutiny
Place: Craiova (Romania), University House; Date: 27-28 March 2020
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Place: Craiova (Romania), University House; Date: 27-28 March 2020
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The article reveals the moment and the implications of the Romanian intervention in Hungary, in 1919, after the proclamation of the Soviet Hungarian Republic, under the leadership of Bela Kun, an advocate and journalist with Jewish-Hungarian origin, born in 1886, at Cehu Silvaniei, then in Austria-Hungary, today in Romania. The issue was presented in the historiography with multiple senses. Romanian intervention was seen by the contemporaries as a defensive action of Romania to impose the decisions of December 1-st 1918 of Alba Iulia. Hungarian republican troops refused to retreat according to the international agreements on the Franchet D (Esperey Line. After Bela Kun seized power as a Bolshevik internationalist leader, on March, 21 1919, the great powers had seen an immediate danger for extending the Communism from Soviet Russia which was in the Civil War. For Romania, the attitude of Bela Kun was seen as a threat regarding Transylvania, because Bela Kun refused to admit the historical rights of Romania and declared war on Romania, on April 16, 1919. Romania succeeded to have Banat under complete Romanian administration on August 3, 1919, when Romanian troops entered in Timisoara. Romanian campaign in Hungary, started on passing Tisa on July 24 1919, had a double asset, as the researchers considered: on the main side, a communist government in Central Europe could be dismissed, on the other side; Romania could have more rights when the Treaty with Hungary will be signed. On August 4, 1919, Romanian Army entered in Budapest. After 1989, the Romanian Campaign from 1919 was seen as the first successfully anti-communist military action in Europe after the collapse of the democratic forces help against Russian Bolsheviks in 1921. Hungarian communists and also Romanian communists who respected Moscow political line considered the Romanian campaign as an “imperialist aggression”.
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Wprowadzenie. Przebieg interwencji determinowanej charakterem zdarzenia, opiekai pomoc wobec osób potrzebujących mogą zdominować cel działań policyjnych. Zapewnienieobywatelom bezpieczeństwa oraz ochrona ich życia, zdrowia i mienia realizują sięnajpełniej w społecznościach lokalnych, gdzie od policjanta wymaga się wychodzeniapoza ramy ochrony prawnej.Cel. Celem artykułu jest wykazanie, jak zmienia się charakter przebiegu interwencji policyjnejna tle ogólnej ewolucji funkcjonowania policji. Podejmowane interwencje, opróczprzywrócenia stanu zgodnego z prawem, coraz częściej zawierają w sobie elementy opiekii pomocy, które w opinii społecznej są „zastrzeżone” dla innych służb niż policja. Materiały i metody. W przyjętej metodologii pracy zastosowano merytoryczną analizętreści materiałów i tekstów źródłowych.Wnioski. W artykule wykazano, że podczas interwencji policyjnej, determinowanej charakteremzdarzenia i obowiązującymi przepisami prawa, funkcjonariusze wykonują czynnościo znamionach pomocy i opieki, które wymagają wiedzy interdyscyplinarnej wykraczającejpoza klasyczne kanony szkolenia policyjnego w Polsce.
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The present study analyses the status and quality of publisher of the Enlightenment scholar Petru Maior, and the way in which he became involved and adapted to this new profession entered at the Printing House of the University of Buda (1809-1821). Maior’s activity involved translating works, clarifying and accommodating the message for the target audience, and fully verifying the correctness of the texts. The publisher also decided on the opportunity to print a certain work in the Romanian culture, as well as on the motivation for publishing it for the community to which it was addressed.Enlightenment scholar Petru Maior found several means to apply Kant’s principle Sapere aude to the Romanian realities (sermons, books of teachings), and the present study analyses precisely the content and topicality of his activity of printing books of wisdom to combat poverty and disease. At the beginning of the 19th century, these books were among the few means available to an intellectual to maximise the chances of modernising the Romanian society in Transylvania.
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This evocation deals with the position of the librarian as seen by others – from the outside. A simple definition describes the librarian as ”a person that administers and runs a library”. With this paper, we try to put the librarian in the place he has occupied in history as the one who has always stood between the reader, the book and the library space, as the one who has mediated knowledge, information to the reader/researcher. We call for the creation of an encyclopaedia/dictionary of libraries and librarians in Transylvania, because we are convinced that such a work would complete the history of culture in this multi-ethnic and multicultural area. The large number of libraries with historical book holdings urges such future research. Librarians in these libraries have played an essential role in developing social life and scientific activity, especially since the Enlightenment.
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The study of the history of the libraries of church institutions in Romania is a subject that has already entered the broader theme of cultural history for some time. But this segment is still on the thorny road of "deciphering" because, with the establishment of the communist regime, the Romanian state has nationalised the vast majority of archives and libraries that belonged to religious denominations, especially those of the Greek Catholic Church and the Roman Catholic Church; this nationalisation made these archives and libraries to be destroyed or scattered, in various cultural institutions of the state. In this case, the old library of the Roman Catholic Diocese of Oradea was nationalised, copies of these holdings entering the holdings of the Bihor County Library.This study brings an addition to the history of the Roman Catholic Diocese of Oradea, more precisely to the history of the library of the Roman Catholic Seminary, an institution that has functioned in Oradea since 1741. The seven copies of old books presented here, kept in the old book holdings of the Bihor County Library, have ownership marks regarding their belonging to this school library. They were used in the eighteenth and nineteenth centuries as teaching manuals by Roman Catholic and Greek Catholic theological students who were preparing to become priests. These books, printed in the first half of the eighteenth century, are theology textbooks and came out in Catholic centres such as Kosice, Trnava, Stuttgart and Augsburg. These works represent a micro-library, which were a part of the library of the Latin Seminary in Oradea, an institution whose book holdings contributed to raising the intellectual and spiritual level of the students. The novelty elements brought to the history of the old book from the north-western area of Romania lie precisely in the discovery of these copies, which through the notes left, bear the "seal" of the library of the Roman Catholic Seminary in Oradea. We are dealing with seven works of theology, in the fields of spiritual theology, biblical theology, church history, saints' lives, canon law and homiletic theology, volumes that, through the manuscript notes on their pages, show their usefulness as textbooks in the formation of Roman Catholic and Greek Catholic alumni in the Latin Seminary in Oradea. Famous authors such as St. Albert the Great (1193-1280) or Johann Bollandi (1596-1665), as well as the titles of the Canons of the Tridentine Council, the New Testament in Greek and the Lives of the Saints in Hungary, reveal the informational wealth assumed by the superiors of the Roman Catholic Diocese of Oradea so that the library of its Seminary would have the best tools to form its clergy.
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An answer is sought to the question why in the extremely difficult crisis period of Bulgarian history (as part of the history of the Ottoman Empire at the end of the XVIII and the beginning of the XIX century), known as "the Kircali period" it became possible to preserve and extensively spread (through hand-written copies, and not through the already existing technology of book printing) Paisius of Hilendar's "Istoria Slavenobolgarskaya". The entirely positive consequences of this fact for the Bulgarian nation are also explained by the term "virtues of misfortune" introduced by Arnold Toynbee, explaining a key mechanism in the development of civilizations and human societies and communities.
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The story of Herculesʼ achievements, like many others in Greek mythology, has undergone various changes since Hesiodʼs early transmissions helped to consolidate the essential elements of the myth and its characteristics. With the translocation of myths from Caucasian Iberia to Western Iberia, certain places, characters and events associated with the land were also transferred. The Fortunate Islands, the Garden of Hesperides, the place of the 10th and 11th labours of Hercules have been relocated, and the origin and meaning of the pillars set up by the hero have been identified and interpreted. The aim of this article is to show how one of these myths, namely that of Hercules and Geryon, was shaped in the classical and later periods. The transformation of three elements of this myth will be analysed: its location, the figure of Geryon and the description of Herculesʼ achievements.
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In the article Robert K. Zawadzki relates how Wawrzyniec Korwin, a little – known Old – Polish writer described the Iberian peninsula in his astronomical treatise Cosmographia dans manuductionem in tabulas Ptolemaei. This author produced a specific picture of Spain that shared affinity with the Roman and Greek writers’ literary manner of writing about this country. The ancient literature had tended to see Spain as a land of prosperity and a district in which gold could be found as a mineral in the rivers. Korwin adopted this view of Spain. A separate section of Spanish threads in his dissertation are the Roman writers from the Iberian peninsula. The Polish author evokes the figure of Seneca and Lucan to quote fragments of the most important works of these writers. Bringing together Korwin’s remarks and ancient texts which he uses, RKZ demonstrates that the Korwin’s description of Spain although seen by some as an anachronism achieved its aim, it persuaded audiences of the magnificence of Spain.
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Members of the Society of Jesus, as didacticians (and humanists), were aware of the importance of the memoria for the delivery of speech. For this reason, they did not omit this opus oratoris in rhetorical studies intended for their students. An example of this is the textbook De arte rhetorica libri tres ex Aristotele, Cicerone, et Quintiliano praecipue deprompti by the Portuguese Jesuit Cipriano de Soarez (1524–1593). The aim of the research was to trace the influence of Rhetorica ad Herennium, De oratore by Marcus Tulius Cicero and Institutio oratoria by Marcus Fabius Quintilian on the rhetorical theory presented by Soarez concerning ars memorativa. An attempt was also made to determine what the teaching of rhetoric looked like in Jesuit colleges, which was helped by the Ratio studiorum treatise (1599). In the course of comparative analysis, it was found that the Portuguese teacher mainly drew on Marcus Fabius Quintilian’s Institutio oratoria.
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The objective of the article is twofold. On the one hand, it aims to briefly outline the history of the Spanish and the Polish language in order to compare the role of Latin in the formation of both languages. On the other hand, it focuses on the lexicological terminology related to Latin-derived words, with special focus on Latinisms. In addition to the lexicological nomenclature, classifications of Latinisms are also compared. The differences detected in the contrastive analysis mainly concern the lack of heritage words from Latin in Polish and the different concept of doublets in Spanish and Polish. This, in turn, is due to the different type of role of Latin in both languages in its early stages of formation. The article ends with the conclusions and a brief reflection about neocultisms.
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This article deals with ancient amphorae in the exhibition of the Archaeological Museum of Murcia (Spain). So far, the amphorae have only had inventory cards and there has been no typological-chronological study of them. Each of the 8 amphorae is a different type and purpose. These are finds from various locations in the Region of Murcia. The aim of the study is to supplement museum data and to show the Polish reader amphorae of local production and those imported to this region of Spain in the ancient period.
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The aim of this paper is to provide data for the knowledge of the strategies followed by Rome to take effective control of the Citerior Province of Hispania during the 2nd century BC. We will analyse two settlements of the north-eastern region, namely Puig Castellar de Biosca (Province of Lleida) and Can Tacó (Province of Barcelona), that will serve to gauge the degree of Roman territorial implementation and under what forms this power will be consolidated.The period that interests us ranges from the end of the second Punic-Roman conflict to the first decades of the 1st century BC. It was a slow process in which Rome did not have a pre-established plan of action but was adapting its strategy to the different circumstances and stages of the conquest. The end of all this was the final control and pacification of the country.While all the researchers have a common understanding that during the first phase of control of the Hispanic territories the army played the most important role, the main discrepancies are related to the nature and characteristics of this occupation. The main focus in this discussion has its centre in the need to define how the Roman Army embodied his presence in Hispania during the first century of conquest and to characterise the different settlements in order to identify and determine with precision their military character or their connection with the process of conquest without a strictly military function.Funding: This research was funded by the Spanish Ministry of Science, Innovation and Universities (De la consolidación del poder militar romana a la fundación de ciudades (mediados del siglo II a.C.-principios del siglo I d.C). en la Cuenca del rio Segre: Iesso y Iulia Libica DGYCIT PID2019-104120GB-I00-2023-2021), and the Department of Culture of the Catalan Autonomous Government (La conquesta romana a la Catalunya interior: l’exemple de Puig Castellar (Biosca), CLT009/18/00014).
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The author of the article deals with three issues. Firstly, he defines the reasons and nature of the changes applied by Sertorius in the treatment of the natives immediately after taking the governorship in Spain. Secondly, he presents Sertorius’ efforts to gain the support of the Iberian elite. Thirdly, he points to the reasons for his support among the broad masses of the Iberians.The author determines that Sertorius’ leading a new, often pioneering, policy towards the Iberian people had one main goal: to provide him with the greatest possible support for the Iberians, which in effect was to lead to mass joining of the natives in the ranks of his army. This policy included granting the natives privileges in the form of exemptions from taxes and from the duty of garrisoning military forces, promoting the Iberian elite and even granting them Roman citizenship. Sertorius did not avoid the use of political propaganda, in which he did not differ from other leaders of his time: Sulla, Pompey and Metellus. These measures ensured him immense popularity. As a result, at the height of the war, tens of thousands of soldiers fought in the Marian ranks and controlled most of the Iberian Peninsula.
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Roman lamps were one of the few daily-use objects that could have been usually decorated, thanks to the free space they had on their central discuses, offering a wide variety of figurative motifs. Such richness of elements and details permits to study their iconography as a reflection of Roman imaginary and daily life. About Iberian Peninsula, it is possible to observe how the Roman culture and traditions arrived and started to be introduced in this area through the analysis of their decorations.This paper will regard the specific situation of ancient Barcino (Barcelona), a paradigmatic case in respect of the application of that kind of analysis in order to better understand the Roman society that lived there.*Este capítulo se enmarca dentro de la propia tesis en curso, desarrollada gracias a la ayuda PRE2018-084077 financiada por MCIN/AEI/10.13039/501100011033 y FSE “El FSE invierte en tu futuro”. Se enmarca además dentro del grupo CEIPAC (Centro para el Estudio de la Interdependencia Provincial en la Antigüedad Clásica) de la Universidad de Barcelona, y de UBICS (Universitat de Barcelona Institute of Complex Systems). Financiada también por los proyectos: Relaciones Interprovinciales en el Imperio Romano. Producción y comercio de alimentos hispanos (Provinciae Baetica et Tarraconensis) (HAR2017-85635-P) 2017–2020; Centro para el Estudio de la Interdependencia Provincial en la Antigüedad Clásica (CEIPAC) (2017 SGR 512). 2017–2020; Projecte de Recerca Quadriennal 2018–2021 GENCAT Exp.27-CLT009|18|00045: “Dinàmiques socioeconòmiques del món rural romà: formes de l’hàbitat i cultura material al litoral central català” – Projecte Cella Vinaria- de la Universitat de Barcelona. 2018–2021”.
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Established in the 3rd century BCE, Tarraco reached its heyday in the 2nd century (AD). In the second half of the 2nd and at the beginning of the following century, despite the noticeable progressive recession of the city (abandonment of the theater and the nymphaeum, decrease of artistic activities), selected buildings and districts in the city were still flourishing (including the port area, the temple of Augustus and the amphitheater). The process of transformation of the city proceeded slowly, even in the 4th century, when the forum of the colonies was abandoned, some buildings, including the Concilium Provinciae Hispaniae Citerioris, continued to perform their functions. In the 5th century, as evidenced by epigraphy, a part of the square was still used for representative purposes, with the rest of it being replaced by residential buildings. The circus was still in use until the middle of the 5th century. The demolition, in the second half of the 5th century, of the temple of Augustus, which dominated the city, and the gradual erection of Christian basilicas, first outside the city and from the 6th century onwards, also within it, marked the end of an era in the history of the city.
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Livy and Polybius note that after the conquest of New Carthage, Scipio Africanus the Elder freed Spanish hostages, among whom was Allucius’ fiancée of extraordinary beauty. Not only did Scipio not accept her as a gift, but he summoned her parents and fiancé from her country, returned her to them for free and gave away as a wedding gift the gold intended for her redemption. The motif of the “continence of Scipio”, which was a political strategy aimed at gaining allies and ensuring their friendship with the Romans, was widely reflected in literature, opera and, above all, painting, starting from the sixteenth century. In the article we present works created in the Venetian artistic environment that have not been analyzed before.
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