THE REPRESENTATION OF THE SOVIET POPULATION DEVIANT BEHAVIOR IN STATE SECURITY ORGANS’ INFORMATION AND ANALYTICAL DOCUMENTS OF 1920S

Author(s): Svitlana Liaskovska / Language(s): English Issue: 4/2014

This paper addresses the ways of representation of antisocial behavior described in analytical documents (newsletters, reports, reviews, memos) of the Soviet State Security (GPU USSR) which were prepared to inform senior party and government leadership about the situation in the country. In particular, these documents contain information about the deviant, delinquent and criminal behavior of different social groups in terms of their rejection of the party-state policy. Individuals’ sentiments and actions are considered to be the varieties of antisocial behavior. The Secret Service documents contain information about the specific acts of negative behavior of certain social groups (workers, peasants) as well as of individual members of the public authorities. In a separate part are the reports containing the information about the antisocial actions by responsible and ordinary party members. The author attempts to analyze how the Secret Service determined the motivation of Soviet population antisocial behavior. The author comes to the conclusion that the information and analytical documents are valuable historical source for the study of different types of antisocial behavior in the period of new economic policy.

Obraz osláv Slovenského národného povstania v denníku Pravda v povojnových rokoch (1945 – 1948)

Author(s): Lucia Kaňuščáková / Language(s): Slovak Issue: 1/2015

The article deals with the image of the celebrations of Slovak national uprising in the daily Pravda in the years 1945 – 1948. It deals with the analysis of propaganda in post war Czechoslovakia on the example of commemorating important historical event in Slovak history – Slovak national uprising. It provides an overview and concept of celebration of the Slovak National Uprising in the early post war years. There is an analysis of the relationship of the German and Hungarian minorities in that period on the occasion of commemorating the Slovak National Uprising and the removal of democratic leaders from the Uprising image associated with preventing Democrats to participate in power. The aim of this article is to trace changes in the presentation of the Slovak national uprising celebrations on the pages of daily Pravda in the after war period, which were related to current political and social conditions and tobring information onhow socialist propaganda used historical event Slovak national uprising and its celebrations for extruding communist ideology.

ТРАКТОВКИ ХАДИСА О РАСКОЛЕ УММЫ В ТРУДАХ ТАТАРСКИХ РЕФОРМАТОРОВ ИСЛАМА

Author(s): Damir Adgamovich Shagaviev / Language(s): Russian Issue: 3 (2)/2013

The article deals with the opinions of Tatar theologists who were the representatives of the so-called Jadidism – a reformatory movement of Tatar Muslims that took place in the 19th and early 20th centuries – in relation to the Prophet Muhammad’s saying about the schism in his community and the afterlife salvation of only one of its groups. The analysis is based on the theological works of four prominent Tatar scholars of Islam: A. Kursavi, Sh. Marjani, R. Fakhretdinov, and M. Bigiev. These works are studied in chronological order to reveal the evolution of the views concerning the entire Muslim reformatory movement among the Tatars in general. In addition, the question as to whether the Tatar theological heritage can foster tolerance among modern Muslims is considered.

СИМВОЛ В СМЕНЕ КУЛЬТУРНЫХ ЭПОХ

Author(s): Sergey Sharakov / Language(s): Russian Issue: 2/2015

The interest to symbolic structures of the literary text has intensified in Russian literary studies during the last decades. Symbols have acquired many interpretations. Thus, the problem of subjectivity and arbitrary interpretation appeared. An approach is suggested in this paper that would allow defining criteria of scientific validity in symbol interpretation. Cultural and historical specificity of the symbol in the Antiquity, Middle Ages, and Modern Era is proved. Every symbolization type is analyzed from the point of its cultural and historical content, as well as categorical environment.

Professor Marcin Wadowita (1567 – 1641), an Example of a Brilliant Academic Career in Old Kraków

Author(s): Tomasz Graff / Language(s): English Issue: 1-2/2012

The paper portrays the academic career of an exquisite Cracovian professor Marcin Wadowita (1567 and 1641). He was born in a small town of Wadowice . In his youth he used to look after pigs but towards the end of his life he was one of the most acknowledged scholars in Cracow, holding a function of the Dean of the Department of Theology and vice chancellor at the University of Cracow. When he died, the whole city mourned him. The University of Cracow at that time was undergoing a period of stagnation. Permanent lack of financial resources was making itself painfully felt. Additionally, the well-being of the University was constantly threatened by the Jesuit schools. Notwithstanding all the hardships, however, there appeared some exceptional scientific personalities, such as Wadowita, who managed to raise admiration of such figures as Pope Clement VIII. The author, discussing Wadowita’s academic career, will present it against a broader background of functioning of the academic environment in Cracow in the 2nd half of the 16th and the 1st half of the 17th century.

OSMANLI DEVLETİ’NDE FAİZ ve TEFECİLİĞE KARŞI ZİRÂÎ KREDİ TEŞKİLATLARI

Author(s): Ferhat Güngör / Language(s): Turkish Issue: 31/2016

Until the second half of the 19th century, no state established agricultural credit organizations existed in the Ottoman Empire to serve the credit needs of farmers. Farmers, in turn, took out high interest rate loans from loan sharks and moneylenders. When farmers were unable pay their loans, they were thrown into an inextricable situation of interest being added onto the interest of the debt. Midhat Pasha, during his governorship of Nis, established “Memleket Sandıkları” (Country Funds) on November 20th 1863, the first agricultural credit organization in Şehirköy-Pirot, in order to rescue farmers from the grip of loan sharks and moneylenders as well as strengthen ties with Ottoman subjects. Over time, establishments with the same objectives, such as “Ziraat Sandıkları” (Agriculture Funds) and “Menâfi Sandıkları” (Benefit Funds) appeared, followed by the 1888 establishment of the modern organization “Ziraat Bankası” (The Agricultural Bank), which has maintained its presence. This paper explores in depth the historical development of the concept of loans as well as interesting events pertaining to the farmer exploiting moneylenders and loan sharks in the Ottoman State who were against the implementation of credit organizations.

ДВЕ МОДЕЛИ АМЕРИКАНСКОЙ УТОПИИ (НА ПРИМЕРЕ ПРОИЗВЕДЕНИЙ Э. БЕЛЛАМИ И Р. ХАЙНЛАЙНА)

Author(s): Dmitry Evgenievich Martynov / Language(s): Russian Issue: 1/2016

This paper is devoted to the utopian genre in the United States during the period of 1880–1940. Practical orientation of the society for implementation of the utopia is a specific feature of the utopian consciousness, as well as, therefore, of the utopian fiction in America. The United States embraced the European tradition of constructing a utopian ideal, in which inversion allowing the imagination to simultaneously overcome the reality and create a radically different world is the main method. Whereas egalitarianism was the ideal of European utopianists, the American utopia very early took the idea of justice; it was more associated with the equality of opportunities, rather than with the equality of property and consumption. Thus, E. Bellamy’s utopian novel “Looking Backward, 2000–1887” (1888), with no literary merit, made a revolution in the minds of both the United States and Europe, thereby laying the basis for a number of major social trends, especially in the sphere of consumption. R. Heinlein made an attempt to create his own utopian ideal in the second half of the 1930s. He faced the misunderstanding among publishers and completely switched to writing commercial science fiction.

«БЫТЬ ПОЛЯКОМ»: О НАЦИОНАЛЬНОЙ ИДЕНТИЧНОСТИ ПОЛЯКОВ САМАРСКОЙ ГУБЕРНИИ ВО ВТОРОЙ ПОЛОВИНЕ XIX – НАЧАЛЕ ХХ В.

Author(s): Elena Nikolaevna Vialtseva,Vladimir Vladimirovich Kutiavin / Language(s): Russian Issue: 3/2016

The paper describes the institutions and mechanisms of national self-identification of members of the Polish diaspora in Samara province during the second half of the 19th – the beginning of the 20th century. The Polish diaspora in Samara consisted from exiled participants of the uprising of 1863–1864 and economic migrants. The national identity of Samara Poles is described with the help of statistics and official documents, because there are no private sources covering this problem. On the whole, 99.4% of Poles in Samara province were Catholics and 76.5% of Catholics in Samara city were Poles. The important organizations for preservation of the national identity were opened in the Catholic Church: school and library. The Poles tried to avoid inter-confessional marriages and gave their children traditional Polish names. The First World War increased the influx of refugees and led to a growth of activity of the Polish diaspora in Samara. During this period, Polish scout organizations and the club called “Polish House”, where Poles played in theatre and read lectures about Polish literature, appeared in the city. Samara Poles successfully resisted the assimilation processes by creating a system of institutions (religious, educational, and cultural), which allowed them to maintain and strengthen the national identity – “being the Pole”. It means that the Polish diaspora in Samara province, as well as the large Polonia, was a part of the entire Polish nation and contributed its collective experience to the development of modern Polish nation.

Память о Второй мировой войне: между прошлым и настоящим

Author(s): Petya B. Dimitrova / Language(s): Russian Issue: 1-2/2015

The article looks through the changes in the memory of the Second World War as part of the transformations in the ideas that were established after the collapse of the Berlin Wall and the disappearance of the Marxist-Leninist ideology dominance in the East European countries. The author offers her version of the transformations in the memory of the Second World War, while analyzing the process of the Holocaust ideas’ establishment and the need for condemnation of all totalitarian regimes. According to her, two parallel processes take place in Europe after 1989 – the establishment of the Holocaust as a main event during the whole world war, going from West to East, and the enforcement of the view for similarity between the two totalitarian regimes – the National-Socialist and the Bolshevik, going in the opposite direction. The second process of European revisionism requires not only condemnation of the Communist crimes against humanity in a way similar to the condemnation of the Nazi crimes through the Nurnberg tribunal, but also a full revision of the views on the reasons, the driving forces and the results of the Second World War. In such way, the confrontations between Russia and the West nowadays, related mostly to the accession of Crimea and the war activities in Ukraine, also have their impact on the past: 70 years after its end, the war is starting to look more and more not like a collision between the anti-Hitler coalition and the Axis powers, but like a fight between two totalitarian regimes, in which, for one reason or another, most of the then existing countries were included.

Cultural Heritage of Post-Socialist New Towns. A Comparison of Eisenhüttenstadt and Velenje

Author(s): Ana Kladnik,Andreas Ludwig / Language(s): English Issue: 2/2016

This paper deals with the issue of the New Towns built in the 1950s in East Germany and Yugoslavia, in particular Eisenhüttenstadt in Germany and Velenje in Slovenia. The authors would argue that socialist New Towns have gained historical and public recognition over recent decades and seem to have adopted a sense of heritage, both on the local and national levels. This article discusses the interpretations and recognition of (post-) socialist towns as places of cultural and historical value, as well as the post-socialist practices of the locals with regard to the cultural heritage of their towns. The national and local recognition of both New Towns reflect their position at the time of their planning and building in the 1950s. Eisenhüttenstadt was a showcase town for East Germany and has currently been (inter-) nationally recognised as a new, model town, while lacking a local sense of heritage. On the other hand, plans for the new town centre of Velenje, its financing and construction, were initiated by the local authorities and the Coal Mine Company managers, with the substantial assistance of the town’s residents. While the New Town of Velenje immediately started to cultivate its mining identity, as well as the value of being a town built with the voluntary contribution of its residents, the heritage of Velenje being a new, modern town was and is discussed and contested locally and only partly nationally.

Иранската криза (1945–1956 г.) като прелюдия на Студената война

Author(s): Veselina Uzunova / Language(s): Bulgarian Issue: 1-2/2015

The outbreak of World War II thwarted the aspirations of Reza Shah to modernization and independent development of Iran. Officially neutral Iran failed to conceal the German influence and the occurrence of certain sympathy for the ideology of Nazism among the ruling circles in Tehran. Soon after Hitler attacked the Soviet Union in the summer of 1941, Britain and the Soviet Union agreed to occupy Iran to cut off any supply of German troops from south. Their strategic positions in Baku and Khuzestan were seriously threatened by several thousand resident Nazi agents in the country. On August 25 in a joint operation, the Soviet and British troops invaded Iran and in a few hours took control over the major cities. The Iranian distrust to the intentions of the occupiers compelled London and Moscow to allow the government to seek US support. Washington was initially confused and frightened by the Iranian call for help. For the Roosevelt administration, the victory over Nazi Germany was vital for the security of the US and Western Europe, but such intervention, alongside Britain and the Soviet Union, required a clear political vision and a well-trained staff to develop it. Involved in the complex relationship between Iran and its occupiers, the State Department did not intend to affect the British and Soviet interest in the country. But later circumstances made it impossible to maintain neutral position for long. At the beginning of 1942 Britain, the Soviet Union and Iran began negotiations for troop withdrawal within 6 months after the end of the war and on January 29 they signed a tripartite agreement. But the nascent rivalry between the allies put aside the initial reason for the occupation and they started planning the post-war situation in Iran, which remained the last oil bastion in the Gulf. The occupation of Iran by the Allied forces fueled the competition for the acquisition of oil concessions. With the closing of the Tehran conference it became clear to the three Great Powers that Iran would become a point of intersection of imperial interests. On the one hand, Britain sought to continue the exploitation of Iranian oil and to ensure security of the Indian borders to the south. On the other hand, the Soviet Union sought to obtain a share from the oil production and Iran’s refusal of the proposed economic cooperation forced Stalin to intervene in its internal affairs by supporting the communists from the “Tudeh” party. Meanwhile the period for withdrawal of the troops from Iran was extended in favor of the Great Powers along with the deepening of the contradictions between them. The Iranian crisis revealed the genuine plans of the Great Powers for the postwar situation. The outcome crystallized the competition in the New World Order and marked the beginning of the Cold War – a confrontation of ideologies, a battle for resources and a technological rush.

Уроци по родолюбие за българчетата, живеещи извън пределите на Родината

Author(s): Kostadin Grozev / Language(s): Bulgarian Issue: 2/2017

The Economic Relations between Bulgaria and Chinain the context of “One Belt, One Road” Initiative

Author(s): Evgeniy Kandilarov / Language(s): English Issue: 3-4/2015

China’s “One Belt, One Road” initiative is designed as a development strategy and framework that focuses on connectivity and collaboration and clearly reads as an ambitious vision for transforming the political and economic landscapes of Eurasia over the coming decades via a network of trade and infrastructure partnerships. The “Belt and Road” run through the continents of Asia, Europe, and Africa, connecting the vibrant East Asia economic circle at one end and developed European economic circle at the other, and encompassing countries with huge potential for economic development. The formation of the 16+1 framework is one of the most. The ‘16+1’ framework as one of the important achievements of China’s diplomacy, refers to different mechanisms and arrangements between China and 16 Central and Eastern European countries. This cooperation framework has been widely accepted in Central and Eastern European countries and has moved on a fast track. The inclusion of the ‘16+1’ cooperation framework into the concept of the New Silk Road (“One Belt, One Road”) is the most important and promising element for the CEEC. The region is predestined to be the Road’s ‘hub’ and can be used during its construction, all the more so because the individual states and cities of the region have been aware of the opportunities connected to it. From the potential and future development of the “One Belt, One Road” initiative the platform “16+1” Bulgaria also expects to deepen cooperation in tourism, agriculture and food, energy sector, science, education and culture. Bulgaria is considered also a leader in the field of information technologies in Southeastern Europe and in the production of components for the automotive industry so it’s another opportunity for future Chinese investment in these emerging sectors in Bulgaria. Bulgaria declares strong commitment to support Chinese companies wishing to invest in Bulgaria in sectors in which Bulgaria has traditional advantages and those that provide high added value and increased competitiveness of the economy – engineering, automotive, electronics, information and communication technologies, chemical and pharmaceutical industry, agriculture and food industry, the creation of industrial zones and hi-tech parks. Bulgaria always emphasizes its desire to attract Chinese companies to invest in Bulgarian industrial zones, which can be obtained support from “National Company Industrial Zones”.

Εγκυκλοπαιδικό προσωπογραφικό λεξικό βυζαντινής ιστορίας και πολιτισμού. Επιμελεία εκδοσης: Αλέξης Γ. Κ. Σαββίδης / Dictionnaire encyclopedique prosopographique sur l ’histoire et la civilisation byzantines. Sous la redaction de Alexis G. K. Savvidis

Author(s): Ivan Biliarsky / Language(s): French Issue: 3-4/1998

Współ-pamięć, pamięć „negatywna” i dylematy przekładu w „wycinkach” z Shoah Clauda Lanzmanna

Author(s): Dorota Głowacka / Language(s): Polish Issue: 6/2016

Głowacka considers three decades of Polish criticism of Lanzmann’s Shoah in the context of recently published outtakes from the documentary. She explores the role of language interpretation in both the film and the outtakes, focusing on statements in Polish and their French and English translations. The testimonies of Poles whom Lanzmann describes as ‘false witnesses,’ Głowacka suggests, ought to be treated as credible accounts that shed light on the complexity of Polish Holocaust memory. But Lanzmann appropriates this memory, framing the Polish language as subordinate to other languages in the film. She also points out sequences in the outtakes where Polish witnesses’ memories coincide with the recollections of Szymon Srebrnik, a survivor of the Chełmno extermination camp. Based on this she proposes to introduce the notion of a co-memory, that is to say a modality of memory that can pose a valuable alternative to the dominant paradigm of conflicting memories.

В търсене на корените на Студената война. Варшавското въстание от 1944 г. в политиката на тримата големи

Author(s): Alexander Trendafiloff / Language(s): Bulgarian Issue: 5/2017

The Warsaw Uprising broke out in August 1, 1944, at the height of the final phase of the Second World War. It is the beginning of an extremely intense diplomatic game. The differences in the vision that the Allies have about the political outlook of the Old Continent after dealing with the common enemy come to the fore.

Немските престъпления срещу поляци, оказващи помощ на евреи в Илжецки окръг (Радомска област на Генерал-губернаторството на Райха)

Author(s): Sebastian Piątkowski / Language(s): Bulgarian Issue: 5/2017

During the German occupation, the city of Ilja (the capital of the county) and its surroundings were located within the borders of the Radom region, as parts of the Reich General-Government. The Poles living there supported the Jews in different ways, provided them with food, clothes, and gave them shelter. Because of this, the Germans killed more than 50 people from the Ilzetz district, exterminating entire families (along with children and old men) and burning their homes.

Записки по българска история на С. С. Бобчев от 1867–1868 г.

Author(s): Petar Parvanov / Language(s): Bulgarian Issue: 1/2014

The text presents an unpublished source for Bulgarian development. Notes on Bulgarian history written by S. S. Bobchev in 1867-1868 years. They tracked Bulgarian history from antiquity to the time of their writing. Records give insight into the understanding of Bulgarian history during the 19th century, seen through the eyes of a fourteen to fifteen-years-old boy.

UN SISTEM JURIDIC-ADMINISTRATIV DE ORIGINE VECHE GERMANICĂ REFLECTAT ÎNTR-O FAMILIE LEXICALĂ ROMÂNEASCĂ (BAN, BĂNAT, BĂNI, BĂNUI, BÂNTUI)

Author(s): Adrian Poruciuc / Language(s): English,Romanian Issue: 1/2016

One can rarely find a series of cognates as significant – for both the post-ancient history of Southeast-Central Europe and for the Old Germanic domain – as the Romanian lexical family that includes ban ‘feudal title of nobility’ and ban ‘coin, money’. It is rather surprising that no one has decisively propounded Old Germanic origins for those Romanian words as well as for their obvious relatives in neighbouring languages. Such a situation is most probably due to the fact that some earlier (Avar-Turkic-Hungarian) etymological explanations regarding the ban family came to be considered as definitive solutions, so they became a kind of “etymological axioms” transmitted from author to author up until the present day. The main point of this study is to demonstrate that the Romanian lexical family represented by terms such as ban, bănat, băni, bănui and bântui (plus many significant derivatives) are far from being just borrowings from the languages of today’s neighbours of the Romanians. In their earliest recorded meanings, the Romanian words under discussion show surprising unity, since they all reflect a proto-feudal juridical-administrative system that can be clarified only by reference to the original semantic sphere of Germanic words such as German Bann, Swedish bann or English ban. The general conclusion of this study (divided into two parts, to be published in two consecutive issues of Arheologia Moldovei) is that Romanian, as continuant of the Vulgar Latin spoken in Southeast Europe, preserved a lexical family based on Old Germanic loans with meanings that look even more archaic than the ones of the ban family (of Frankish origin) which survived in the French language.

Дисертации 2017

Author(s): Nikola Kazanski / Language(s): Bulgarian Issue: 35/2017

Defended PhD theses in Bulgaria in the field of linguistics, literature, history, folklore, ethnography and art studies.