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Казань в эпоху Золотой Орды

Author(s): Ayrat G. Sitdikov / Language(s): Russian Publication Year: 0

The article represents an analysis of the political and economic development of Kazan during the Golden Horde period (second half of 13 th — first half of 15 th century). The time of Kazan subjection to Golden Horde khans could not be definitely determined — according to different data, it can be connected with the campaign of Baty-Khan of 1236 or, more likely, with Mengu-Timur’s raid on the Volga Bulgars of 1278. As part of the Golden Horde, there were in general favorable conditions for the development of the city. Kazan loses its role of a border town and by the end of the Golden Horde period turns into one of the large political and economic centres of the Central Volga area. The city had acquired its shape by the end of this period, and maintained it until the end of 18 th c. In the 14 th —15 th centuries, Kazan plays an important role in the international trade. The material culture of the town reflects existence of various ethnocultural traditions. Starting from the second half of the 14 th century, local knyazes unleashed the fight for political independence which led to the formation of the Kazan khanate.

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Путешествие Иосафата Барбаро в Персию в 1473—1478 гг. (текст, перевод, комментарий)

Author(s): Igor V. Volkov / Language(s): Russian,Italian Publication Year: 0

This is the first complete publication of the Russian translation, with comments, of the Journey to Persia by the 15th century Venetian public figure, diplomat and traveler Giosafat Barbaro. He headed Venetian embassy to the Persian shah Uzun-Hassan. The discussed travel account was written in late 1480s — early 1490s as a narration of this embassy, during which Barbaro had to make a long and eventful way through different cities and localities of the Mediterranean, Ottoman Empire and Persia. Besides, he provides some details on the countries he had never visited — India and China. Journey to Persia is a valuable source on history of international relations, historical geography, ethnography, economy and culture of medieval Persia and other Oriental countries. The article contains parallel Italian original and Russian translation texts.

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Дворцовая архитектура чжурчжэньских городов Приморья

Author(s): Nadezda G. Artemieva / Language(s): Russian Publication Year: 0

The archaeological studies of the hillforts that are dated to the period of the Eastern Xia State existence (1215—1233) have been conducted in Primorye (Russia) for about fifty years. The study of the Nikolaevskoye and Krasnoyarovskoye hillforts made it possible to reveal certain typical features of the Jurchen style of palace architecture that developed within the general course of the Far Eastern architecture, forming its own original canons.

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Новые открытия в средневековой археологии Приморья: городище Кокшаровка-1

Author(s): Nikolay A. Kluyev,Irina V. Gridasova,Maxim A. Yakupov / Language(s): Russian Publication Year: 0

This report analyzes results of excavations at Koksharovka-1 medieval hillfort in Primorye jointly conducted by Russian and Korean archaeologists in 2008—2014. Their main result is the study of an architectural complex consisting of seven buildings that is unique for the archaeology of Primorye. On the one hand, the architectural complex of Koksharovka-1 hillfort site has some analogies with the famous Bohai palaces (the layout, the presence of kangs, etc.); on the other hand, there are some differences (the absence of the tiled roofs and pillared constructions). Multiple artifacts, including original ceramic pagoda-shaped stands were found in excavations. The authors conclude that the architectural complex was probably built in the 10th c. AD. The obtained data allow assuming that the Koksharovka I hillfort was a large administrative centre in this period.

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Археологические признаки административных границ южносибирского средневековья (по трудам Л. Р. Кызласова)

Author(s): Igor L. Kyzlasov / Language(s): Russian Publication Year: 0

The study of archaeological and epigraphic monuments of the Middle Ages in South Siberia makes it possible to identify external (state) and internal (administrative) borders of the 8—14th-century state formations of the region. Thus, the northern boundary of the Uyghur Khaganate in the mid-8th — first quarter of the 9th century is determined by a succession of 17 similar fortresses in the mountains of Western Sayan. In the territory of the 9th—10th-century Ancient Khakassian State, the analysis of the tamga marks distribution makes it possible to fix the boundaries of the fiefdoms of six nobility clans. These data find confirmation in runic inscriptions. The expansion of the Ancient Khakassian State in the mid-9th to 10th centuries is marked by the distribution of mounds with specific rites. In the era of the Mongol Empire, urban settlements with elements of administrative and cult centers were located in the territory of Tuva within two clusters, which correspond to the two districts established by the Mongols on these lands, as confirmed by written sources.

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Тюрко-татарские города Западной Сибири в XIV—XVI вв. в археологических и исторических исследованиях

Author(s): Sergey F. Tataurov / Language(s): Russian Publication Year: 0

The author analyzes currently available publications referring to the Turkic Tatar cities and identifies issues that require priority attention in further studies of the Siberian cities. The necessity of broader attraction of archaeological materials is indicated. The specificity of urban settlements location, their fortification systems and internal planigraphy is characterized. Special attention is paid to the collections from the excavations of these sites, the imported items, and the osteological materials. On the basis of the research conducted, a conclusion is made as to the commercial and political importance of the cities as provisional headquarters of the Turkic Tatar rulers.

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Золотоордынские памятники Западного Казахстана: новые исследования

Author(s): Emma D. Zilivinskaya / Language(s): Russian Publication Year: 0

The large Zhaiyk hillfort site recently discovered in the Lower Ural River area is one of the few Golden Horde urban settlements known in Western Kazakhstan. The urban development of Zhaiyk is characteristic of the Golden Horde cities; it consisted of homesteads with structures from adobe bricks and irregular layout. A large hammam bath with a cruciform layout was discovered. Two major mausoleums of baked bricks decorated with glazed tiles were investigated on the necropolis. A cult funerary complex consisting of a tower-shaped mausoleum with hip roof and stone stelae in front was studied. Another new site in this region is the Zhalpaktal hillfort, also with farmstead buildings. There is a mosque, which currently is the only known mosque of the Golden Horde period in Western Kazakhstan, and it was uncovered and studied.

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Мечеть и караван-сараи Пульжая (памятники Золотой Орды в северном Каракалпакстане)

Author(s): Omar-Sharif Kdirniazob / Language(s): Russian Publication Year: 0

Archaeological studies are used to examine architectural and constructive design features of a mosque and a caravanserai at the Puljai hillfort site. In the context of available analogies from the Central Asian region, the mosque can be attributed to the category of pray kiosk-mosques with aivans (terraces). The peshtak portal, residential and household structures are typical of the caravanserai. These structures were used in the Golden Horde era.

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К вопросу о границе между ранним и поздним горизонтами золотоордынского слоя Болгарского городища

Author(s): Vyacheslav S. Baranov / Language(s): Russian Publication Year: 0

The peculiarities of the Golden-Horde bedding of the Bolgar hillfort in the 10th — 15th centuries are analyzed. It is proposed to consider the 1340s as the boundary between the early and the late horizons of the Golden-Horde stratum, when the administrative and financial reforms of the first decades of the 14th century resulted in further integration of the Bolgar Ulus territory in the economic system of the Golden Horde.

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К вопросу о социально-исторической топографии Великого Болгара в XIII—XIV вв.

Author(s): Djamil G. Muhametshin / Language(s): Russian Publication Year: 0

The city of Bolgar (Bolgar) has been known since the 10th century. In the 10th — first third of 13th cc. it was the largest city of the Volga Bulgaria, and in the 13th — first third of 15th cc. it became the center of the Golden Horde Bolgar Ulus. On the basis of written sources, materials of numismatics and epigraphics, it is established that the name of the city of Bolgar corresponds to the Bolgar hillfort. Despite transfer of the capital of the Bolgar Ulus to Kazan in the last quarter of the 14th — early 15th cc., Bolgar was a big city and minted its own coins.

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Булгарский улус Золотой Орды: историческая география

Author(s): Konstantin Aleksandrovich Rudenko / Language(s): Russian Publication Year: 0

The development dynamics of archaeological monuments (hillforts, unfortified settlements and necropolises) of the Golden Horde period in the Volga Bulgaria territory is analyzed. The history of historical geography studies of the Golden-Horde Bolgar Ulus is examined. The archaeological research of the area revealed not less than 330 settlements, both fortified and unfortified. These data made it possible to determine the territory of the Bolgar Ulus, the topography of individual sites, and the historical context of their emergence and development. Particular attention is given to the necropolises of the nomads who had inhabited the Bolgar Ulus. The necropolises and the permanent settlements founded by this population helped to define the territory of their residence. A hypothesis of administrative division of the Bolgar Ulus territory in the period from the Mongol conquest and prior to the early 15th century is considered. It is argued that there had been a few administrative areas centered on major cities — Bolgar, Juketau, and Kazan. Besides, there had been a special territory inhabited by the nomadic population.

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Дельта Волги в XIII веке (по материалам Самосдельского городища и новых памятников, выявленных в дельте)

Author(s): Dmitry V. Vasiliev / Language(s): Russian Publication Year: 0

The author characterizes sites of the Volga estuary, related to the Saqsin domain in the 13th century. The devastation of towns and villages during the Mongol invasion and the rise of the Caspian Sea water level resulted in population redistribution: the outflow of the estuary area inhabitants to its northern regions adjacent to the first capital of the Golden Horde. The period was marked by caravan trade development, which resulted in the rise of the Moshaik settlement that was located by the Volga estuary crossing.

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К характеристике пространственной организации системы расселения в правобережье Самарского Поволжья в золотоордынский период

Author(s): Anna F. Kochkina / Language(s): Russian Publication Year: 0

The sites of the right bank of the Samara Volga region including the Samarskaya Luka (Bend) of the Volga River and the Usa River watershed constitute a special group of the Golden-Horde period sites of the Middle Volga region. An analysis of the sites topography in the context of geographical features of the area in question allowed defining its territorial structure. On the basis of settlements location features, a zonal model of regionalization is proposed. In the territory of the district, two micro-districts are distinguished: 1) the Usinsk micro-district, 2) a micro-district inside the Samara Bend. Each of them is characterized by an appropriate reference framework of settlement, which is associated with the peculiarities of functioning and settling. In the first case, the settlement occupies the dominant position (the Muranka settlement site), while the second district is characterized by the presence of several key points with the linear interconnection system (Mezhdurechensky hillfort, Malaya Ryazan 2 and Lbische — Novyi Put’ settlements, etc.).

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К вопросу о хронологии Укека и памятников его округи

Author(s): Dmitry A. Kubankin / Language(s): Russian Publication Year: 0

Written sources, numismatic finds and the stratigraphy of the site are employed to retrace the chronology of Ukek. Stages associated with the ruling khans are revealed. Principal changes in the city development are demonstrated. The chronology of the urban center is compared with the data on the adjacent settlements. The intensive development of Ukek and individual sites in its vicinity in 1260-1270s, alongside with its growing administrative influence during the rule of Tokhta, a substantial increase of the city area and that of the number of settlement monuments in the Uzbek and Jani Beg periods are specified. An assumption is made as to the devastation of Ukek and some of the adjacent areas during the last years of Abdullah’s rule and its subsequent decay in the 1370s. A brief recovery during the rule of Tokhtamysh, as well as a practically total absence of any materials related to the periods following Tamerlane’s invasion in 1395 are noted.

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О наименовании некоторых городов на караванном пути Хорезм — Сарай в конце XIII — начале XIV вв.

Author(s): Roman Yu. Reva / Language(s): Russian Publication Year: 0

Based on the comparison of recently discovered numismatic facts with the Arabic manuscript text of al-’Umari and Kazakh legends recorded in the 19th century, the names of two towns have been established — Uichik and Qutlughkent, which were located on the caravan route from Urgenj to Saray. Uichik is localized in the vicinity of modern Atyrau (Republic of Kazakhstan). “Qutlughkent” could possibly be the early name of the city of Saraijuk. A misinterpretation by V.G. Tiesenhausen in the Russian translation of al-’Umari’s text has been corrected.

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К исторической топографии Нижнего и Верхнего Джулатов золотоордынского времени (историографические аспекты)

Author(s): Sergey N. Savenko / Language(s): Russian Publication Year: 0

The report is devoted to consideration of the 5 stages (from the 18th century to the present) in the history of the study of Lower and Upper Djulat, the Golden Horde cities in the central part of the Northern Caucasus, located in the middle course of the Terek River, with a primary emphasis on their historic topography. The features of the source base accumulation, including archaeological materials, are discussed. At all stages, the researchers have commented on the extent, importance and chronological development peculiarities of the Djulat cities. The most extensive data on the historical topography is provided in the monographs by V.A. Kuznetsov (2003, 2014), E. D. Zilivinskaya and I. M. Chechenov (2015). Alongside with the specification of the settlements dimensions and structural elements, stratigraphy determination, characteristics clarification, and dating of the objects (mosques, temples, fortification elements, welfare facilities, burials, private burial vaults, etc.), there still remain unsolved problems related to the basis and historical circumstances of the emergence of major Golden Horde settlements on the Lower and Upper Djulats. The internal structure of these cities, the dynamics of their territorial expansion and development at various historical stages in the mid-13th — early 15th centuries require further research.

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Animals for Food in the Golden Horde City of Old Orhei (Republic of Moldova): Topography and Archaeozoological Data

Author(s): Luminiţa Bejenaru,Ludmila Bacumenco-Pîrnău / Language(s): English Publication Year: 0

The archaeological level of the Golden Horde period is analyzed, and this assemblage is compared to the level of the 15th—17th centuries in order to account for a diachronical variability of food resources of animal origin on the Old Orhei site.The study of medieval Old Orhei is mainly focused on the diversity of food resources as reflected by the archaeozoological analysis. Previous archaeozoological studies on the medieval period in Old Orhei discussed aspects related to animal species identified on the site and the proportion of wild and domestic species. The consumers of animal products especially differed by their ethnic belonging. Thus, in the period of Mongol (the Golden Horde) occupation, the main domestic species used in alimentation were the sheep/goat (Ovis aries/Capra hircus), the cattle (Bos taurus) and the horse (Equus caballus), while later — after Mongol retreat, the livestock of the local economy was mainly represented by the cattle (Bos taurus) and the pig (Sus domesticus).The hunting records a very low rate (0.24% NISP) during the Golden Horde period; the low occurrence frequency of wild animals’ remains in this cultural level is quite surprising, since the documents of the time contain information emphasizing that the Mongols used to greatly rely on hunting, which was practiced for different purposes: to compensate a food shortage, to secure furs and hides, to keep fit for future battles, etc.

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Историческая география Генуэзской Газарии 1275—1475 гг.

Author(s): Sergei Gennadievich Bocharov / Language(s): Russian Publication Year: 0

In the second half of the 14th century, the property of the Genoese Republic in the Crimea covered the whole of the Crimean coastal line and was named the Genoese Gazaria. The historical geography of the various administrative units of the Genoese Gazaria is considered: rural district of Caffa, Soldaia, Cembalo and Vosporo Consulates, domains on the Southern Coast of Crimea, and on Kerch and Tarkhankut Peninsulas. Results of historical topography studies of four fortified Genoese cities — Caffa, Soldaia, Cembalo and Vosporo — are provided.

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Топография городских могильников золотоордынского Азака и их влияние на общегородскую планировку

Author(s): Andrei Nikolaevich Maslovskiy / Language(s): Russian Publication Year: 0

Excavations of Azak are held in every district of the city. That’s why now it is possible to study some questions of planigraphy of big city of the Golden Horde. The paper contains information about 38 discovered burial sites of 13th—14th cc. Short data about these sites origin is also given. Mapping of the objects shows certain logic in their location. Burial sites appear nearly at the same time. Each of two arc-like burial zones appears as a result of an administrative policy, which ordered to place graves outside from the habitable districts. But soon sites of an earlier period became surrounded by residential estates. The second arc-like zone of burials appeared as a result of this process.

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Военная организация кочевников Крыма в XII—XIV веках

Author(s): Victor N. Chkhaidze / Language(s): Russian Publication Year: 0

The report presents differentiate according to the degree of arms 49 male burials kochevnikov medieval (12th—14th centuries), which were identified in 56 cemeteries in the Crimea. Based on the analysis of materials, three groups of military burials of nomads: 1. Heavily armed cavalry with metal protective arms and a full set of weapons and melee; 2. Cavalry without defensive arms, or with a non-metallic armor, also with a full set of chopping weapons and ranged weapons; 3. Light cavalry armed only with bows and arrows, swords rarely. The picture presented of the military organization of the Polovtsian society in Crimea, which existed until the inclusion in the composition of the Polovtsian troops of the Golden Horde.

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