Основной закон о лесах Российской Социалистической Федеративной Советской Республики

Author(s): Author Not Specified / Language(s): Russian

Поселищна мрежа и население в Сакар планина и прилежащия й район през XV-XVI век

Author(s): Stefan Dimitrov / Language(s): English,Bulgarian Publication Year: 0

This study, based on the ground of unpublished Ottoman tax registers (tapu tahrir defterleri), analyses the "population-area" relationship in the Sakar Mountain and the adjacent area in the 15th-16th century. After detailed selection and translation of the Ottoman tax registers and analysis of the information in terms of settlements, as identified in the registers, the borders of the kaza of Edirne have been established as well as the changes which occurred in that territory; the extent and methods of occupying this administrative area and the ethno-religious structure of the population, within the studies region, have been specified. It has been found that the East, West and North borders of the region of Edirne did not undergo significant changes in time. Only the South border was changed over the years, including towns and villages, adjacent to the kaza of Dimetoka. A typical feature of the settlement network, withing that region, was its instability at the end of 15th and the first half of the 16th century. The small weak settlements prevailed in it - probably still newly populated areas, founded when liberated slaves or colonized population settled the area or they were just old settlements in decline. Int the second half of the 16th century the settlement network became stable and strong and increased its density. Within the period 1485-1570 most densely populated was the area with and altitude of up to 250 m. Together with the process of settling the lowlands another process was taking place - settling of the foothill and the mountain areas of the region. The towns and villages, located in the investigated region, were occupied by Muslims and non-Muslims, as the total number of the households of both religious communities gradually increased in the years.

Аскери чифликът - вакъфът - държавата. Чифликът на мютевелията на вакъфа на Софу Мехмед Паша от началото на XVIII век: генезис, развитие, злоупотреби, печалба

Author(s): Paulina Andonova / Language(s): English,Bulgarian Publication Year: 0

The debate of the identification and definition of the askeri cifliks lies at the center of the Ottoman economic history. Their existence arises important questions related to the balance in the Ottoman classical economic and social system based on the state land property, the legitimacy of the political power of the Ottoman ruling class and the revenue collection of the agrarian surplus. A typical case of land usurpation and private control over the appropriation of the agrarian surplus can be investigated in the detail thanks to a wealth of historical data consisting of tax registers (tapu-tahrir defters), inventories of vakf's revenues and complaints against the ciflik-owner dated from 16th to the beginning of 18th century. The foundation and practice of administrator (mutevelli) of the Sofu Mehmed Pasha's and Mustafa Aga's vakfs (charitable donations), in the beginning of the 18th century demonstrates the genesis of such farms by occupation of abandoned lands. In addition, the investigation of the genesis and character of Veli Efendi's ciflik shows different ways of violation of the land law by the ciflik-owner as a result of his attempts at accumulating land, power and riches. The information included in the documents concerning the case of the ciflik presents the importance of political and economic factors such as the impact of the military campaigns on the population and the possibility of usurpation of abandoned lands as a result of the flight of the villagers for creating big askeri cifliks. The administration and control over the vakf's revenues and properties as part of the ciflik-holder's official duties are also of great significance for making high profits through concealing the ciflik's population and workers, misappropriation of arable lands and tax evasion. In other words the investigation of the case of the Veli Efendi's ciflik sheds light on the basic debatable questions in the Ottoman historiography related to the genesis and development of the askeri cifliks in the Ottoman Empire and some violations of the law and taxation by their holder, especially during 17th-18th centuries.

Щрихи от портрета на наемните работници в чифлиците от XVII - средата на XVIII век

Author(s): Stefka Parveva / Language(s): English,Bulgarian Publication Year: 0

The paper aims to add some elements to the portrait of hired workers (ter oglani, irgat) or share croppers (ortakci) in the askeri cifliks. The inheritance documents of several men and one woman who had died in the cifliks present a rare opportunity to examine aspects of the life of this category of people. The inheritance inventories (terke/ muhalleft defters) of these people were registered in the kadi court registers of the towns of Sofia, Vidin and Ruscuk (mod. Rousse). The first part of the paper analyses the main elements of the contractual relations between ciflik owners and the people they had hired and taxation of the workers. The second part of the paper examines some aspects of the portrait of these workers, based on a structural analysis of inheritance inventories of their representatives, who were either peasants or town dwellers.

Ролята на поетично-музикалната традиция с религиозно-мистичен характер за съхраняването и изявата на алевийско-бекташийската култура в Лудогорието

Author(s): Nevena Gramatikova / Language(s): English,Bulgarian Publication Year: 0

In mankind history all nations had discovered a variety of forms for manifestation of their outlooks and religious beliefs, for the preservation of the created by them culture and maintaining of their cultural memory. Heralds of the cultural and historical memory of every nation and tradition community are the created by them poetic stringed instrument are an important aspect of the religious customs of the Alevi-Bektashi community in Bulgaria, in the regions where it is localized. Apart from being a part of the religious custom, this has been transformed in a form of manifestation of this community and preservation of its identity. Verses with mystical-religious content, called nefesi, divans, ilahi, and performed with an accompaniment of a stringed musical instrument (saz) of their religious and domestic ceremonies, they reflect to the greatest extent the religious doctrine, beliefs, outlook and ethical system of this community; are an important source of the exploration of its history, religious and social tradition, of the specific character of the followed interpretation of the Islam. For ages, these verses have been handed over in a verbal manner and recorded by the adepts of that community. Among the most performed with an accompaniment of saz by the Alevi-Bektashi in the Ludogorie region are the nefesi of the most popularrepresentatives of that tradition - Pir Sultan Abdal, Shah Khatai, Kul Himmet, Kul Himmet Ustazim, Kul Hatmim, Kul Huseyin and etc. Rewritten and read are verses of Yunus Emre as well, his followers, using the same pseudonyms, and etc. Here were born, too, local creators of the mystic-religious verses in the casual style and music to them that Alevi-Bektashi perform, the most ardent of which is Muhyddin Abdal. Among the authors of nefesi, recorded by the Alevi-Bektashi in the Ludogorie region are also Abdal Musa, Kaygusuz, Shemsi Boba and etc. The performance of nefesi and ilahi at the meetings of the Alevi-Bektashi community in the Ludogorie region, for ages has played a social part, too, and it has a uniting function between the members of the jam. The moving and deep suggestions, expressed with these verses, inspire deem emotional awareness on the audience. They appear priceless heralds of the culture of the community. The article discusses some issues, uncovering that aspect of the Alevi-Bektashi culture in the Ludogorie region, for example, the place of the jam in the preservation of the poetic-musical memmory; the authors, whose nefesi were recorded by its adepts; the subjects covered by the nefesi. The connection of that tradition with the music was emphasized as well and it was closely connected with the music tradition of the Turk Central Asia, and on the role of the zakir for the handing over of the tradition to the generations. It was asserted, too, that these verses were a universal system of values, which the Alevi-Bektashi had been following for ages.

Търновският епископат и Русия XV-XVII век

Author(s): Ivan Tyutyundzhiev / Language(s): English,Bulgarian Publication Year: 0

The image of Ottoman invasion of the Bulgarian lands, the Tarnovo Patriarchate, in its capacity as the "Mother of All Bulgarian Churches", maintained international contacts throughout the Greek Orthodox world. The Patriarchate enjoyed high prestige among Orthodox Slav on account of its consistent anti-Unite stance, adopted after the Church Union of the Council of Lyons (1247). This stance differed drastically from the contradictory policy of Byzantium and the Church of Constantinople which were inclined to make compromises with the West and the Papal institution in Rome as part of an attempt to forge an alliance and oppose the invading Ottoman forces. The Tarnovo Patriarchate strongly adhered the Orthodoxy and resisted Roman Catholic attempts at penetration in the territories under its pastoral care. The Bulgarian Orthodox Church by all probability had a major role in spreading Christianity among Cumans and some Tatars in Wallachia and Moldova in the 13 th and 14 th centuries . The high status of the Head of the Tarnovo Patriarchate was borne out by the participation of Patritach Simeon in the coronation of the Serbian monarch Stephen Dusan (1331-1335) and his Bulgarian wife Elena as Tsar and Tsarina and the transformation of the Serbian Archbishopric into a Patriarchate in 1346. Around the middle of the 14th c. the Tarnovo Patriarchate was established contacts with Russia. In 1352 Patriarch Theodosius II of Tarnovo took part in the ordination of Theodorit, Metropolitan of the Principality of Galicia-Lithuania, as Metropolitan of Russia. For Russia Tarnovo was obviously an important spiritual centre holding authority over all Orthodox Slavs. At more or less the same time we encounter the appellation "Tsarigrad-Turnov" which reflected the idea of the Bulgarian capital as a "Third Rome" and "Second Constantinople". Further proof of the high status of Bulgarian clerics among Orthodox Slavs is provided by the enthronement, in the year 1375, of three patriarchs originating from Tarnovo: Euthymius (Evtimii) of Tarnovo (1375-1393), Ephraem of Pec, Patriarch of Serbia (1375-1380; 1389-1392), and Cyprian, Metropolitan of Kiev and all of Russia (1375-1406). The survey of Bulgarian-Russian spiritual ties presented above aims at correcting a view still current in historiography according to which, between the 16th and 18th centuries, church influence followed a North-South (rather than a South-North) axis. While we may assume that such a view reflects the state of affairs in the 18th century, the earlier times of Ottoman domination (15th-17th cc.) were marked by attempts on the part of Tarnovo clerical elite to take part in the most important initiative aiming to increase Russia's prestige as the only independent and most powerful Orthodox Slavonic state. Higher clerics made a point of mentioning the names of Russians monarchs in church services intended for Bulgarian Christian congregations and thus seered Bulgarian expectations of political liberation in the direction of Russia.

CAS Newsletter 2007 / No 1-2

Author(s): / Language(s): English

Articles, pictures and interviews can be reprinted only with the consent of Centre for Advanced Study Sofia (CAS - Sofia). Any citations should be duly acknowledged.

Javna rasprava o razgraničenju BiH i CG u području Sutorine

Author(s): Merima Mujanović / Language(s): Bosnian

U organizaciji Ustavnopravne komisije Predstavničkog doma Parlamentarne skupštine Bosne i Hercegovine održana je javna rasprava o razgraničenju BiH i Crne Gore u području Sutorine (sjednice od 24. februara 2015. i 9. aprila 2015. godine). Javna rasprava je organizirana povodom inicijative Denisa Bećirevića da se donese Rezolucija o Sutorini, koju je on u zvaničnoj parlamentarnoj proceduri uputio na usvajanje. U Rezoluciji je predložio da Predstavnički dom ocijeni neutemeljenim i štetnim Prijedlog ugovora o državnoj granici između BiH i Crne Gore, kojeg je utvrdilo Vijeće ministara BiH u novembru 2014. godine. Prema njemu bi Sutorina trebala ostati u sastavu crnogorskog teritorija i u tom smislu je argumentirao da Crna Gora ne može dokazati vlasništvo nad Sutorinom, jer je u Ustavu FNRJ iz 1946. godine predviđeno da se republičke granice mogu mijenjati samo pod uslovom da Narodna skupština ratificira dogovor na saveznom nivou i uz saglasnost republika. Do te ratifikacije nikada nije došlo. Jedan od glavnih argumenata Rezolucije o Sutorini jeste činjenica da je BiH prema odredbama Berlinskog kongresa imala dva izlaza na more: Klek i Sutorinu. Sutorina se proteže na 83,7 kvadratnih kilometara i od velikog je značaja za ekonomiju BiH.

Ustav Bosne i Hercegovine: Nedovršena pravna država – diskurs

Author(s): Manfred Dauster / Language(s): Bosnian

Ko još u 2010. godini govori o Ustavu BiH od 14. 12. 1995, o ustavu koji datira sa kraja ratnih sukoba u ovoj zapadnobalkanskoj zemlji i kojim se okončava mirovni ugovor iz Daytona, ne može zaobići njegovu nesavršenost. Kazano grubim jezikom, on predstavlja samo organizacionopravni statut koji na jednoj strani izražava minimalni konsens strana u bosnaskom ratu o tome šta bi zajednička država BiH morala biti i na drugoj strani odražava vremenski trenutak u kojem su u Rambouilletu i Daytonu vođeni mirovni pregovori. Jedan od njegovih nedostataka se sastoji u potpunoj ustavnoj šutnji o sudskoj vlasti, o njenoj organizaciji i zadacima, o sudijama i njihovoj nezavisnosti, kao i u nepostojanju, idividualnih garancija prava na zakonskog sudiju. Tako se ključni stav iz čl. I/2 Ustava BiH, da je BiH pravna država, pokazuje kao nepotpun. Što se tiče ostalih nedostataka ovdje o njima ne može biti riječi, posebno ne o hipertrofičnoj politici koja parališe nesavršenu organizaciju države, budući da bi takvo objašnjenje probilo okvire ovog članka. Posmatrač će se, ipak, začuditi da unatoč stalnim internacionalnim i nacionalnim kritikama nije došlo do poboljšanja Ustava. U ovom prilogu nije moguće rasvijetliti razloge zbog kojih su propali dosadašnji reformski pokušaji. To bi nas uvuklo doboko u analizu političkih pozicija unutar BiH. Agiranje politike i pojedinih političara posmatraču sa zapada se ne pokazuje kao racionalno. Bez duboke političke analize, koja do danas očigledno nije provedena, neće biti moguće rekonstruirati stvarnu pozadinu, jedva prihvatljivog ustavnopravnog držanja pojedinih protagonista koji cijelo vrijeme slijede politiku koja je definirana prema etničkoj liniji. Ako se, ipak, svim mogućim argumentima – čak i potpuno nerazumnim – po svaku cijenu održava ovaj ustavnopravni statusu, takva odbrana status quoa može se jedino objasniti egoizmom vlasti određenih etničkih grupa. Ustav koji organizira krov društva nije naprosto statut kojim se ustanovljava jedno udruženje i uspostavljaju njegovi organi. On ne zrači samo prema državi i prema politici, nego utiče i na život pojedinca. On je prema tome suviše važan da bi se prepustio egoističnim grupama vlasti, ma koje boje one bile. Čini se, ipak, da je upravo to u BiH slučaj. Ovo je moguće samo zbog toga što su stanovnici ove ustavnopravne kuće uočljivo neizainteresirani za samo stanje u kući. Nema društvenog dikursa o ustavnim pitanjima koja se tiču ustavnog identiteta. Nije sasvim tačno da društveni interes ima svoju osnovu samo u činjenici da je Ustav iz 1995. zaključen bez učešća samog naroda. Jer, i ustavi drugih evropskih država su donešeni bez neposrednog učešća naroda, a da nakon toga državni narod nije u pogledu ključnih društvenih odluka upao u takvu nezainteresiranost, tačnije u apatiju, kako je to slučaj u BiH.

Primjena kriterija ekonomski najpovoljnije ponude u postupcima javne nabave u Republici Hrvatskoj

Author(s): Dušanka Marinković Drača / Language(s): Croatian

In this article the author gives insight of legislative regulation and analysis of “most economically advantageous tender” application in public procurement procedures in the Republic of Croatia. The article points out on main obstacles for application of this practice, considering that “most economically advantageous tender” is almost negligible criterion in public procurement procedures. Frequent changes of public procurement legislation did not affect increasing number of procedures in which, along lowest price, other criterion were represented, which could achieve “value for money” objective. Restrictive approach of the State Commission for Supervision of Public Procurement Procedure in application of this criterion, which demands from contracting authority that literally every criterion value, even the evaluation for qualitative criterions, could be recalculated in monetary amount, additionally discourages contracting authorities to conduct procedures applying “most economically advantageous tender” criterion. New Public Procurement Act, which will be applied from 1st January 2012, author sees as a chance for change in approach, for which additional special education is necessary for all participants in that procedure.

Ugovori o socijalnom osiguranju između država sljednica bivše SFR Jugoslavije i stjecanje mirovine zbrajanjem staža iz više država sljednica

Author(s): Mihovil Rismondo / Language(s): Croatian

Following the dissolution of Yugoslavia, its successor states have regulated their pension insurance relations by bilateral social security agreements. Such agreements regulate the relations between two countries; therefore, a problem of aggregation of the insurance periods acquired in third–country–successor states occurred, which periods are requisite for granting of the pension entitlement. Therefore, the author suggests the application of the Convention ILO no. 48 Concerning the Establishment of an International Scheme for the Maintenance of rights under Invalidity, Old–age and Widows’ and Orphans’ Insurance, 1935, applicable to all successor–states of the former Yugoslavia.

Борац Алексеј Куликов. Прича о војничкој души

Author(s): Boris L. Gorbatov / Language(s): Serbian

Originally published by Prosveta, Belgrade 1945, as issue Nr. 10 in the Prosveta Series "Mala Biblioteka Današnjice"

EXECUTIVE SUMMARY. FAKE NEWS: A ROADMAP.

Author(s): Author Not Specified / Language(s): English

Fake News: A Roadmap explores the character, consequences, and challenges of fake news. The twists and turns that connect fake news to related buzzwords and themes including ‘post-truth’, ‘populism’, and ‘trust’, are far from straightforward. Fake News: A Roadmap is published by King’s Centre for Strategic Communications (KCSC) and the NATO Strategic Communications Centre of Excellence, in Riga, Latvia. Both organisations are committed to encouraging innovative thinking.

La Lutte du Peuple Bulgare pour une Église Nationale indépendante

Author(s): Stefan Savov Bobchev / Language(s): French

With an 16-pages introduction of the »Société Slave en Bulgarie« acting as editor of this small booklet under issue Nr 10 of its series »Bibliothèque Slave«

Италия и Балканитѣ (по случай общоевропейската война)

Author(s): D-r. Slivenson / Language(s): Bulgarian

A print of the Military Journal, September 15, 1915, referring to Italy's policy on the Balkans.

Srpski intelektualci i Jugoslavija 1918-1929.

Author(s): Branka Prpa / Language(s): Serbian

Kada sam, 1989. godine, prijavila doktorsku tezu o srpskim intelektualcima i njihovom odnosu prema jugoslovenskoj državi, u istorijskom vremenu koje pripada prvim decenijama XX veka, nisam mogla zamisliti da se bavim istorijom koja će me zapljusnuti kao cunami, koja će razrušiti, opustošiti i uništiti moju savremenost i temu mog istraživanja. Počeo je rat, a sa njime je počeo i moj lični i profesionalni pakao u koži istoričara i učesnika istorije. Kako uopšte pisati o stvaranju jugoslovenske države u trenutku njenog nepovratnog sloma, kako se izvući iz dva toka istorije koja se međusobno isključuju?

Kritička kultura sećanja

Author(s): Todor Kuljić / Language(s): Serbian

Izgleda da je 2005. godine suočavanje sa bliskom prošlošću novih balkanskih država pod pritiskom izvana dobilo nove tonove. Zaoštrena je debata oko ratnih zločina unutar i između država. Hrvati grčevito brane dignitet Domovinskog rata, a Srbi nastoje da ublaže neuporedivost genocida u Srebrenici ističući i ostale zločine. Domovinski rat se ne smije kriminalizovati, a Srebrenica je rezultat smišljene propagande – jesu parole kojima se umiruje povređeno vrelo ponosnog nacionalnog osećanja običnog čoveka. Ne manje je upadljiva retorika po kojoj su se svi branili od agresije, a ako je i bilo preterivanja, reč je o ekscesima.

Pařížská kultura a esejisté Giedroyc, Gombrowicz, Stempowski, Jeleński, Herling-Grudziński, Czapski

Author(s): Jiří Zatloukal / Language(s): Czech

The presented disertation deals with selected essayists associated around the polish exile magazine "Kultura" published in maisons-laffitte in paris in the second half of the 20the century (1946-2000). its managing editor was Jerzy Giedroyc. the oeuvre of the closest magazine associates (so called "kultura group") is disscussed with regard to the aspects of the art of essay. research in this paper is limited to the so called first generation of the culture associates (1946-69). apart from the spiritus agens of the periodical - jerzy giedroyc, the analysis looks in detail at these personae from the closest magazine circle: witold gombrowicz, jerzy stempowski, konstantyn a. jeleński, gustaw herling-grudziński and józef czapski. essay as such goes beyond mere literary genre. at the basis of this texts of this nature lie more general attributes and essay can be placed among texts structured by strict logic and texts so called "litterary". as such, these are grasped in the sense of a statement inferred from several basic principles, whereas literary texts as those of which structure is based on digressions.

HIStory is not HERstory

Author(s): Lejla Gačanica,Mira Vilušić,Hazima Pecirep,Nura Begović,Alisa Teletović,Tamara Cvetković / Language(s): Bosnian

Jedna od najpoznatijih fotografija iz nedavne bosansko-hercegovačke historije prikazuje tri ozbiljna muškarca kako službeno potpisuju dokument. Muškarci su zapravo predsjednici Savezne Republike Jugoslavije, Hrvatske i Republike Bosne i Hercegovine, dokument je Dejtonski mirovni sporazum, a službeno je ovime počeo period života u Bosni i Hercegovini nakon oružanog sukoba. Ova fotografija vjerno odražava BiH mirovnu hi stor i ju: niti na va žnoj fotogr afij i, prepoznatljivoj u cijelom svijetu, niti u pisanom obliku, nigdje u udžbenicima i zabilježenoj historiji nema NJENE mirovne priče niti NJENOG mirovnog aktivizma. HERstory jeste različita od historije koju pišu, bilježe, biraju muškarci. No, NJENA priča se desila i dešava se i dalje: ova publikacija bilježi lične priče snažnih, neustrašivih žena Bosne i Hercegovine, one priče koje jesu doprinijele i dalje doprinose izgradnji mira. U vrijeme kada se život u Bosni i Hercegovini sastojao od muškog rata, muških pregovora i muškog mira, žene su ostale nezabilježene. Njihovo pominjanje se uglavnom sastoji od brojanja žrtava silovanja, mučenja, progona, njihova uloga je svedena na kategoriju „starih i nemoćnih“, one su tretirane kao sredstvo rata, istog onog rata kojeg su vodili muškarci. Istina je drugačija. Naravno da žene jesu bile žrtve u ratu, ali ne samo žrtve. Njihovi napori u svakodnevnom ratnom životu da održe zrnca mira, od koji su pravile sve veća mirovna polja, iako ih u formalnim pregovorima nije bilo, uticala su na uspostavu onoga što su u Dejtonu nazvali „mirom“ a što je sasvim drugačije u životima bh žena. Vide li žene zapravo mir drugačije? Da li su namjerno izostavljene iz formalnih procesa, zvaničnih historija, ili se njihovi doprinosi uopšte ne vide i/ili ne cijene? I, zašto?