![ULOGA RIJEKE SAVE U POVIJESNOM RAZVOJU GRADA ZAGREBA](/api/image/getissuecoverimage?id=picture_2007_16713.jpg)
ULOGA RIJEKE SAVE U POVIJESNOM RAZVOJU GRADA ZAGREBA
The paper analyzes the role of Sava river in historical development of the city Zagreb, based on available sources and literature.
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The paper analyzes the role of Sava river in historical development of the city Zagreb, based on available sources and literature.
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In the past, littoral settlements and population along Drava River were depending a great deal more on »gifts and whims« of Drava River, than it is today. Next to other activities, tied to Drava, lumbering and floating trade had a very important economic role (fljojsarstvoa local term for river lumbering). Since early 19th century until the World War Two, lumber trade was particularly thrived and prospered. The most developed commercial company in lumber and floating established a head office in the town of Donja Dubrava in Međimurje region, close to confluence of Mura into Drava. This is where a large commercial company »Ujlaki-Hirschler and sons« established their offices; on the turn of the 20th century, the company had more than 500 employees. Rafting of lumber in Donja Dubrava took lumber all the way from Maribor to Donja Dubrava and onward to Osijek, Novi Sad, Beograd and Smederevo. This paper describes development of this commercial trade throughout nearly 150 years time, as much as the preserved sources and history enabled.
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Gradual stabilization of the imperial borderlands between the Habsburg Monarchy and the Ottoman Empire along the rivers Una and Sava in the period 1718-1739 included farreaching reforms of inherited military border systems on both sides of the frontier. The first objective of those reforms was the establishment of a strict control of any kind of transborder communication of humans and goods. In order to fulfill it, on both sides of the frontier-line it was necessary to build up a relatively large variety of border institutions and prescribe procedures that would serve military purposes, as well as facilitate authorized communications (travel, trade, health conditions, etc.). As a consequence, a relatively large number of (proto)urban centers emerged on neighboring river banks. In some of its aspects, it was almost »hermetically« closed (Cordon Sanitaire). In some others, it was a transfrontalier area of very intensive human contacts and transcultural transfers. This paper will be accomplished on interdisciplinary basis, primarily grounded in eco-history and urban history of imperial borderlands, focused on the river Sava.
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The only Slovenian town on an artifical river island (locally known as ‘ada’, or ‘ait’) - Kostanjevica na Krki - is one of the oldest urban settlements in Slovenia; also, the only settlement with a formal status of a town, that has never been walled in. Despite various dangers and threats on the outpost borders of the Empire, it has always enjoyed sufficient protection thanks to its microlocation. This is why all building plans from the Early Middle Ages, to build fortifications, remained untouched. The main function of the river indeed was defense of the settlement and its inhabitants, with very little value in river traffic; up to a point, the only other use it had was fishing and watermills. In historical sources, the river Krka was more frequently mentioned as a negative factor; to the present day, it has been known for its adverse effects and frequent flooding. Particularly harmful effects were produced in the period from the late 17th until the early 19th century, with significant erosion of the river banks, reshaping and cutting down the island itself.
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Der vorliegende Text ist eine vollständige Präsentierung des Drava/Drau Flußes - des bedeutendsten Wasserkomplexes im Nordosten der heutigen Republik Slowenien, und aller Städtischen Siedlungen entlang der Drau, aufgrund der Josepinischen Landesaufnahme aus den Jahren 1763 - 1787. Die Drau wurde damals noch eine »Jungfrau«, von Menschen noch fast unberührt im Sinne der Regulationen. Daher zeigt sich diese historische Quelle als eine Grundquelle für die ältere Ekogeschichte nicht nur der Drau und seiner nähester Umgebung, sondern für die der ganze Slowenien. Insgesamt sind es neun Sektionen mit den beiläufigen originalen Textbeschreibungen aus dem innerösterreichischen Kartenteil, der vom dr. Vincenc Rajšp vorbereitet wurde. Genauer und speziell für jede Sektion ist der Wasserlauf mit allen bedeutenden Elementen - Kurven, Inseln, Ufern, Zuflüsse und weiter auch Mühlen, Fergen sowie Brücke - präsentiert. Dazu kommt noch das damalige Bild der Siedlungen: Dravograd, Vuzenica, Muta, Marenberg, Maribor, Ptuj, Ormož und Središče ob Dravi.
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Based of Mateo Pagano’s map made about 1522, author analysed presence of population in the time when area around Krka River was conquering by the Turks. Enabling the oldest detailed insight into the space of Krka area, Mateo Pagani’s map represent an crucial historical sources which show as the last moments of feudal medieval cultural environment. In the time of occurrence of the map, Krka River was borderline between two Croatian famous noble families - Šubić and Nelipić. Along the Krka River bank, these families builded up several fortified medieval settlements, which has an important defending role in the time of ottoman conquest. Concerning the fact that many of this fortified settlement are destroyed during ottoman conquest, Pagano’s map is the only graphic sources that testify about its structure and physiognomy.
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This article deals with dates from Croatian early medieval diplomas that could tell us something about water and the rest of contemporary natural environment. Dates from diplomas have been supplemented with the results Croatian and other (Mediterranean) historiographies that deal with early medieval environmental problems, especially water. Modern dates about water, from researched area were also important. Dates about water in Croatian early medieval diplomas are limited almost completely in second half of eleventh century and in the areas of Kvarner, North and Middle Dalmatia. The most important Croatian early medieval settlements ware in countryside with plenty of water sources. These sources became very early private properties. The especially important was rare running water and with running water connected watermills, its role as boundaries between land possessions and the »tool« that directed land routs. In the researched areas especially common were marshes, that were for early medieval man, friendly environment.
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Drainage of Osijek area, alongside Drava river, west of the city Osijek, had been an early water management activity - essential to life and economy of people.Frequent flooding here was due to unregulated water flows of Karašica and Vučica and their affluents, unfavorable location of bridges and watermill dams, neglected and blocked water channels and gutters, as well as treetrunks, lying in water beds due to caving river banks and blocking the flow. Basins and river beds of Karašica and Vučica, due to their insufficient drainage, could not deal with incoming water and infuse into Drava river. Diffused and spilt waters were left inside forests, meadows and fields, long after water-levels returned to normality, having sa devastating effects on economy, households, infrastructure etc. This is why Drava region was early recognized as very attractive for settling down and development of settlements: soil was good for cultivation, both the climate and water system were relatively good, primary vegetation was predominantly woods and prairies, river banks were mainly elevated and steep, there was a solid traffic interconnection other mess and more distant settlements, with plenty of water springs and foods - there was a need for water regulation with embankments and causeways, with regular defense system and maintenance of excess water drainage. However, lower flux of Drava - regulation of water flow by meander cross section, bulwalk building, melioration (drainage through building of channel network) etc. - in general were very slow and disorganized; efficient drainage did not happen until 1898, when Water regulation cooperative for Karašica, Vučica and their affleutns.
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During the fourth century, Christianity succeeded to change the morality of a fairly large number of individuals, but it still failed to transform the public morals of society. Evangelical morality was far from being experienced by the society of the late antiquity period. Hence the wish of preachers of those times to turn it into a reality, to change habits and to urge the people to practice Christian virtues. For this, preachers used forms, motifs and traditional techniques specific to pagan culture. These also include the metaphor. As with many Greek and Latin ecclesiastical writers of the fourth century, and without diminishing the contents of the Gospel message, John Chrysostom often used in his sermons the metaphor of the ship in order to highlight the truths of Christian faith, to make them more accessible to the understanding of his hearers and to determine his listeners to change their immoral way of living. Therefore, this study aims to analyze ideas, facts, the Christian moral virtues, and also vices expressed in Chrysostom’s writings by the metaphor of the ship. These are: fasting, drunkenness, greed, virginity and celibacy as a "paradigm of salvation", a stronger sense of solidarity inside the family, lust, and asceticism.
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Agriculture was the main occupation of the Dacian population living east of the Carpathians. The paper describes the main proofs, especially archeological ones, that confirm the practice of this branch of economy. Various categories of agricultural implements (plough shares and coulter knifes, sickles, scythes) were found in the settlements of Poiana, Brad, Răcătău, in the Dacian fortresses of Cîndeşti, Barboşi, Bâtca Doamnei, the settlement of Dumbrava or settlements located in the area of the Carpathian bend. There are also described other finds – osteological remains, or paleobotanical ones – that confirm the practice of agriculture by the Dacians within the considered space. The described proofs confirm that within agriculture, the Dacians living east of the Carpathians were mainly preoccupied with cereal cultivation and animal husbandry. The analysis of the same proofs indicates the increase of the agricultural production, due to the improvement of the agrarian technique. This phenomenon created the conditions for the transition from the practicing of agriculture in order to answer immediate needs, for subsistence purposes, to the goods supplying agriculture.
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L’intérêt de cet épisode est dû au fait que, méconnu, il n’ait pas fait l’objet d’une analyse et les divers auteurs qui en parlent n’offrent aucun détail, ou ont une mauvaise version, faute d’une analyse en détail. Les sources de documentation étaient, pour la plupart, des documents trouvés dans l’Archive de Iassy et des œuvres plus générales. Mais, il faut remarquer, que notre intérêt concerne les sources provenant de la période déjà mentionnée. Le manque des repères bibliographiques est dû au fait que notre recherche s’est déroulée en étudiant le matériel fourni par les Archives. Dans ce travail, nous essayons de reconstituer les circonstances concernant la pratique de l’équivalence des diplômes d’études des étudiants étrangers à l’Université de Iassy dans la seconde moitié du XIXe siècle. En ce qui concerne le processus d’équivalence et validation des diplômes obtenues par les étudiants roumains dans des universités à l’étranger, celui-ci était bien établi par la Loi d’organisation de l’Enseignement (1864) et par le Règlement de l’Université. Dans ce travail, nous esquissons les traits spécifiques de l’enseignement juridique auprès de l’Université de Iassy; ceux-ci seraient : un corps des professeurs bien préparées, dont certains à l’étranger, une procédure améliorée par la pratique et le désir d’assurer des juristes avec une bonne formation juridique.
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L’intervention du pouvoir politique pour régulariser les normes de fonctionnement de l’institution de la presse a franchi les limites de l’établissement et de l’application de la loi, pendant le gouvernement de P. Groza. Les autorités ont manifesté la tendance de contrôler tous les aspectes de l’activité des journaux, en faisant appel à la censure et aussi aux méthodes associées. Parmi les procédés de la censure officielle il y avait le control de la délivrance des autorisations de parutions des publications périodiques. Le cas de „Studii si Cercetari Istorice”, qui a été l’une des principales revues roumaines de spécialité de la période de l’entre-deux-guerres, n’est pas singulier. En mars 1948, dans le contexte du début de la politique de régénération culturelle et de réorganisation de la vie scientifique roumaine du nouveau régime, la revue a été supprimée en même temps que plusieurs publications périodiques culturelles et scientifiques roumaines, par le procédé du refus de la délivrance des autorisations. Les documentes trouvés dans les Archives Nationales Historiques Centrales le fonds du Ministère de la Propagande Nationale sont la preuve de la situation plus que difficile dans laquelle ont été publié les périodiques et les deux derniers numéros de la revue „Studii si Cercetari Istorice”, et aussi la preuve des procédés de la censure officielle.
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La période antérieure à la constitution de l’Etat féodal de la Moldavie fournit encore beaucoup de sujets de recherche en ce qui concerne certains aspects concrets comme la naissance des domaines féodaux, l’apparition des villes. L’une des grandes propriétés féodales moldaves, celle de la famille Stoian Procelnic, se constitue grâce aux conditions historiques spéciales – l’existence de l’Etat de la Horde d’Or –au nord de la Mer Noire, et sa domination nominale sur le territoire de la Moldavie. Le nom – procelnic – lui même signifie une personne désignée parmi les indigènes, responsable de la collecte et de l’expédition du tribut en animaux aux Tatars. Cette propriété s’est constituée ou long de la route utilisée pour l’expédition. Nous envisageons qu’il s’agit d’un mode de naissance des „maiores terrae”. L’existence du clan Procelnici a connu trois grandes périodes de développement:- La naissance qui est la conséquence de la fonction attribuée par l’état tatar. - La deuxième, quand normalement, cette famille doit être en déclin parce que l’action de livraison du tribut est disparue, est la période de l’apogée parce que ses membres sont présents dans le Conseil d’Etat (même s’ils n’ont pas de fonctions), la preuve de leur loyauté à l’égard de l’autorité centrale. - La troisième époque représente l’étape du déclin et de l’émiettement du domaine féodal. L’existence de nos jours du village nommé Proselnici suscite l’intérêt pour une recherche archéologique sur un très valeureux site historique qui apportera de nouvelles preuves de l’évolution de la société féodale.
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The concept of sinner had a wide variety of meanings under the political and confessional circumstances of the 16th – 18th centuries. This can be seen in chronicles, law, theological texts and apocrypha, but also in illuminated manuscripts and frescoes of the Last Judgment. This paper explores the way written sources and frescoes defined and represented the sinner in the fire of damnation, taking into account the fact that these sources did not have well established criteria for defining the sinner. In a setting with a high religious otherness, the good Christian and the sinner were defined by their baptism and the way they lived their life within the Christian church. Therefore, as indicated in the references, the central place in the representation of Hell was held by two different groups of sinners: those inside and those outside the Christian church. In the case of the first group, even if capturing a very rich inventory, the primary meaning, the core of the representation of sin, is reduced to avarice and greed as central sin. The conviction of this sin is accomplished through negative association of various social groups to the idea of greed. In this respect, the goal was to alert on how the sin undermines civic responsibility and social structure. Thus, the religious message is also targeted to the new social groups that raised too quickly by their occupations and practices. In defining the second group, the concept of sinner is associated to the nonappurtenance to the right church. The two elements that enacted the appurtenance to the koine, to the righteous, were the baptism and the attachment to the formal worship, Jesus having, in this case, under his gaze, groups whose fate was decided by the one that the community deserved. Each one of them was guided by his own spiritual leader, the prince being responsible for the salvation of the Orthodox and not of those of other confessions.
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Au long de l’histoire, l’alimentation spécifique de diverses communautés humaines, avec tout ce qu’elle implique, a subi l’influence de nombreux facteurs d’ordre naturel, économique, mais aussi de certains qui tiennent plutôt du côté spirituel de la vie, dont le plus important est le facteur religieux. C’est ce qu’on se propose de mettre en évidence dans les lignes suivantes. On considère important de mentionner que c’est juste la possibilité d’identifier les sources nécessaires d’une telle recherche qui nous a dicté le choix de la période entre le XVIe et le XVIIIe siècles. Pendant les siècles mentionnés ci-dessus, quelle que soit la couche sociale à laquelle on fait référence, les habitants de la Moldavie et de la Valachie, suivant les consignes chrétiennes, pratiquaient le jeûne comme une forme de purification du corps premièrement, qui parachevât celle de l’âme, ils commémoraient leurs morts apportant à la divinité des offrandes alimentaires et accordaient une importance extraordinaire à quelques certains aliments dans le seul but du salut de l’âme. Tout cela met en évidence l’existence de tout un système de valeurs et de représentations dans l’imaginaire collectif de l’époque, y compris à l’égard de la nourriture, ce qui prouve justement le fai t que l’attitude des membres de diverses catégories sociales de la Moldavie et de la Valachie manifestée envers l’alimentation était, en fait, un comportement façonné de manière culturelle.
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During the interwar period, Romanians paid special attention to the export of the autochthon historical discourse abroad. This was done, mainly, in order to reinforce the symbolism of the year 1918 and to argue that the Union was a natural event. This event was the outcome of a special frame of mind and of various strategies, consistently implemented in the past decades, which gradually built a destiny that culminated with the Great Union. If this was real or not, whether the national unity had been desired for several centuries or whether it was just a new and very bold project put into practice due to a favorable international political conjuncture, was of no importance anyway. Once the Union was accomplished, both the Romanian State and dispersed individuals (journalists, historians and politicians) were trying to catch the new political situation in a logical scheme, built in a historical becoming. Romanians rushed to use this type of explanation for other reasons: to prevent the revisionist dangers and to impose Europe a certain fact - the Union - which was not to be questioned by the external enemies in the future. In this line, the use of history and historians in the external propaganda, favorable to Bucharest, seemed to be natural. They could do a more reliable service to Romania than the politicians by using scientific theories instead of dangerous political passions. However, as we notice, after 10 years since the Great Union, Romania did not have a coherent strategy in this regard. Whereas the historical discourse, produced in Romania, was released in Europe through diplomats, journalists and common Romanian citizens, historians were a part of this scheme only by chance or as a result of their personal initiatives.
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Es freut und ehrt mich sehr, dass ich an dieser Stelle und in diesem Rahmen die Grundlinien der Entwicklung unseres Arbeitskreises für Siebenbürgische Landeskunde e. V. Heidelberg (AKSL) nachzeichnen darf, der heuer ein halbes Jahrhundert alt geworden ist. Vor genau 25 Jahren versah diese Aufgabe der Altvorsitzende Dr. Ernst Wagner, der seinen Beitrag mit den Worten schloss: „Es kommt darauf an, durch gute Arbeit Fakten zu schaffen, über die auch in Zukunft nicht hinweggesehen werden kann! Wenn uns das gelingt, habe ich keine Zweifel, dass in 25 Jahren, vielleicht in einem anderen Rahmen, ein Vorstandsmitglied über die dann zurückliegenden nächsten 25 Jahre berichten kann.“
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Der Verein für siebenbürgische Landeskunde, der Rechtsvorgänger unseres heutigen Arbeitskreises für Siebenbürgische Landeskunde, wurde im Jahr 1840 in Mediasch gegründet. Für die offizielle Anerkennung brauchten die Behörden des vormärzlichen Kaisertums Österreich lange, erst 1842 kam die entsprechende Bestätigung. Das Hundertjahrjubiläum hätte man 1940 oder 1942 feiern können, doch damals war der Landeskundeverein gerade an einem Tiefpunkt angekommen und stellte seine Tätigkeit (mit Ausnahme der nordsiebenbürgischen Sektion) ein. Nachdem der Arbeitskreis für Siebenbürgische Landeskunde 1987 sein 25-Jahr-Jubiläum festlich begangen hatte, dachte man 1990 angesichts der Geschäftigkeit nach der politischen Wende nicht mehr an andere Jubiläen. Ob letzterer 2037 sein 75-Jahr-Jubiläum begehen wird, ist heute nicht abzusehen, gewiss aber wird man 2040 des zweihundertsten Jahrestags der Gründung des alten Landeskundevereins gedenken, und so soll dieses Datum heute das Stichjahr für die Überlegungen zu den künftigen Aufgaben des AKSL sein. Ohne in irgendeiner Weise Prophetie betreiben oder etwa ein Wissenschaftsprogramm aufstellen zu wollen, will ich unter den drei Aspekten: 1. Forschung, 2. Dokumentation und 3. Publikationen Optionen und Desiderata ins Gespräch bringen.
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Der Arbeitskreis für Siebenbürgische Landeskunde ist das Schmerzenskind der siebenbürgisch-sächsischen Kriegsgeneration: Junge Siebenbürger Sachsen, die den Zweiten Weltkrieg als Soldaten, als Deportierte oder als Flüchtlinge erlebt und überlebt hatten, haben einander in der Bundesrepublik Deutschland wiederentdeckt und sich dabei Rechenschaft gegeben, dass zwischen ihrer Herkunft aus Siebenbürgen und ihrer Existenz in Deutschland ein Fragezeichen steht. Diesem Fragezeichen, so fühlten sie, waren sie schuldig, sich zu stellen.
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