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Wpływ metod obróbki wstępnej biomasy na wydajność otrzymywania biogazu

Author(s): Dorota Bogumił / Language(s): Polish Issue: 4/2016

Due to the growing interest in renewable energy, lignocellulosic biomass is an attractive substrate for the production of biofuels, particularly when it is undeveloped waste. The biomass is cheap, widely available, and has a highenergy value. Conversion technology of this type of biomass is characterized by the limitations associated with a complicated structure of the lignocellulose complex. Various types of pre-treatment of the raw materials is being used to improve its efficiency. The article describes division of available methods for the preparation of lignocellulosic raw materials used to produce various types of biofuels.

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Galician Oilfields

Author(s): Wojciech Morawski / Language(s): English Issue: 2/2017

The article begins with the genesis of oil extraction and usage in Galicia, and concentrates on the interwar period. It shows the evolution of the usage of oil, from lighting towards combustion engines, and follows the structural problems this posed for the sector. It maps out extraction between particular oil fields, and explores how the profile of production changed over time. Finally, it deals with the role of foreign capital, the processes of monopolisation, and the impact of the sector on the local society.

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Electricity from Peat - Abandoned Plans for a Polish Peat-Fuelled Plant in Wizna : Facts and Contexts

Author(s): Andrzej Zawistowski / Language(s): English Issue: 2/2017

The final article explores little-known plans for the use of peat in energy production in Poland. The idea of building a plant in Wizna is shown as part of a wider concept of industrialising rural parts of the country within the Białystok Łomża-Ełk triangle. Repeatedly postponed, the concept never came to fruition, and was finally abandoned after the creation of peat nature reserves in 1967.

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РИЗИЦИ ЕНЕРГЕТСКЕ СИГУРНОСТИ

Author(s): Slobodan Cvetanović,Danijela Despotović,Vladimir Nedić / Language(s): English,Serbian Issue: 1/2019

According to its significance, energy production is in the same group of activities like production of food and raw materials, and supply of necessary drinking water. The lagging in those forms of production has negative impact on economic growth and development of countries and regions as a whole. Therefore, the problems of development of energy sector cannot be observed as isolated from the development of overall social-economic development of a country, even out of context of development of international political and economic relations. In that light,energy security is one of the most pronounced risks in the modern world. Unlike the previous period when oil was predominantly considered the factor of energy security, nowadays, the discussion about the energy security takes into account energy sources as a whole. Due to the continuously growing demand for energy (resulting from increased economic activities and raising living standard), on the one hand, and the growing number of uncertainties of different origin that accompany production, transport, distribution, storage, and final energy consumption (environmental, technical, economic, political, security), on the other, energy security has become one of the most important global development goals.

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Sektor konwencjonalnej elektroenergetyki wobec wyzwania transformacji technologicznej

Author(s): Andrzej T. Szablewski / Language(s): Polish Issue: 61/2020

The article criticises the direction in which the Polish electrical power sector is to develop, as stated in the draft energy policy. Such a draft policy assumes not only that overwhelming dependence on hard and brown coal for electricity generation should be maintained in the long term, but also that large-scale nuclear power plants should be developed. The starting point of the article is a statement that the authors of this policy do not sufficiently take into account the challenges of, and related threats to, both types of energy generation resulting from progress in technology transformation involving the rapid development of renewable energy. The purpose of the article is to present arguments confirming the following twofold thesis. Firstly, the greatest threat to coal and nuclear power plants is the so-called death spiral, which results in those assets gaining a stranded status. Secondly, against the backdrop of the growing share of renewable energy sources in the national energy mix, there is a need to focus on the development of gas sources for electricity production. The justification of this thesis is based on an analysis of the current levels of knowledge about the progress and direction of the power sector technological transformation, especially in solar and wind electricity generation, electricity storage as well as smart grids and meters. The problem of spiral death as an existential threat for the economics of coal and nuclear power is then analysed, and against this background the advantages of gas source development are presented.

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Vývoj legislatívnych požiadaviek pre prevádzky bioplynových staníc na Slovensku

Author(s): Miroslav Venek / Language(s): Slovak Issue: 3/2017

This paper deals with changes in environmental legislation, affecting the operation of biogas plants in Slovakia. The aim of this work is to identify changes in environmental legislation that have occurred over the past year, directly related to the operation of biogas plants and to briefly discuss their impact on their operation. The most significant changes are identified in certain paragraphs of the new law on Waste Management and in new implementing regulations of the Clean Air Act. These results are limited in time, since the legislation is subject to continuous change and also spatially, as it is only valid on the territory of Slovakia. Practical and social implications of discussed legislative changes can be generalized by the knowledge that costs associated with the introduction of changes in legislation should be balanced by society-wide benefits. Original contribution of the article is in demonstration of the practical problems associated with the application of some changes in legislation based on the experience of the authors with environmental services to biogas plants.

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Vodné hospodárstvo na Slovensku a v regióne dolného Liptova

Author(s): Ján Bednárik / Language(s): Slovak Issue: 3/2017

Water is a determining element of our being. Generally known "water is life" is well-founded. The largest water user on the planet is agriculture, followed by industry, and ultimately, the population. The UN is conscious of what water means to the humanity of this planet. Therefore, this area has been entrusted to the UN Food and Agriculture Organization (FAO). In Slovakia, a substantial part of the population is supplied through 16 water companies. In Ružomberok district water supply is provided by the Water Company Ružomberok. At present, the lower Liptov region is rich in quality groundwater and its reserves are still sufficient. Nevertheless, we cannot just stay at this conclusion. We must learn how to use water economically and appreciate it as a precious treasure that we have received as a gift and thanks to it we can live here.

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A COMPARATIVE NEXUS OF IMPACT ASSESSMENT OF FILLING STATION CONSTRUCTION PROJECTS ON ENVIRONMENTAL SUSTAINABILITY IN OWERRI, IMO STATE: AN EMPIRICAL PERSPECTIVE

Author(s): Joy Oguzie,Peter Njoku,Ulari Onwuka / Language(s): English Issue: 2/2019

The discovery and use of crude oil and its refined products have evidently had positive effects on the economy but one can’t turn a blind eye to the many negative effects it has had and is still having on the environment. Prominent amongst them is the hazardous effects filling stations who are involved in the sale of oil products as the downstream sector have on the environment coupled with the fact that most filling stations do not comply with the reports of Environmental Impact Assessment carried out sequel to their construction. As such, this study sought the significance of EIA exercise in filling stations construction and the extent to which their activities affect the environment in other to ascertain how sustainable the filling stations are. The study which is descriptive survey has a sample size of 110 respondents. Furthermore, the data were analyzed using descriptive statistics and for the hypotheses, using t-test and correlations to ascertain relationships. It was found that the significance/importance of carrying out an EIA exercise is non-negotiable. Further analysis also showed that the filling stations do not go through with what is contained in the EIA reports, as their operations are not also done in accordance with best practices as they release a lot of pollutants to the environment which aids in rapid degradation of the environment. All these prove beyond doubt that filling station construction projects in Owerri, Imo state are not on a sustainable path and as such it is recommended that all stakeholders such as Government regulatory agencies which include the Department of Petroleum Resources, Filling station owners/workers and even personnel in the Construction sector should join hands in ensuring that filling stations are properly planned, constructed and that their operations are environmentally friendly. The Federal Ministry of Environment (FME), Environmental activists, Civil Societies, etc. should also embark on a massive orientation as a large part of the populace do not know what EIA is all about.

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Is There a Relationship between CO2 Emissions and Health Expenditures? Evidence from BRICS-T Countries

Author(s): Seyfettin ERDOĞAN,Mustafa Kirca,Ayfer GEDİKLİ / Language(s): English Issue: 2/2020

One of the most important indicators of deterioration in environmental quality is the increase in carbon dioxide emissions. Increasing carbon dioxide emissions negatively affect the health of individuals and lead to the emergence of a number of chronic diseases. The most significant cost of chronic diseases which reduces employee productivity is the impact on health expenditures. The purpose of this study is to investigate the relationship between carbon dioxide emissions and health expenditures for BRICS-T countries (Brazil, Russia, India, China, South Africa, and Turkey) over the period 2000-2016. The panel causality test developed by Kónya (2006) was used as the method. Based on the empirical results, it was found that there is a unidirectional positive causal relationship running from carbon dioxide emissions to health expenditures in China. In the other selected countries, no such relationship has been identified.

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Кваліметрична модель оцінки якості та безпечності товарів

Author(s): Tetiana Chorna,Lidiya Shubina,Dmytro Yanushkevych,Olena Domanova / Language(s): Ukrainian Issue: 04/2020

The concept of studying the quality and safety of goods, implemented in Slobozhany region of Ukraine has been extended with the justification of using a qualimetric model to provide a modern complex assessment of cosmetic products.

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Uzina chimica Borzesti

Author(s): Vasile Popa / Language(s): Romanian Issue: 4/2015

This article is a short history of one of the biggest chemical company from Bacau County. It was settled around years sixtieth during the communist époque of industrialization, using as the main raw material the salty water coming from the salt mine in Targu Ocna. Its first products were: chlorine, sodium hydroxide and hydrogen gas, then along came the chloride of lime, synthetic rubber and different types of polymers and many more other chemical products. The plant was very important in economical and social development of both the town Onesti (Gheoghe Gheorgiu‑Dej, at that time) and Bacau County.

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Resource Utilization and Environmental Sustainability in Nigeria

Author(s): Temitope Peter Ola / Language(s): English Issue: 2/2019

This paper examines the issues of resources utilisation and how that affects the environmental sustainability profile of Nigeria. The paper notes that Nigeria has a substantial amount of human and material resources while the way and manner the resources are managed influences environmental sustainability within the nation and at the world at large. It is observed that despite numerous policy measures human and material resources are continuously wasted in Nigeria even as the nation continues on a downward trend of poverty. The paper concludes that something drastic needs to be done about how Nigeria manages its resources if sustainability must be attained.

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PERCEPTION OF INTELLIGENT PACKAGING IN THE CONTEXT OF BIOECONOMY

Author(s): Erika Loučanová,Jan Parobek,Martina Nosálová,Ana Dopico,Daniela Hupková / Language(s): English Issue: 3/2020

The research of new intelligent features has shown huge potential to optimize the supply chain and enhance consumer consciousness of product utilization. The implementation of bioeconomy principles in all sectors is essential in seeking to achieve Sustainable Development Goals. Innovation in the packaging industry can be considered as one of the key sectors in this approach. The study deals with the evaluation of the perception of intelligent packaging in Slovakia as ecological innovations through the Kano model. The results indicate that customer awareness of intelligent packaging as ecological innovation in the context bioeconomy is still at a low level in Slovakia. Hdgdgdsgowever, from the point of view of intelligent packaging, Slovak customers represent a key element of stakeholders for the management of innovation processes towards bioeconomy criteria.

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Biopaliwa w zrównoważonej biogospodarce

Author(s): Ewa Krasuska,Magdalena Rogulska / Language(s): Polish Issue: 3/2017

Transportation biofuels have been promoted by supportive policies and initially get public acceptance. However, over time many negative consequences raised controversies over conventional biofuels produced from food and feed crops. Advanced biofuels from feedstock not competing with food production are expected to have an important role in the new bioeconomy sector based on a sustainable biomass production and conversion into a wide spectrum of added value products. Biofuels should be mainly produced from wastes and residues. Biorefineries producing biofuels and bioproducts have a critical role in the industrial production of sustainable bioeconomy.

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Methods of Planning the Flight Route for Class I Unmanned Aerial Vehicle of Special Purpose in a Given Area

Author(s): Vadym Horbach,Yuriy Bondarenko,Anatolii Pelts,Vitalii Kolodnytskyi,Pavlo Pozdniakov / Language(s): English Issue: 06/2020

The article develops the methods of the flight route planning for Class I unmanned aerial vehicle (UAV) of special purpose in a given area. The basic indices of the flight route planning of Class I UAV within the monitoring of the objects area are defined. The article presents the order of indices normalizing. It proves the expediency and optimization scheme for the calculation of the generalized performance indicator of the flight route planning in a given area.

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Instrumental Characterization of Unmodified and HDTMA-Br Modified Kaolinite Clay: SEM-EDX, Quantachrome and TGA-DTA

Author(s): Umar Omeiza Aroke,Lucas Albert Jerome Hamidu / Language(s): English Issue: 06/2020

Kaolinite clay from Alkaleri Northeast Nigeria was pre-treated and beneficiated using physical process. The treated clay of cation exchange capacity (CEC) 9.5 meq/100 g was modified with cationic surfactant hexadecyltrimethylammonium bromide (HDTMA-Br) with amount equivalent to and doubled the CEC. The unmodified kaolinite clay (UKC) and the resultant organo-kaolinite clays: monolayer modified clay (MMC) and bilayer modified clay (BMC) were characterized using the following instruments: Energy Dispersive X-ray spectrometer (EDX), Scanning Electron Microscopy (SEM), Quantachrome and Thermogravimetric-Differential Thermal Analysis (TG-DTA). EDX profile analysis shows 22.41 % C, 56.17 % O & 10.56 % Al in UKC; 21.06 % C, 55.49 % O & 11.66 % Al in MMC and 18.98 % C, 54.59 % O & 12.14 % Al in BMC respectively; with Fe and K found in MMC. The SEM morphology shows UKC has high porosity and large particles, while MMC and BMC showed fine particles and darker than UKC with textural non-uniformity. TGA curve shows that UKC attains equilibrium decomposition at 997.20oC with 15.32 % weight loss, MMC 997.30 oC with 32.67 % weight loss and BMC 998.90 oC with 37.23 % weight loss. The revealed weight loss indicates water of hydration and dehydroxylation. The DTA curves shows endothermic at 510 oC, 250 oC and 520 oC for UKC, MMC and BMC respectively. The single point surface area were 11.9754 m2/g, 3.0132 m2/g and 3.8225 m2/g for UKC, MMC and BMC with corresponding adsorption average pore width 355.0050 Å, 478.6275 Å and 752.8364 Å respectively. Clay materials being promising minerals when modified can achieve desired surface properties for best performance in adsorption applications.

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Investigation of the Potentials of the Binding Properties of Mango, Cashew and Blended Gums

Author(s): Olumide Olu Olubajo,Alhassan Hussiani,Odey Ade Osha / Language(s): English Issue: 05/2020

This research is aimed at production and investigation of the potentials of blending mango gum with cashew gum on its binding properties as a substitute for gum Arabic. The high demand for adhesives has led to the search for other alternatives to Arabic and cashew gum due to their high cost and non-availability. Thus, the need to investigate the potentials of mango gum as well as the possibility of replacing mango gum with cashew gum to be employed as an adhesive. The raw gum was extracted from the mango tree, dried, sorted, underwent size reduction of the gum exudates, sieved into different mesh sizes, dissolved in distilled water and centrifuged to remove impurities and other polysaccharides. The binding properties of the extracted mango gum was monitored in terms of physicochemical properties such as viscosity, pH and specific gravity of the gum using capillary viscometer, pH meter and density bottle respectively. The variation of the agitation speed between 250, 500 and 750 rpm, particle size of the raw MG between 75 µm, 212 µm and 300 µm and the replacement of MG with CG from 0-50% at interval of 10% respectively. The effect of agitation speed, particle size of the raw MG and the replacement of MG with CG were investigated in terms of the viscosity, pH and specific gravity of the gum and found that the best quality gum was obtained at particle size of 75 µm, pH of 4.7, agitation speed of 500 rpm and specific gravity of 1.06 respectively. Results indicated that the use of additives such as glycerine, starch and zinc oxide enhanced the binding properties of the gum and MG as well as gums blended with CG were found to fall within the limits to be considered to possess good binding properties. An increase in MG replacement with CG up to 50 %, resulted in a decrease in viscosity and specific gravity of the blended gum by 21.32 % and 3.77 % respectively while pH experienced an increase from 4.4-5.7 i.e. more alkaline in nature.

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A Method for Determining the Optimum Flight Altitude of an Unmanned Aerial Vehicle for Aerial Photography Tasks

Author(s): Vasyl Myklukha / Language(s): English Issue: 05/2020

The article is devoted to the topic of current scientific interest, namely determination of flight altitude of an unmanned aerial vehicle (UAV), depending on the type of the tasks and UAV performance characteristics.The article analyzes the current state of development of unmanned aerial vehicles and the range of tasks that are assigned to them. There is a number of unresolved problems, which determine the altitude of the UAV flight, depending on the type of the tasks. It is analyzed which main UAV performance and payload characteristics affect the flight altitude.The approaches for determining the altitude of UAV flight are considered and their advantages and disadvantages are analyzed. A method of determining the altitude of UAV flight is introduced, which takes into account the specificity of the tasks and the quality of aerial photography.The main obtained results and directions of further research to determine the UAV flight altitude for solving the tasks are highlighted.

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Physico-Mechanical Properties of Wood and Non-Wood Plaster of Paris Bonded Composite Ceiling Boards

Author(s): Temidayo Emmanuel Omoniyi,Kenny Ajobiewe / Language(s): English Issue: 05/2020

Woody (Alzibia zygia) and Non-woody (rattan and yarn strands) fibres were used comparatively to improve the physicomechanical properties of Plaster of Paris bonded composite which is used as ceiling boards. The addition of fibre reinforcement in a discrete form improves the engineering properties of the Plaster of Paris. The woody and nonwoody residues were varied in 10, 20, 30, 40, and 50% of the whole mix while the Plaster of Paris used were in the ratio 100 (control), 90, 80, 70, 60, and 50 %. The mean density of the composite produced is 3250 kg/m3. The mean thickness swelling after 2 and 24 hours is 0.84 % and 0.88 % respectively with the mean water absorption at 13.8% after 2 hours and 16.2 % after 24 hours. The MOR and MOE of the composites produced ranged from 1.21-1.22 N/mm2, 2431-51488N/mm2 for sawdust, 1.17-1.22 N/mm2, 10027-49940 N/mm2 for yarn strands and 1.20-1.22 N/mm2, 23566-86210 N/mm2 for the rattan strands. The results showed physicomechanical properties of POP-bonded fibre reinforced composites were increased for both wood and non-wood fibres and rattan strands compared best.

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Transition towards energy generation from renewable sources in the People’s Republic of China

Author(s): Paweł Brusiło / Language(s): English Issue: 22/2019

Over the last years, the People’s Republic of China has undergone through the complex energy transition. This process sparked off because renewable energy (RE) sources became a more profitable and effective alternative for fossil fuels, which environmental, social and economic costs turned out to be incommensurate with the benefits. The increasing importance of RE sources in Chinese electricity generation has its reflection in the energy mix – in 2019 over 26% of energy was produced from renewable energy sources. The following article includes a review of the most crucial changes in the energy transition process between 2000 and 2019. This paper also attempts to find the main reasons for the growing supply of energy sourced from RE sources. Electricity generation data, used in the study, present changes in the energy mix and showing examples of relevant infrastructural projects (i.e. the Three Gorges Dam in Hubei province) allows to take a broad view at the ongoing process of energy sources diversification in China.

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