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For more than a decade the annual Innovation.bg report has provided a reliable assessment of the innovation potential of the Bulgarian economy and the state and development capacity of the Bulgarian innovation system. It has put forward recommendations for improved public policy on innovation in Bulgaria and the EU by drawing on the latest international theoretical and empirical research while taking into account the specific economic, political, cultural, and institutional framework in which the country's innovation system is operating. During the last nine years Innovation.bg has made specific recommendations for the improvement of innovation policy and practice, which have been supported by business and the science sector. Innovation.bg 2013 focuses on the innovation potential of the pharmaceutical sector.
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Enterprises engaged in production to meet human needs, are in an effort to meet some social needs with corporate social responsibility activities. Environmental accounting supports businesses in meeting responsibilities of corporate social responsibility areas. In this study, descriptive information about corporate social responsibility areas are included. In addition, the question "What are the functions of environmental accounting in terms of corporate social responsibility areas?" is another objective of the study.
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The Central Asia, owing to its location at the crossroad of Europe and Asia has strategic importance. When great importance of the region for EU in terms of energy resources, has been apprehended, EU Member States started to pay attention to Central Asia. Partnership and Cooperation Agreements which have been made with Kazakhstan, Kyrgyzstan and Uzbekistan have been put into effect in 1999.The purpose of the study is to analyze relations of EU-Central Asian Countries and role of Central Asia in the European Union's common foreign and security policy through the new security approach of EU.
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Topic of the working paper is the importance of energy in the international arena and energy resources of Caspian and its reflection dimension to international politics. Hypothesis about subject is “The Effects of Strategic Games playing on Caspian Basin to the Juridical Status of Caspian Sea”. Firstly, I would like to mention that, main issues on which I have focused on, is Caspain energy resources and interests of external factors to Caspian. Another issue that I payed attention, is the problems of coastal countries which have on determination of boundaries of Caspian. I analyzed my study under there title. In the first title, I have briefly mentioned the reasons and historical development of strategic games on Caspian Basin. I also mentioned about the international image of petrol and the reasons of withdrawing the external factors. Another issue, is the regional and international importance of NABUCCO which will be feeded from the Capsian natural gas. In the second title I analyzed the attitudes of five coastal countries of Caspian over energy politics and on the solution of the juridical status of Caspian.
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Today energy consumption as the main source very important following, energy source is being consumpted to the world market is giving advanced for the turkish world. Energy resource are presented in the world as petrolium oil source one hundred 3.5, gas energy about, one hundred 6.8-Turkmenistan, Azerbaijan and also Kazakhstan, this countries is presented. Such project as Baku-Tbilisi-Ceyhan and Baku-Tbilisi-Erzurum natural gaz piplinie for turksh world very important for integration. Shashdeniz field project and Baku-Tibilisi-Erzurum natural gaz pipeline and opening the global project Nabucco are entire comming to essentials.
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The author examines some theoretical aspects of political cooperation between Iran and Russia in the period of globalization. The author classifies the individual categories of factors that bring together both the positions of these countries, and which between the positions of these countries there are certain differences.
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This article studies all problems of these republics. Today Turkey is the biggest republic in the region and the USA is the biggest republic in the world. The relations between these republics are very important for us. I think the eastern region is very important region in the world at the modern stage. This region have a lot of problems today. The countries of this region have an important thing of modern time – oil. Today without oil we cannot live in our planet. But in this region take a place many conflicts, for example the conflict in Iraq. That’s why in this article we write about these relations.
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Yabancı sermayenin ülke ekonomilerindeki rolü iktisat literatüründe uzun süreden beri tartışılagelmiştir. Günümüzde küreselleşme sürecinin kaçınılmazlarından biri dünya ekonomisinde yabancı sermaye hareketleridir. Özellikle Gelişmekte Olan Ülkeler bakımından sıralanabilecek tüm olumsuzluklarına rağmen, bu ülkelerin yabancı sermaye ihtiyacı kaçınılmaz bir gerçektir. SSCB’nin dağılmasından sonra bağımsızlığını kazanan ülkelerden olan Azerbaycan’ın da bağımsızlıktan bu yana geçirdiği değişim ve gelişim süreci gözönünde bulundurulduğunda, sözkonusu durum daha net bir şekilde ortaya çıkmaktadır. Şöyle ki, Azerbaycan’ın 1990’lı yılların başında yaşanan ekonomik buhrandan, günümüzde dünyanın yüksek oranda büyüyen ekonomileri arasında yer almasında sözkonusu yabancı sermaye yatırımlarının rolu büyük olmuştur. Fakat bu durumun yabancı sermayenın dezavantajlarının gözardı edilmesi anlamına gelmemesi gerekmektedir.
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In this article Natural Resources of Nakchivan Autonomous Republic have been appreciated, Out standing Position of Naxcivan have been analyzed, The influence of Natural Resources on social and economical development of Regions has been shown and exact subjections have been given to increase social and economical position.
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Nowadays it is paid great attention to marketing researches in the construction business. The marketing research in the construction business has been divided in two groups: - the analyze of the product market produced by construction organization; - the movement of products and services in competition conditions. The conducting of the effective marketing research provides revelation of opportunities and threats of building enterprises, the evaluation of market perspectives and the adapting of the marketing strategy to the changing conditions of micro environment.
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Since second half of XX century, creation of powerful industrial enterprises, increase in industrial power, development of scientific and technical progress created a condition for the decision of some social and economic problems, but on the other hand it characterized increase in environmental problems and environmental pollution acceleration. With expansion and deepening of industrial activities affected negative influence on a life and health of people increased. For this reason in a market economy condition, the problem of prevention of environmental pollution comes on the first rows of social responsibilities.
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Generation of electric power increased rapidly in the late 19th century. Riga introduced these new technologies very early: the first electric bulbs were switched on here as early as 1876. In the 1890s, more than twenty small private power stations operated in Riga. The first small power station funded by Riga’s municipal government was constructed next to the Riga City Theatre and canal in 1887. In the early 20th century, the local authority monopolised this field and created the first centralised power supply system. This article explores the construction history and architecture of Riga’s power utilities, including the small architectural forms that emerged in Riga’s urban environment along with the building of the main electric power plant. Riga City Power Station in Andrejosta. Situation, Construction History and ArchitectureRiga’s municipal government was interested in commissioning effective and lasting utility structures; therefore high-level specialists with a European reputation were invited to design projects in fields where there was no previous local experience. Engineer Oskar Miller (1855–1934) from Munich, founding father of the German electrical power industry and co-founder of the international concern Allgemeine Elektrazitäts-Gesellshaft (AEG), had become renowned in the sphere of urban electrification. When the municipality approved the introduction of a centralised electric supply system in late 1901, Miller was entrusted with designing the power station. Early on the location of the power station was allocated at Andrejosta, an industrial territory quite close to the city centre as well as next to the railway and waterway. Miller devised the power station project in 1902. Architect Karl Felsko (1844–1918) worked out the project’s details, endowing the overall image of the power station complex with architectonic expressiveness. Construction supervised by Felsko began in 1903 and the object was put into operation on 1 May 1905. Felsko had given the silhouette of the building ensemble a dynamic nature, and a small tower with a pyramidal spire served as a vertical accent, emphasising the power station entrance. This element could remind one of a sacred architectural ensemble. Besides, unlike most examples of Riga’s industrial architecture built of yellow brick, the power station complex was constructed of red brick. The colour may have been chosen because of parallels with the sacred tradition in the shaping of the image of the complex. The base part of the façade, bands of cornice dentils and window surrounds were plastered and painted white, creating an expressive contrast between the dark red brick wall areas and the light plastering. Comparing Miller’s sketches with the realised object, one should note that Felsko had introduced much more audacious and modern solutions for the window openings, significantly reducing the supporting function of the end wall of the turbine hall and glazing in the largest part of the wall plane. The Riga coat of arms decorated the entrance to the power station, demonstrating the municipality as the owner of the complex. Substation Architecture of Riga’s Electrical GridAlong with the electrical grid, substations were also installed: in 1905 there were 57 transformer points in Riga but in 1914 their number had risen to 306. Such small transformer points in Riga’s urban space had iron containers or kiosks set up in the early 20th century, larger structures were enclosed in purpose-built stone constructions. The stone substations were similar in appearance to kiosks. The main transformer station was located on Aleksandra (present day Brīvības) Boulevard and it was designed by the City Architect of the time Reinhold Schmaeling (1840–1917). It was a pavilion-type building enclosed by the park greenery. The building had a circular layout. The roof dome topped with a lantern was covered with dark-coloured tiles in a scale-type pattern, creating a textural effect and tonal contrast to the modelling of light façade surfaces. The form of the building with its sinuous rhythm and decorative façade finish complied with the character of Art Nouveau. The appliqué-type decorative sculpture of the façade contained modern abstract, geometric motifs of the time, such as the circle and three grooves. A geometrically stylised sun motif was included in the portal part while a naturalistic sunflower motif crowned the portal and was repeated in the décor of the cornice strip. These motifs were most likely intended to emphasise the semantic meaning of the plastic décor, bearing in mind the building’s function of introducing modern lighting in the city. The small free-standing building in the very centre of the city’s ring of boulevards had given the architect a chance to express himself as a skilful master of building. If this substation located in the city’s representational and recreation zone had stylistically valuable, individualised architecture, in other places rational simplicity and standardisation were preferred. Three so-called iron containers have survived in Riga’s public space from the early 20th century; they were mass-produced for substations by the local Union factory. It was founded as a branch of the German venture in Riga in 1898 but was taken over by the international concern AEG already in 1904. In 1914, the city had several dozens of such low-voltage switching stations. These small architectural forms were visually similar to advertising hoardings, so they came with the warning: “Do not paste advertisements here!” During World War I, most of power station equipment and transformers were evacuated to Russia in 1915 and 1916. At the end of World War II, strategic objects of Riga’s power grid, including the power station in Andrejsala, were destroyed in 1944.
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The purpose of the article is the substantiation of theoretical and methodical positions and development of practical recommendations on perfection of the organizational - administrative mechanism of use and development of labour potential of the personnel of the enterprises of power sphere. Overall objective of a control system of the personnel is maintenance of corresponding qualitative and quantitative characteristics of the personnel to the purposes of the power enterprises. The methodical positions are proved and practical recommendations on perfection of the organizational - administrative mechanism of use and development of labor potential of the personnel of the enterprises of power sphere are developed. The structural model of formation of labor potential of the personnel of the enterprises of power sphere differs application of industrial practice and opportunity of participation of experts of the power enterprises in formation of labor potential are realized.
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The present paper is devoted to analysis of computer simulators efficiency in terms of graduates’ adaptation at oil and gas refineries. The experience of such modeling system implementation shows that through the use of a computer simulator based on interactive simulation system we can reach high levels of enterprise employees professionalism in a short time. This, in turn, reduces the risk of abnormal and emergency situations and can finally reduce the cost of production. It will also be possible to increase the fault tolerance of the equipment by reducing the influence of the human factor and clarify regulatory requirements for the installation, including the start, emergency stop, and regular and emergency situations.
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In this work, the stability of a bicyclic high-energy-density fuel, RJ-5 (C14H18), has been inspected. The tendency of RJ-5 jet fuel to form hydroperoxide structure under storage conditions has been examined. The negative ∆Gorxn values showed that oxidation of fuel through hydroperoxidation is a spontaneous process. It was shown that the bridgehead carbon atoms and the carbon atoms that link the norbornane structure with the other ring system are the vulnerable centers to hydroperoxidation because the corresponding hydroperoxides are quite low in total electronic energies. The thermodynamic calculations showed that these hydroperoxide structures may rearrange themselves to minimize their energy forming different molecules. These rearranged molecules have been identified using rearrangement mechanism in the literature. The probable rearrangement products were determined and confirmed by thermodynamic calculations. The heat of combustion values of RJ-5, hydroperoxides and rearrangement products of hydroperoxides have been calculated using T1 heat of formation data. The results showed that the formation of hydroperoxide molecules under storage conditions worsens the performance of RJ-5 jet fuel.
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The article analyses the most important problems related to governance of the Polish energy sector prior to the adoption of the 2030 EU Climate and Energy Policy Framework. The document was to introduce major changes in the Polish energy mix due to restrictions placed upon the emissions of the CO2 and requirements related to the renewable sources of energy. The paper argues that in fact this overshadowed the pre-existing management problems of the Polish energy sector, in many aspects more serious than the provisions of the Framework itself.
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New approach to estimation of energy efficiency as the important factor in the competitiveness of the country's industrial output is suggested. This approach is based on analysis of existing methodical propositions but allows taking into account the presence or absence of fuel and energy resources and evaluating the competitiveness of the national economy for its meso- and micro levels.
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In the process of reintegrating Romanian research in the international landscape, publishing plays a central role. However, the pressure to publish is higher in urban planning, where articles are not necessarily the main research output. In order to answer the challenge, from its very creation, the Doctoral School of Urban Planning at “Ion Mincu” University of Architecture and Urban Planning in Bucharest, Romania aimed to focus its program on a broader dissemination of the doctoral research results. However, since many doctoral students were not familiar with publishing, the present journal was created as an opportunity for them to practice before publishing in other journals. Therefore, this journal is aimed at presenting the doctoral research within the Doctoral School of Urban Planning at “Ion Mincu” University of Architecture and Urban Planning to a broader audience and promoting the outstanding university research in urban planning.
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The large-scale archaeological excavations of the past years yielded a rapid increase of archaeological finds and observations. This large amount of new evidence enabled the observation of wider environmental archaeological relationships. In the study we reconstruct certain environmental and settlement pattern changes from the 13th to the 18th centuries based on archaeological data from the southern shore of Lake Balaton and the cities of the Danube Bend region. The settlements on the shore of Lake Balaton and along the Danube reacted similarly, but with a temporal lag. Hydroclimatic changes caused a shift in the location and structure of lake- and riverside settlements, which was of a horizontal character in the case of Lake Balaton, and of a vertical character in the case of the Danube Bend region.
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