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Polluter Pays Principle in the Czech Republic in the Context of Public Environmental Protection Expenditures

Author(s): Pavla Kubová,Karina Mužáková / Language(s): English Publication Year: 0

In light of the significant economic, technical, and technological growths are increasingly being implemented environmental risks. In practice, there are situations where the polluter does not have enough funds to repair and implementation of financial responsibility, which then passes to the state. Remediation of damage implemented within the environmental risks are not only time consuming but also particularly expensive.

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ZDANĚNÍ POHONNÝCH HMOT A VLIV NA JEJICH SPOTŘEBU

Author(s): Kateřina Stankeová / Language(s): Czech Publication Year: 0

This article deals about influence of taxation on the consumption of propellants. Development of petrol price is highly discussed topic not just currently, but even in the long term. The final petrol price does not contain only price of the oil in the world market, but also consumption tax and VAT. Article is mainly focused on the role of the tax on the price and consequently on the consumption of propellants.

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Analysis of the Influence of Environmental Protection Investments on Trends in Air Quality for the Specific Regions of the Czech Republic

Author(s): Helena Mikulíková / Language(s): English Publication Year: 0

The contribution is focused on the evaluation of the trends of environmental protection investments and the trends of air pollution levels for the specific regions over a given period of time. The methods of empiricism, comparison, excerption and trend analysis are used.

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Perspektywy innowacji, konkurencyjności i wzrostu polskiej gospodarki w kontekście transformacji energetycznej

Author(s): Alojzy Z. Nowak / Language(s): Polish Publication Year: 0

Modernity and innovativeness of the modern global economy is characterized by the development of such industries as: electronics, automation, robotics, artificial intelligence, nanotechnology, biotechnology, etc. The economic development, which takes place by constantly entering higher levels in the chain of creating added value product and by a faster transformation of the structure of the economy, in which sectors with higher productivity and uniqueness would have an increasing share is a core of the modern economy. At the current stage of globalization processes and experiences resulting from the coronavirus pandemic, it will be difficult in Poland to achieve the desired goals in an economy and social policy without active cooperation of the state and market. One of the main goals of such cooperation should be to achieve the desired structural competitive advantage by Polish companies by means of an integrated business and technological strategy, both at the macro and micro level. At the micro level, digitization in particular can drive innovation, competitiveness and growth in the Polish economy. Due to the size and importance of the domestic energy sector, as well as the pace and scale of changes needed in its structure, it can become both a recipient and a market creator for the diffusion of innovation and low and zero-emission technologies. Launching innovation in this area requires an active role of the state both in terms of creating the demand side, organizing the supply side, and ensuring appropriate regulations.

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Wyzwania transformacji a cele polskiej polityki energetycznej

Author(s): Michał Kurtyka / Language(s): Polish Publication Year: 0

Conducting a complex economic transformation is a new challenge in the period of uncertainty, energy crisis, increasing risk of income stratification, as well as intensification of activities for climate protection or the need to maintain the competitiveness of the economy. Poland, as one of the European countries, faces the challenge of building a new energy system, which requires appropriate measures and strategies. In the present times of a pandemic, a helpful tool has been the implementation of the European Green Deal, which supports the fight against the crisis, as well as long-term financial support for economies struggling with the negative effects of this situation. A potential opportunity for states was the assumption of achieving climate neutrality by 2050 and setting modified goals and regulatory solutions related to it. The goals related to the process of economic transformation towards low and zero emissions, as well as ensuring the safety of citizens, were reflected in the Polish Energy Policy 2040. An important element in this process will also be the expansion of generation sources using renewable energy sources. Given the growing share of renewable energy sources in energy production in Poland, it will also be extremely important to ensure an appropriate distribution infrastructure. To achieve success, comprehensive, well-thought-out and effectively carried out activities with appropriate EU support are necessary. Ambitious reforms offer an opportunity to stimulate the development of the economy affected by the effects of the Covid-19 pandemic. By seizing these opportunities, it is essential to reduce risks such as increasing energy poverty and job losses. In a􀁢crisis, flexibility in the path of transformation becomes crucial, enabling Member States to achieve common goals while protecting those citizens and economic sectors most affected by the pandemic.

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Oczekiwania interesariuszy Sprawiedliwej Transformacji – wstępne wnioski z wywiadów i konsultacji

Author(s): Adam Drobniak / Language(s): Polish Publication Year: 0

The main research problem of the paper is focused on the question about expectations and misgivings of stakeholders of transition into the low-emission economy in Polish coal regions. The conducted research using the technique of direct individual interviews (so-called IDI) was directed to 4 key groups of the transition stakeholders, i.e. (i) local governments, (ii) the renewable energy sector, (iii) the traditional sector (mining and conventional energy), (iv) business support institutions (clusters, science and technology park, research institutes). Preliminary conclusions indicate that each of the stakeholder’s groups involved in the transition towards a low-carbon economy has a different view of its role in this process and expects a different type of support and decision-making in the context of mitigating measures planned under the Just Transition Fund. Such expectations create a specific, complex context for both the future energy transition in Poland and the accompanying activities that minimize the negative social effects. Context requiring a consultative approach to Just Transition programming and an integrated coordination of the process both at sector and territorial levels.

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Znaczenie transformacji energetycznej w rozwoju przedsiębiorstw

Author(s): Beata Glinka,Marta Postuła,Katarzyna Radecka-Moroz / Language(s): Polish Publication Year: 0

Energy transition is one of the most urgent challenges that the entrepreneurs face today, and at the same time, it is part of a much wider process of business’ adaptation to climate changes. Effectively guided, it creates numerous opportunities for the redefinition of sources and methods of energy consumption in a company, leading to cost reductions in a long run and contributing to global targets aimed at protection of climate. Integration of ESG (environmental, social and governance) risks into the enterprise management is one of the necessary tools facilitating the process of climate-proofing and obtaining the necessary financial resources for this purpose. The article describes good practices and recommendations concerning different available methods in this context, suggested by the Guidelines developed by the World Business Council on Sustainable Development. It also presents new financial sources devoted to climate change adaptation, such as green bonds. The Authors refer as well to the selected non-financial reporting tools that may turn out to be useful in the process of energy transformation, as well as in creating new relationships with the external stakeholders, increasingly interested in the company’s approach towards climate-related issues.

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Łańcuch wartości gospodarki wodorowej

Author(s): Grzegorz Tchorek,Waldemar Kozioł,Stefan Wójtowicz,Filip Targowski,Michał Grzybowski / Language(s): Polish Publication Year: 0

The article presents the issue of the hydrogen economy value chain, composed of four basic elements – production, storage, distribution and utilisation. Each of its elements was presented and characterized in detail, assigning a value to each of them. The basic conclusion is that, apart from the cost of hydrogen production itself, which mainly attracts the attention of observers, the process of storage, transport and distribution will be equally important in terms of price and critical in terms of the development of the hydrogen economy.

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Synergia między paliwem wodorowym oraz odnawialnymi źródłami energii

Author(s): Arkadiusz Sekściński / Language(s): Polish Publication Year: 0

Advancing green energy is consistent with the strategies of many global energy companies, which embark on environmentally friendly projects with a view to reducing emissions. The increasing ambition of climate targets creates a major role for green hydrogen, produced by water electrolysis using electricity from renewable sources (RES). The purpose of the article was to present the hydrogen project implemented and applied by Polish Oil and Gas Company (PGNiG). The comprehensive hydrogen program consisting of several projects ranging from green hydrogen production, through hydrogen storage and distribution, to industrial power generation applications. In particular, program lists three complementary projects. As part of the Power to Gas project is building an installation which will allow to test the impact of various mixtures of natural gas and hydrogen on gas system infrastructures. The second project is the large-scale hydrogen storage in caverns, which is especially important for green hydrogen from unstable energy sources. Finally, the third project it will be the first laboratory in Poland to study hydrogen and its mixtures as fuel.

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Elektryfikacja, metanizacja czy wodoryzacja transportu?

Author(s): Waldemar Kozioł,Filip Targowski,Michał Grzybowski,Grzegorz Tchorek,Bernard Arogyaswamy,Tadeusz Winkler-Drews / Language(s): Polish Publication Year: 0

The process of energy transformation and the pursuit of zero emissions will also affect the conditions for doing business in the transport sector. At present, there are three possible alternatives to reduce the emissions of this sector of the economy: methanation, electrification and hydrogenation. This article assesses the applicability of these alternatives to the activities of companies in the transport sector.

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Rynek podstawowych komponentów elektromobilności – baterie i ich recykling

Author(s): Grzegorz Lota,Paweł Swoboda,Katarzyna Lota / Language(s): Polish Publication Year: 0

Poland is one of the main suppliers of chemical power sources in the European Union (EU) market. In terms of the number of companies involved in the battery industry, we rank third in the EU. In Poland, there are producers of lead-acid batteries, both with national and foreign capital. Also, because of foreign capital investments, we are one of the key producers of lithiumion (Li-ion) batteries. Production of battery packages is also the domain of Polish enterprises, although there are also large entities with foreign capital. The last stage of the battery cycle life is recycling. And so, in Poland, several companies are dealing with the recycling of chemical power sources, mainly lead-acid batteries and zinc-manganese primary batteries. In the case of lithiumion batteries, the problem of recycling is still not sufficiently solved. This generates attempts to use entire packages, e.g., introducing the so-called „second life of the batteries”. Thinking about the aim of developing battery technologies, one should not forget about the development of new, cost-effective recycling technologies for Li-ion batteries, ensuring the reuse of materials and not postponing the problem in time. The state should support this process as it will not be profitable for some time to come.

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Wykorzystanie LNG i H2 w transporcie kolejowym

Author(s): Waldemar Kozioł,Tymoteusz Pruchnik,Filip Targowski,Grzegorz Tchorek / Language(s): Polish Publication Year: 0

The rail transport industry, thanks to large investment outlays financed by the European Union, stands a chance of wide expansion, both in the transport of goods and passengers. The non-electrified railroads, which have been closed so far on the one hand, and on the other hand, those existing ones, served by a􀁢not very modern and very emissive diesel fleet, may have a great chance. The use of natural gas and hydrogen creates new opportunities for this transport, resulting from the reduction of operating costs and lower or practically zero emissions. They also provide greater opportunities to support activities aimed at reducing the communication exclusion of less developed regions without incurring large investments in the electrification of railway lines. This article assesses the possibility of using these two alternatives (CNG/LNG or hydrogen) in the activities of enterprises (operators) in the rail transport sector, primarily on non-electrified railroads.

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Wyzwania sektora nieruchomości w zakresie dążenia do neutralności klimatycznej

Author(s): Iwona Sroka / Language(s): Polish Publication Year: 0

The paper indicates the current challenges of the real estate sector in the pursuit of climate neutrality on the example of housing developers and a practical approach to the concept of a circular economy, which is currently implemented by the European Union and EU Member States. The challenges of climate neutrality and the pursuit of energy efficiency are part of the circular economy concept those products, materials and raw materials should remain used in the economic system if possible, and on the other hand, waste generation should be reduced to the absolute minimum. This concept considers the entire life cycle of a product, from the design phase to waste management, and generally assumes an ecological approach to economic processes. An important area of the economic system within which it is possible to implement the concept of the so-called circular economy, there is the housing sector and the current trends towards lower consumption of raw materials, including electricity and the so-called carbon footprint. In this context, the work focuses on the development sector’s striving to reduce energy consumption, achieving energy efficiency and development directions for multi-family housing in this area.

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Źródła finansowania transformacji energetycznej

Author(s): Michał Kołtuniak,Michał Grzybowski / Language(s): Polish Publication Year: 0

The thesis put forward by the authors of the article is based on the observation, that the new market environment and the vision of reaching climate neutrality are currently becoming a real challenge for the management boards of energy companies. In particular, those based on conventional fuels. In addition to entering new business models, companies will also have to use more advanced instruments for financing new investments than has been the case so far. On the one hand, this may mean the need to separate coal assets, and perhaps also gas assets, which become a burden, on the other hand, the establishment of special purpose vehicles in order to make the best use of available sources of investment financing, e.g. through project finance activities. A financial response to these challenges may be programmes developed at EU level and linked to the implementation of the Green Deal.

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Zielone obligacje jako nowoczesne instrumenty finansowania zrównoważonych inwestycji

Author(s): Magdalena Olender-Skorek,Iwona Sroka,Filip Targowski / Language(s): Polish Publication Year: 0

The article presents the issue of green bonds as a􀁢modern developing tool for financing sustainable investments. The history of green bonds as well as basic assumptions, guidelines and requirements for issuers were presented. Then, on the basis of statistical data, the development of this instrument in the world, Europe and Poland was analyzed. There is a huge level of differentiation in this development – there are countries where a larger volume is issued with a lower value, and there are also others, where the emissions are single, but have a high value. There are entrepreneurs as issuers, but often also local and central authorities. The contemporary determinants of green bonds’ development may indicate that this is an instrument which importance will probably grow rapidly.

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Existing and Prospective Central Paradigms of Eastern Mediterranean Energy Geopolitics in The 21st Century: Do / Will All The Related Parties Seek For Collaborations or Confrontations?

Author(s): Sina Kısacık / Language(s): English Publication Year: 0

The Mediterranean Region which has been continuing to be one of the most critically important regions within the context of world history due to its inclusion of several civilizations, old empires and modern nation-states as well as trade routes, natural reserves is preserving its prominence in today’s world. This is because of the discovery of energy reserves in the eastern part of this region since the beginning of 21st century. The finding of especially significant natural gas reserves in Israel, Greek Cypriot Administration and Egypt has been transforming the Eastern Mediterranean region as one of the noteworthy regions that has to be carefully examined in terms of world energy geopolitics.

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Defashionization for Sustainability: From Conspicuous to Conscientious Consumption Breaking Business Cycles for Environmentalism

Author(s): Julia M. Puaschunder / Language(s): English Publication Year: 0

The time for defashionization has come. With the United Nations Conference of the Parties COP26 heralding the call for attention to sustainable fashion, society is ripe to question the whims of fashion’s impact on sustainability. Is the luxury moment of our time harmony with nature and practicing degrowth in recycling to cherish sustainability? Already in the historic political economy foundations of capitalism, workers are described to produce in order to consume. Classic business cycle theory and the creative entrepreneur portray a human-innate need for change and innovation as the spring feather of capitalism. In capitalist societies, there is a race for innovation of entrepreneurs and offering new products on a constant basis in order to evade the falling rate of profit. Capitalist constantly innovate in order to offer new products in markets and reap the highest rate of return and profit from consumers, who constantly want to change and have access to changing products. Producers of goods are in a competitive race for innovation and offering new products to ever-innovation-seeking consumers. The constant pressure to innovate and offer new products on the supply side and the constant production for a salary in order to consume the newest goods and services lie at the core of capitalist societies. Climate change and the Sustainable Development Goals but also the Green New Deals in the United States and Europe as well as the New Generation EU have formulated aspirational goals of sustainability. The circular economy and conscientious consumption have become the en vogue trends of our times. The novel Coronavirus crisis COVID-19 has also driven demand for rest, recovery and degrowth. COVID Long Haulers in particular appear to favor harmony with the environment in agrohoods driving trends of deurbanization but also biophilia trends that resemble nature in interior design and clean unprocessed nutrition. How is our classic understanding of business cycles’ reinvention drive and the innovative entrepreneurs’ creative destruction justified in light of sustainability pledges? Have we reached an age of luxury in the appreciation of environmentalism that forms a larger transcending Gestalt that benefits future generations? This article asks if the time is ripe for a defashionization of economic business cycles of reproduction and harmonize ecology with innovation. The paper also provides vivid examples of sustainability capitalism solutions, which prove that the Green New Deal aligns economic values with sustainability. The New Deals, degrowth, minimalism, biophilia and agrohoods are newest trends that appear to crowd out whims of ever-changing trends for rest in sustainable well-being.

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Materials for a Better Life – Trends and Perspectives

Author(s): Geanina Marcela Podaru / Language(s): English Publication Year: 0

Composite materials are being used more and more and place themselves in the category of new materials especially designed to meet special requirements in terms of mechanical strength, rigidity, corrosion resistance, lightweight, fatigue strength, shock, wear, and dimensional stability thus, being used more frequently in the aeronautical industry, but also in many other fields (automotive industry, sports equipment or others). The polymer composite houses are proving to be a solution for the disasters that arise in people’s daily lives, even for the countries that are protected from natural disasters, with a decent standard of living. The modular assemblies obtained have a low cost and a short assembly time, so they can also be used for emergencies.

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Opportunities for the Circular Economy in COVID-19 Times – The Example in Plastic Waste Management

Author(s): Teodoro Gallucci,Vesselina Dimitrova / Language(s): English Publication Year: 0

COVID-19 has serious consequences for the global sustainable policy. Scientists have yet to assess the long-term impact of COVID-19. In the short term, however, some directions are already emerging. Global plans for the accelerated introduction of the principles of circular economy are becoming now inevitable. One of the crucial areas of research during COVID-19 is waste management, especially the efficient decisions for plastics use and plastic waste mitigation. If plastic waste management is not effective, the generation of plastics wastes will enormously increase in the next decades. The paper reviews how the adoption of circular strategies for plastic waste management created opportunities both from an economic and environmental point of view during COVID-19 period. The methods used include literature review analyses and personal reflection on the role of circular economy as a change driver in plastic waste management.

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Environmentální aspekty cestovního ruchu na okraji individuálních zájmů

Author(s): Jiří Dvořák,Martin Musil / Language(s): Czech Publication Year: 0

The paper discusses the issue of environmental impacts and benefits of tourism in terms both of individual and social interests and the perception of these aspects in the context of economic and social impacts and benefits. Based on its own research, conducted in 2015 in rural areas outside the specially protected areas, paper points on significant differences in the perception of the importance of the economic, social and environmental benefits by local entrepreneurs in tourism. The naturally based conditions of tourism dominated in the analyzed regions; they are thus the main condition for the (sustainable) development of tourism. It is also necessary to adequately promote, maintain and protect these environmentally based conditions. However, the interest in monitoring of environmental impacts and benefits is minimal, often coupled with a low awareness of stakeholders. The paper discusses about the need to transfer the hitherto prevailed social perception of the tourism benefits and impacts into individual decisions of individual businessmen and landowners, including those involved in tourism development indirectly. All of this on examples of environmental impacts and benefits perception.

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