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THE NEVER-ENDING COLLAPSE. The State of the Ukrainian Oil Sector

Author(s): Wojciech Konończuk / Language(s): English

The oil industry does not play a major role in the Ukrainian energy sector and has smaller economic and political significance than the gas, coal and nuclear sectors. The issues linked to the Ukrainian fuel sector are rarely given publicity in the mass media. Meanwhile, a comprehensive analysis reveals that there has been a painful and durable collapse in this strategic branch of the economy. What once was a powerful Ukrainian refining sector has been plunged into deep crisis for years. Only one out of the six existing refineries is currently in operation, using only a small section of its production capacity. For years all the refining companies have suffered from underinvestment, have not been modernised and have been unable to produce fuels in the quantities and at the quality required by the market. Another problem that has remained unresolved for years is the supply of crude oil to be processed. As a result, Ukrainian refineries are the most outdated in Europe, and the oil processing output in Ukraine has reached a record-low level of around 2.5 million tonnes annually. At the same time, the market share of imported fuels over the past few years has reached 80–85% of total consumption. A significant part of the imports originates from Russia. It is difficult to expect that the situation in the Ukrainian fuel sector will improve to a significant degree in the coming years. Its condition is also a good case study laying bare the numerous weaknesses of the Ukrainian state.

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Zarządzanie zależnością. Uwarunkowania niemieckiej polityki gazowej

Author(s): Rafał Bajczuk / Language(s): Polish

After crude oil, natural gas is the most important energy carrier for the German economy. Due to its wide range of applications and low emissions, it will serve as a bridge fuel in the German energy transformation in the future. Natural gas can be used both in the heating and power sectors, as well as in transport. Although the volume of gas consumption will fall in the coming years, its share in Germany's energy mix will increase, as other conventional fuels, such as crude oil and coal, will be phased out even faster. // The report discusses the internal and external conditions of German policy in the gas sector. The first chapter deals with the role of gas in the German economy: it presents the impact of the energy transition on gas consumption and the importance of this raw material for German industry. The second chapter deals with relations with external suppliers. Most attention is given to Russia, which has been the largest exporter of gas to Germany since the mid-1980s, and has strengthened its position due to the investment in the Nord Stream pipeline. The last chapter presents alternatives to the current model of gas supply to Germany: the construction of an LNG terminal, the exploitation of shale gas, as well as the potential of using biogas and innovative power-to-gas technology.

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Partnerstwo polityczno-oligarchiczne. Stan i wyzwania sektora elektroenergetycznego Ukrainy

Author(s): Tadeusz Iwański,Arkadiusz Sarna / Language(s): Polish

The attention of analysts dealing with the Ukrainian energy sector has so far focused mainly on the gas sector, due to the strategic nature of this segment of the economy and Ukraine's relations with Russia. Meanwhile, the war in the Donbass, which paradoxically accelerated the processes of healing this sector and making Ukraine independent of gas supplies from Russia, revealed hitherto unnoticed problems and weaknesses of the Ukrainian power industry. In the spring of 2014, the authorities in Kiev lost control over the anthracite coal deposits and part of the production potential located in the Donbas undermined the foundations for the functioning of the power complex, which were formed in the mid-1990s. In this sector, where financial flows are estimated at USD 8 billion a year, the interests of the state and oligarchs intertwine, which is often an important element of behind-the-scenes agreements of key importance for Ukraine's development. This dependence is the main reason for the lack of fundamental reform of this sector. In the medium term, this may result not only in the loss of opportunities related to the potential of the sector, but also in the collapse of the system, the consequences of which - political, social and financial - will be difficult to predict.

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Niekończąca się zapaść. Stan ukraińskiego sektora naftowego

Author(s): Wojciech Konończuk / Language(s): Polish

The oil industry does not play a major role in the Ukrainian energy sector and has smaller economic and political significance than the gas, coal and nuclear sectors. The issues linked to the Ukrainian fuel sector are rarely given publicity in the mass media. Meanwhile, a comprehensive analysis reveals that there has been a painful and durable collapse in this strategic branch of the economy. What once was a powerful Ukrainian refining sector has been plunged into deep crisis for years. Only one out of the six existing refineries is currently in operation, using only a small section of its production capacity. For years all the refining companies have suffered from underinvestment, have not been modernised and have been unable to produce fuels in the quantities and at the quality required by the market. Another problem that has remained unresolved for years is the supply of crude oil to be processed. As a result, Ukrainian refineries are the most outdated in Europe, and the oil processing output in Ukraine has reached a record-low level of around 2.5 million tonnes annually. At the same time, the market share of imported fuels over the past few years has reached 80–85% of total consumption. A significant part of the imports originates from Russia. It is difficult to expect that the situation in the Ukrainian fuel sector will improve to a significant degree in the coming years. Its condition is also a good case study laying bare the numerous weaknesses of the Ukrainian state.

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The unfinished reform. An assessment of the energy transformation in Germany

Author(s): Rafał Bajczuk / Language(s): English

In its time in power, which is shortly to end, the CDU/CSU-SPD coalition introduced key legislative changes enabling a further transformation of the energy sector. Due to a reduction in the amount of subsidies offered to renewable energy sources (RES), further rises in electricity prices could be brought to a halt. To date, this increase in electricity costs has been the major problem associated with the energy transformation. Despite this, many other problems surrounding the energy policy remain unresolved. This mainly concerns the overly slow pace of reducing greenhouse gas emissions, the future of the coal energy sector, the energy transformation in the transport sector and the extension of electricity networks, which is of key importance for the development of RES. For the new German government, the energy transformation will continue to pose a major challenge. Moreover, Germany will need to redefine its role in the international arena. At the beginning of this decade, Germany was a leader in both the field of climate policy promotion and in low emission technologies. In spite of this early advantage, other countries – China in particular – are now equal competitors in the fight for leadership of international climate policy. For German companies, these new entrants represent a genuine threat across an increasing number of markets.

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Trade creation and trade diversion under NAFTA. Mexican perspective

Author(s): Justyna Wieloch / Language(s): English

The monograph is devoted to an in-depth and multithreaded analysis of the effects of trade integration of countries with different levels of economic development. It presents the results of research on the profitability of international trade liberalization from the perspective of a less developed country. An example is the North American Free Trade Agreement – unique in the world due to the asymmetry of development of the economies of the participating countries. An assessment of the impact of integration on Mexico was presented based on extensive literature and empirical studies. The publication is one of the first scientific studies in Poland presenting such a comprehensive investigation of economic integration processes on the North American continent.

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ЕКОЛОГИЧНИ ДЕТЕРМИНАНТИ НА БАНКОВИЯ ПЪРФОРМАНС

Author(s): Sevgi Osman / Language(s): Bulgarian

The risks of climate change are emerging as significant problems not only in the real sector of the economy, but also in the financial sphere. Environmental issues are seen as an element of corporate social responsibility (CSR) and are an important part of the concept of sustainability of banks. The results of the present study show that environmental activities lead to short-term costs, but in the longer term are expected to contribute to higher profitability, loan portfolio quality and more effective risk management. Sustainable development as a strategy to achieve higher values of performance indicators. The biggest challenge for banks is to turn sustainable development activities from investment costs with an indefinite effect into a way to create shareholder-aware value.

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Індикатори національної безпеки: визначення та застосування їх граничних значень

Author(s): A.B. Kachinsky / Language(s): Ukrainian

The analytical procedure for monitoring the effectiveness of public policy, based on indicators of the state of national security, is studied, and its main functions are outlined. Three levels of limit values are considered: threshold conditions of safety of life of the person, society and the state; system of indicators and limit values of national security; industry thresholds. // From a single methodological standpoint, the application of a systematic approach to solving the problem of determining the limit values of national security indicators is considered. The analysis and systematization of mathematical methods of their definition corresponding to different situations of their application is carried out. // The monograph is intended for a wide range of specialists, scientists, politicians, civil servants, teachers, students and anyone interested in the problems of national security of Ukraine.

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Моделювання та прогнозування соціально-економічного розвит ку регіонів України: монографія

Author(s): A.I. Sukhorukov,Yurii M. Kharazishvili / Language(s): Ukrainian

On the basis of generalization of the theory and practice of economic zoning, location of productive forces and regional economy the characteristic of regional socio-ecological-economic systems as object of modeling and forecasting is given; a new approach to the formation of the methodological basis of system modeling, forecasting and diagnosis of socio-economic development of the regions of Ukraine taking into account the shadow economy. Modeling and forecasting were carried out in order to identify the most pressing problems and determine on this basis the main directions of regional economic development strategies. For scientists, specialists in the field of regional economy.

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Стратегічні пріоритети безпечного розвитку України на засадах «зеленої економіки»

Author(s): V. G. Potapenko / Language(s): Ukrainian

Theoretical and methodological, institutional and legal principles of formation of state economic security in the conditions of ecological transformation of economy and development of new "green" branches of production in Ukraine are considered. The technically achievable potential of renewable energy, organic agriculture and other sectors of the "green economy" as a mechanism for practical economic security in the face of threats of resource depletion. The priorities of state policy formation on the basis of introduction of innovative ecologically safer technologies that will be able to ensure sustainable development of society in the strategic perspective are determined. // Designed for specialists in the field of economic security, innovative economic development, experts and scientists in the field of "green economy", managers and all those interested in the future economic development of the world and the existence of mankind in general.

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Екологічна та природно-техногенна безпека України: регіональний вимір загроз і ризиків

Author(s): S. P. Ivanyuta,A.B. Kachinsky / Language(s): Ukrainian

The modern tendencies and the character of changes of actual sources of threats to ecological and natural-technogenic safety in natural, technogenic and social environments are investigated. The levels of safety of the main objects of protection of the regions of the state - persons, economic objects and environment, as well as the impact of current natural and man-made threats on the safety of critical transport infrastructure, including mains and gas pipelines, railways, international transport corridors and bridges. The methodology of economic risk assessment of natural and man-made disasters at the regional level is considered. An assessment of the risk to human life and health, as well as the risk of material damage from emergencies of various origins, analyzes the dynamics of their change for the regions of Ukraine. // The monograph is designed for a wide range of professionals, civil servants, politicians, scientists, teachers and anyone interested in environmental and man-made safety.

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Иновативно развитие на аграрния бизнес и селските райони

Author(s): / Language(s): English,Bulgarian

The collection includes reports from an international scientific conference „Innovative development of agricultural business and rural areas“, organized by the Department of Natural Resources Economics at the University of National and World Economy in April 2021. The papers are grouped into three sections. In the first section the emphasis was placed on innovative approaches to the development of agribusiness and rural areas, organic farming, risk management, land market and others. In the second section "Innovative business models for development of Agrarian Business and Rural Areas" are the reports on economics and COVID-19, the need for changes in Bulgarian agricultural production, the development of plant production and organic livestock in Greece, strategies and innovations to promote the flexibility of the agricultural production system in Northeastern Bulgaria. A special place is given to state aid in Bulgarian agriculture and innovative procedures of national schemes for Albanian farmers. The third section "Bioeconomy, Green Architecture and Business" includes reports on eco-entrepreneurship, sectoral agri-food value chains - analysis, sustainability and prospects, models and approaches for assessing bioeconomic development, implementation of eco-innovation by farms to provide agro-ecosystem services, etc.

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Интеграция на риска при управлението на бизнес процесите в организациите

Author(s): Petya Biolcheva,Vasil Bozev,Evgeni Valchev,Dimitar Beleliev,Sotir Ivanov / Language(s): Bulgarian

In carrying out its activities, every business organization performs a set of business processes. The integration between them allows a clear illustration of business activities and the relationships between them. The contribution of this paper is related to improving the functionality and efficiency of integrated business processes by further integrating risk management functions into them. Moreover, it talks about intelligent risk management in business processes. This will mean that the process is improved, through the capabilities of various artificial intelligence tools. In order to be able to reach greater clarity and distinctness, and illustrate the risk manifestation and its management options, a specific sector of the economy is used here - energy. Natural gas operating companies are used for empirical studies. This aims at studying the fundamental manifestation and systematizing the scientific development in the field of risk management.

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Energiewende: Současný stav, budoucí vývoj a důsledky pro ČR

Author(s): Filip Černoch,Břetislav Dančák,Jan Osička / Language(s): Czech

The book deals with the Germanʼs energy transition (Energiewende) analyzing its impact on the energy policy of the Czech Republic.

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Challenges and opportunities of natural gas market integration in the Danube Region: The South-west and South-east of the region as focal points for future development

Author(s): Tomáš Vlček,Martin Jirušek / Language(s): English

The aim of this study is to provide a sober, evidence-based analysis of the contemporary issues that shape the environment within the natural gas sector in the Danube region. The study further aims to address the main challenges that have arisen from current developments in the sector and to formulate policy recommendations that may help achieve successful market integration in the future. The character of the natural gas sector is such that a comparison to the oil sector may be enlightening, and it is worthwhile to gain a full understanding of the structural and market characteristics involved, since the market position of these two sectors has been partially intertwined for most of their history in Europe.

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Environmentální výchova z pohledu učitelů

Author(s): Jan Činčera,Kateřina Jančaříková,Tomáš Matějček,Petra Šimonová,Jan Bartoš,Miroslav Lupač,Lenka Broukalová / Language(s): Czech

The publication summarizes the results of a survey conducted in Czech schools in May-June 2016. The survey’s aim was to investigate how environmental education is implemented, e.g. what instructional strategies are used for fulfilling its goals. A total of 645 questionnaires were collected from respondents at the participating schools, 11 interviews were conducted with experienced teachers, and 9 case studies were produced at schools that had been selected as examples of best practice. The study shows both the strengths and weaknesses of environmental education as practiced in the Czech Republic. It presents environmental education as a strong field, but also points out specific weaknesses in its implementation. In its conclusion, the publication discusses the most important findings and suggests recommendations for the future support and development of environmental education at schools.

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Počátky českého a slovenského environmentalismu – vybrané kapitoly

Author(s): Bohuslav Binka,Petr Jemelka / Language(s): Czech

The aim of this study is to present the beginnings of Czech and Slovak environmental thought. The study opens with an analysis of Josef Durdík’s book Pozor na lesy! [Beware of the Woods!] that can be regarded as the central work of 19th-century Czech environmentalism. The analysis of Durdík’s work and its comparison with the work of another important 19th-century author, John Ruskin, is followed by a reprint of Durdík’s Pozor na lesy! [Beware of the Woods!]. The second part of our study includes Petr Jemelka’s analysis that covers authors from the beginnings of Slovak environmental thought, Jonáš Záborský and Ján Maliarik. Jemelka’s analysis is also complemented by selections from the authors that are examined.

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Environmentální organizace v ČR

Author(s): Bohuslav Binka / Language(s): Czech

Study aid Environmental organizations in the Czech Republic has three main objectives. The first is a probe into the history books of facts and two prominent Czech environmental movement – Hnutí Duha and Nesehnutí. This probe only gives some idea of the specificity of Czech environmental movement in comparison with the world, but also enables you to know and understand the formulas that are in the development of both movements emerged and emerging. The second objective is to attempt to identify the basic ideological source of two Czech environmental movement after 1989. In this part of our study aid will be the analysis of concepts, which significantly affected the main representatives (mover) selected green movement. Whether it's a combination of names such as E. Goldsmith, A. Naess, H. Librová or J. Keller with Hnutí Duha, or M. Bookchin, K. Warren and J. Keller with Nesehnutí, it is a link that explains several major watershed in the development of these movements and is therefore an important part of their self-understanding and understanding. By combining the objectives one and two at the same time we are indirectly responding to the question of whether or not are these two Czech selected movements radical environmental movement. Another indirect goal of the entire textbook is to arouse the interest not only of the Czech environmental movement and organization, but also the critical (or in older words analytical) thinking as a way of relating to the world. Ultimately, the point is not primarily about whether we think green, blue or red, but whether we can within our own concept of the world to find weaknesses and vice versa realize and appreciate the strong points of the concepts with which we internally disagree.

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Waste-to-Energy in the Danube Strategy Region: Challenges and Prospects

Author(s): Colin Kimbrell,Jitka Kuncová,Jan Osička / Language(s): English

This study presents the current state and main challenges for the development of the waste-to-energy (WtE) industry in the countries of the Danube Strategy Region (DSR). Waste-to-energy systems constitute a broad range of technologies for converting various types of waste either directly into electricity or heat or into a fuel for subsequent use. These technologies, furthermore, are dependent on complementary systems and services, in particular waste management. WtE is thus a complex topic overlapping with other prominent issues, such as sustainability, resource security, and the circular economy. The study provides a general overview of WtE technologies and associated systems, presents a cursory look at relevant EU legislation and statistics, details the main challenges facing the development of WtE projects, outlines the situation in the DSR countries, and, finally, presents a case study of a selected successful project.

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