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Zarządzanie zależnością. Uwarunkowania niemieckiej polityki gazowej

Author(s): Rafał Bajczuk / Language(s): Polish

After crude oil, natural gas is the most important energy carrier for the German economy. Due to its wide range of applications and low emissions, it will serve as a bridge fuel in the German energy transformation in the future. Natural gas can be used both in the heating and power sectors, as well as in transport. Although the volume of gas consumption will fall in the coming years, its share in Germany's energy mix will increase, as other conventional fuels, such as crude oil and coal, will be phased out even faster. // The report discusses the internal and external conditions of German policy in the gas sector. The first chapter deals with the role of gas in the German economy: it presents the impact of the energy transition on gas consumption and the importance of this raw material for German industry. The second chapter deals with relations with external suppliers. Most attention is given to Russia, which has been the largest exporter of gas to Germany since the mid-1980s, and has strengthened its position due to the investment in the Nord Stream pipeline. The last chapter presents alternatives to the current model of gas supply to Germany: the construction of an LNG terminal, the exploitation of shale gas, as well as the potential of using biogas and innovative power-to-gas technology.

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The unfinished reform. An assessment of the energy transformation in Germany

Author(s): Rafał Bajczuk / Language(s): English

In its time in power, which is shortly to end, the CDU/CSU-SPD coalition introduced key legislative changes enabling a further transformation of the energy sector. Due to a reduction in the amount of subsidies offered to renewable energy sources (RES), further rises in electricity prices could be brought to a halt. To date, this increase in electricity costs has been the major problem associated with the energy transformation. Despite this, many other problems surrounding the energy policy remain unresolved. This mainly concerns the overly slow pace of reducing greenhouse gas emissions, the future of the coal energy sector, the energy transformation in the transport sector and the extension of electricity networks, which is of key importance for the development of RES. For the new German government, the energy transformation will continue to pose a major challenge. Moreover, Germany will need to redefine its role in the international arena. At the beginning of this decade, Germany was a leader in both the field of climate policy promotion and in low emission technologies. In spite of this early advantage, other countries – China in particular – are now equal competitors in the fight for leadership of international climate policy. For German companies, these new entrants represent a genuine threat across an increasing number of markets.

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The Story of the Macedonian Heat Market – How to Reform It?

Author(s): Ana Stojilovska / Language(s): English

Being an EU candidate country brought many reforms in Macedonia including significant energy market restructuring. Having signed the Energy Community Treaty, the country is undergoing many institutional, market and legal reforms. In fact, the relevant energy legal acts have been adopted; new institutional and market actors have been set; and incentives for increasing the share of renewables and improving energy efficiency are being taken. However, the area which remained overshadowed by the other energy reforms is the heat market. Dominated by an extremely high consumption of electricity and partly supplied by an under-developed district heating (DH) which is in the hands of a dominant actor, the Macedonian heat market shows patterns of energy inefficiency and lack of vision for long-term development. In the context of increasing prices of the energy sources and heat bills, the customers are faced with ever growing worries of heating their homes and offices. Despite some developments in the heat sector, one of the possible solutions – the gasification process - progresses slowly and furthermore no significant structural reforms are planned, leaving this energy sector one of the most problematic in Macedonia. The aim of this research is to inspect possible policy solutions for reforming the Macedonian heat market and drafting policy recommendations to the respective Macedonian authorities for the purpose of improving the state of the heat market and heat consumers’ wellbeing.

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Kształtowanie się cen energii elektrycznej w Polsce

Author(s): Tomasz Motowidlak / Language(s): Polish

The costs and availability of electricity are the basic factor determining the dynamics of the development of economies and the improvement of living conditions of societies. This factor determines the level of industry competitiveness and the quality of life of residents. The study presents the main reasons for the increase in electricity prices in Poland. In addition to the most frequently cited reasons, i.e. an increase in coal prices and CO2 emission allowance prices, they also include low competition on the electricity market, which is mainly the result of increased market concentration, decreasing dynamics of energy supplier switching, and low import of electricity. The main economic and social effects of the increase in electricity prices in Poland were identified. They include energy poverty, which in Poland has been the subject of systematic research for only a few years. These effects also include a decrease in industry competitiveness and a slowdown in the country's economic development as well as an increase in prices of consumer goods and services, and consequently an increase in inflation. The study identifies the main actions that can be taken by both the state, its regulatory and control bodies, as well as by participants of the electricity market to keep prices of this energy as low as possible. These actions were evaluated for their effectiveness.

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Uszyte z klasą. Przemysł odzieżowy wobec wyzwań społecznych i środowiskowych

Author(s): Agata Rudnicka,Małgorzata Koszewska / Language(s): Polish

Tailored with Class. The Clothing Industry in the Face of Social and Environmental Challenges is a comprehensive study on the challenges faced by the clothing industry. The authors discussed various aspects of the functioning of the clothing industry embedding them in the concept of sustainable development. The publication fills a knowledge gap on the Polish publishing market. The intention was to introduce a broad range of topics related to the social and environmental dimension of clothing companies. The main aim of the publication is to describe the current situation of the clothing industry, including key social and environmental challenges. The book is addressed to academic and school-teaching staff, students as well as people managing clothing companies or designers. The authors presented various possibilities for the practical implementation of the concept of sustainable development by showing a set of tools and initiatives which, when implemented, may facilitate the management of fashion companies. The book, in addition to covering theoretical issues, contains numerous examples meant to help the reader understand each topic .

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ECONOMICS ENERGY EFFICIENCY: PROBLEMS OF NOWADAYS AND OF THE FUTURE

Author(s): Volodymyr Byba,Inna Miniailenko,Vitaliia Skryl,Viktoriia Vasiuta,Svetlana Ivanytska,Anna Ageicheva,Tetiana Halaida / Language(s): English

The collective monograph is devoted to the actual issues of economics energy efficiency in Ukraine and EU.The goal of the monograph is the analysis of the National and European experience in energy conservation sphere; research of energy conservation conditions and energy efficiency in different branches of Ukrainian economy; observation of strategy direction to increase energy efficiency and realize energy conservation opportunities.To achieve the aim and tasks the following research methods used in the monograph: system approach, historical approach as for historical aspects of energy conservation and energy efficiency in Ukrainian economy and in EU economy; analysis and synthesis method to summarize worlds scientific methods of economic efficiency; statistical method and modelling method to develop schemes, diagrams and additions; generalization method to develop basics and to observe the main directions in the research; scientific abstraction method of the economic-mathematical modeling and econometric analysis to define the main factors effecting Ukraine and EU energy conservation.The authors of the monograph formed recommendations for Ukrainian energy conservation increase. Offered strategies can be used by local and regional public authorities while elaborating of territory development programs. Besides, the monograph materials can be used by teachers of higher educational establishments to prepare for lectures, special study courses and manuals in the sphere of energy conservation.Some abstract theories, methodological approaches, recommended practices and implications can be used in enterprises, organizations etc.

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Trade creation and trade diversion under NAFTA. Mexican perspective

Author(s): Justyna Wieloch / Language(s): English

The monograph is devoted to an in-depth and multithreaded analysis of the effects of trade integration of countries with different levels of economic development. It presents the results of research on the profitability of international trade liberalization from the perspective of a less developed country. An example is the North American Free Trade Agreement – unique in the world due to the asymmetry of development of the economies of the participating countries. An assessment of the impact of integration on Mexico was presented based on extensive literature and empirical studies. The publication is one of the first scientific studies in Poland presenting such a comprehensive investigation of economic integration processes on the North American continent.

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CSD Policy Brief No. 96: Accelerating the Energy Transition in Bulgaria: A Roadmap to 2050

Author(s): Martin Vladimirov,Radostina Primova,Mariya Trifonova / Language(s): English

Bulgaria has been caught between the EU’s net-zero carbon ambitions for 2030 and 2050 and the country’s slow democratisation and diffusion of renewables and energy efficiency. To develop effective policy measures, the Bulgarian government needs to draw evidence-based consistent decarbonisation pathways for each economic sector with annual targets for continuous monitoring. This is especially true considering that there is so far little connection between the government’s own strategic documents (i.e., the 2030 National Development Programme, the National Recovery and Resilience Plan and the National Energy and Climate Plan) and the EU’s long-term objectives for a low-carbon transition. This Policy Brief plots Bulgaria’s options along three scenarios with a 2050 horizon using an innovative decarbonisation transition modelling instrument, called The Calculator. It helps bridge the gap between the complicated integrated climate and energy models and the practical dilemmas of policy-makers preparing Bulgaria’s long-term decarbonisation strategy.

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ЕКОЛОГИЧНИ ДЕТЕРМИНАНТИ НА БАНКОВИЯ ПЪРФОРМАНС

Author(s): Sevgi Osman / Language(s): Bulgarian

The risks of climate change are emerging as significant problems not only in the real sector of the economy, but also in the financial sphere. Environmental issues are seen as an element of corporate social responsibility (CSR) and are an important part of the concept of sustainability of banks. The results of the present study show that environmental activities lead to short-term costs, but in the longer term are expected to contribute to higher profitability, loan portfolio quality and more effective risk management. Sustainable development as a strategy to achieve higher values of performance indicators. The biggest challenge for banks is to turn sustainable development activities from investment costs with an indefinite effect into a way to create shareholder-aware value.

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2nd International Conference Global Ethics - Key of Sustainability (GEKoS)

Author(s): / Language(s): English

The volume, entitled “2nd International Conference Global Ethics - Key of Sustainability (GEKoS)”, edited by Adriana Grigorescu & Radu Valentin, was published following the second edition of the international scientific conference Global Ethics - Key of Sustainability, which took place on May 14, 2021, in Bucharest, Romania.

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Індикатори національної безпеки: визначення та застосування їх граничних значень

Author(s): A.B. Kachinsky / Language(s): Ukrainian

The analytical procedure for monitoring the effectiveness of public policy, based on indicators of the state of national security, is studied, and its main functions are outlined. Three levels of limit values are considered: threshold conditions of safety of life of the person, society and the state; system of indicators and limit values of national security; industry thresholds. // From a single methodological standpoint, the application of a systematic approach to solving the problem of determining the limit values of national security indicators is considered. The analysis and systematization of mathematical methods of their definition corresponding to different situations of their application is carried out. // The monograph is intended for a wide range of specialists, scientists, politicians, civil servants, teachers, students and anyone interested in the problems of national security of Ukraine.

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Моделювання та прогнозування соціально-економічного розвит ку регіонів України: монографія

Author(s): A.I. Sukhorukov,Yurii M. Kharazishvili / Language(s): Ukrainian

On the basis of generalization of the theory and practice of economic zoning, location of productive forces and regional economy the characteristic of regional socio-ecological-economic systems as object of modeling and forecasting is given; a new approach to the formation of the methodological basis of system modeling, forecasting and diagnosis of socio-economic development of the regions of Ukraine taking into account the shadow economy. Modeling and forecasting were carried out in order to identify the most pressing problems and determine on this basis the main directions of regional economic development strategies. For scientists, specialists in the field of regional economy.

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Стратегічні пріоритети безпечного розвитку України на засадах «зеленої економіки»

Author(s): V. G. Potapenko / Language(s): Ukrainian

Theoretical and methodological, institutional and legal principles of formation of state economic security in the conditions of ecological transformation of economy and development of new "green" branches of production in Ukraine are considered. The technically achievable potential of renewable energy, organic agriculture and other sectors of the "green economy" as a mechanism for practical economic security in the face of threats of resource depletion. The priorities of state policy formation on the basis of introduction of innovative ecologically safer technologies that will be able to ensure sustainable development of society in the strategic perspective are determined. // Designed for specialists in the field of economic security, innovative economic development, experts and scientists in the field of "green economy", managers and all those interested in the future economic development of the world and the existence of mankind in general.

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Екологічна та природно-техногенна безпека України: регіональний вимір загроз і ризиків

Author(s): S. P. Ivanyuta,A.B. Kachinsky / Language(s): Ukrainian

The modern tendencies and the character of changes of actual sources of threats to ecological and natural-technogenic safety in natural, technogenic and social environments are investigated. The levels of safety of the main objects of protection of the regions of the state - persons, economic objects and environment, as well as the impact of current natural and man-made threats on the safety of critical transport infrastructure, including mains and gas pipelines, railways, international transport corridors and bridges. The methodology of economic risk assessment of natural and man-made disasters at the regional level is considered. An assessment of the risk to human life and health, as well as the risk of material damage from emergencies of various origins, analyzes the dynamics of their change for the regions of Ukraine. // The monograph is designed for a wide range of professionals, civil servants, politicians, scientists, teachers and anyone interested in environmental and man-made safety.

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Иновативно развитие на аграрния бизнес и селските райони

Author(s): / Language(s): English,Bulgarian

The collection includes reports from an international scientific conference „Innovative development of agricultural business and rural areas“, organized by the Department of Natural Resources Economics at the University of National and World Economy in April 2021. The papers are grouped into three sections. In the first section the emphasis was placed on innovative approaches to the development of agribusiness and rural areas, organic farming, risk management, land market and others. In the second section "Innovative business models for development of Agrarian Business and Rural Areas" are the reports on economics and COVID-19, the need for changes in Bulgarian agricultural production, the development of plant production and organic livestock in Greece, strategies and innovations to promote the flexibility of the agricultural production system in Northeastern Bulgaria. A special place is given to state aid in Bulgarian agriculture and innovative procedures of national schemes for Albanian farmers. The third section "Bioeconomy, Green Architecture and Business" includes reports on eco-entrepreneurship, sectoral agri-food value chains - analysis, sustainability and prospects, models and approaches for assessing bioeconomic development, implementation of eco-innovation by farms to provide agro-ecosystem services, etc.

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Интеграция на риска при управлението на бизнес процесите в организациите

Author(s): Petya Biolcheva,Vasil Bozev,Evgeni Valchev,Dimitar Beleliev,Sotir Ivanov / Language(s): Bulgarian

In carrying out its activities, every business organization performs a set of business processes. The integration between them allows a clear illustration of business activities and the relationships between them. The contribution of this paper is related to improving the functionality and efficiency of integrated business processes by further integrating risk management functions into them. Moreover, it talks about intelligent risk management in business processes. This will mean that the process is improved, through the capabilities of various artificial intelligence tools. In order to be able to reach greater clarity and distinctness, and illustrate the risk manifestation and its management options, a specific sector of the economy is used here - energy. Natural gas operating companies are used for empirical studies. This aims at studying the fundamental manifestation and systematizing the scientific development in the field of risk management.

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Identifying the Missing Links in the Energy Transition

Author(s): Zuzanna Nowak,Marianna Skoczek-Wojciechowska / Language(s): English

Achieving the goals of the European Green Deal (EGD) requires increasing renewables deployment. Meanwhile, as the share of unstable renewable energy sources increases, so does the problem of ensuring the flexibility of power grids. The key challenge for the European energy system is therefore to expand electricity grids, both national and interstate, and invest in the development of energy storage to ensure a balance of demand and supply.

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WAR BY OTHER MEANS. Kremlin’s Energy Policy as a Channel of Influence - A comparative assessment and case studies from Ukraine, Moldova, Georgia, Romania and Hungary

Author(s): Ana Otilia Nuțu,Sorin Ioniță / Language(s): English

The EU has been increasingly caught up in its own internal struggles over the past years - migration, populism, Brexit - and is facing fundamental challenges to its core principles and values from problematic member states such as Poland, Hungary or Romania. Russia stands only to benefit from such internal divisions. As usual, Moscow has its instruments to exert significant political influence in its “near abroad”, but also to expand it in the formerly communist Central Europe and further towards the West. As the prospects to finalize Kremlin’s pet energy projects Nord Stream 2 and Turkish Stream loom ever closer, this report is meant to ring the alarm bells: excessive reliance on Russian energy is a real threat, not only to energy security of Central and Eastern Europe, but also for the broader, fundamental objective of improving governance across the region, as many of the Eastern Partnership countries can testify. The five case studies we present in this report cover a broad range of problems and very different situations.

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Gospodarka pod respiratorem Skutki pandemii i załamania się cen ropy naftowej dla Rosji

Author(s): Iwona Wiśniewska / Language(s): Polish

Rosyjską gospodarkę dotknęły w marcu 2020 r. jednocześnie dwa wstrząsy – pandemia COVID-19 i załamanie się cen ropy naftowej. Po ponad trzech miesiącach walki z koronawirusem SARS-CoV-2, obowiązkowej samoizolacji i zamrożeniu większości sektorów gospodarki pandemia w Rosji nadal się rozprzestrzenia. Koszty ekonomiczne dynamicznie rosną, a coraz bardziej negatywne skutki odczuwalne są przez rosyjskie społeczeństwo, którego realne dochody zaczęły spadać. Zmęczenie społeczne tzw. lockdownem nasila się tym bardziej, że wdrażany przez rząd program osłonowy dla gospodarki i obywateli jest oszczędny, a wsparcie dociera głównie do wybranych grup społecznych i przedsiębiorstw, w tym kontrolowanych przez członków elity rządzącej. Mimo to, a także wbrew złej sytuacji epidemiologicznej, Kreml przystąpił do odmrażania gospodarki.

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Krach i jego konsekwencje. Rynek ropy w dobie pandemii

Author(s): Szymon Kardaś,Agata Loskot-Strachota,Iwona Wiśniewska / Language(s): Polish

Światowy kryzys gospodarczy wywołany pandemią COVID-19 szczególnie mocno uderzył w sektor naftowy. Zamrożenie gospodarek większości państw świata i zamknięcie obywateli w domach doprowadziło do załamania się rynku transportowego, odpowiadającego za ponad 60% globalnej konsumpcji ropy, a w konsekwencji – do skokowego spadku popytu na surowiec. Brak adekwatnej reakcji jego producentów (w ramach OPEC+) w pierwszych miesiącach pandemii – a wręcz zwiększanie wydobycia – oraz wojna cenowa pomiędzy Arabię Saudyjską i Rosją doprowadziły do nadpodaży, a w konsekwencji drastycznych spadków cen. Mimo że w kwietniu producenci porozumieli się co do redukcji wydobycia od 1 maja o ok. 10%, to może ona skutkować jedynie nieznaczną poprawą sytuacji (popyt w maju ma być mniejszy o 21% w porównaniu z analogicznym okresem 2019 r.). Problem stanowi także niemal całkowite zapełnienie większości magazynów. Choć trudności dotykają wszystkich producentów ropy, to w dłuższym okresie w lepszej sytuacji będą ci najbardziej elastyczni, mający niskie koszty produkcji i rezerwy finansowe. Kryzys silniej odczują gospodarki mocno uzależnione od eksportu tego surowca – m.in. Rosja i Arabia Saudyjska. Spadek wpływów ze sprzedaży uderza w ich finanse publiczne oraz w stabilność waluty. W konsekwencji krach na rynku ropy potęguje szok ekonomiczny wywołany COVID-19 i pogrąża w głębokim kryzysie całe gospodarki. W lepszej sytuacji są USA, największy producent i konsument ropy na świecie, których atutem jest konkurencyjny i elastyczny rynek naftowy, mający do tego mniejszy udział w PKB. Równocześnie niska cena surowca wspomaga działalność poturbowanych przez koronawirusa importerów surowca, m.in. Chin czy UE, stwarza możliwości korzystania z konkurencji i zwiększania dywersyfikacji dostaw. Zyskują zwłaszcza transport i przemysł tworzyw sztucznych, choć ze względu na lockdown i spadek popytu odbiorcy nie są w stanie w pełni wykorzystać niskich cen. Tania ropa w czasach kryzysu stanowi natomiast zagrożenie dla globalnej transformacji energetycznej, może bowiem zniechęcać do inwestowania w zielone technologie, a co za tym idzie – prowadzić do spowolnienia wdrażania polityki klimatycznej na świecie, w tym w UE.

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