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Труд и игра: бележки към една политическа икономия на естетическото

Author(s): Ognian Kassabov / Language(s): English,Bulgarian Issue: 3/2016

The article deals with the meaning of Kant’s metaphor of free play of faculties in aesthetic judgment, discussed in the perspective of Schiller’s contrasting of work (labour) and play, which gave rise to a peculiar fictional, but conciliatory, status for the aesthetic. The article then traces some articulations between the realms of alienated labour and of free creativity in Hegel and Marx, and concludes with notes on the lasting social significance of this contrastive aesthetic metaphor.

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Corporate Governance in Central and Eastern Europe

Author(s): Miklós Dobák / Language(s): English Issue: 1/2006

The article introduces the different interpretations of corporate governance, and presents its developments in Central and Eastern Europe. After analysing historical backgrounds, the author discusses the socialist era's corporate governance methods. Regarding transition to market economy, new processes of the region are presented, outlining the influence of different Western models. Finally a chapter on Hungarian corporate governance analyses the legal and practical developments in the country from the roots to date.

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„Анти-Маркс“, три тезиса

Author(s): Krasimir Delchev / Language(s): English,Bulgarian Issue: 3/2018

The article criticizes Marx’s political economy.

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Neodbytné pouto socialismu

Author(s): Petr Chalupecký / Language(s): Czech Issue: 1/2019

Suk, Jiří: Veřejné záchodky ze zlata: Konflikt mezi komunistickým utopismem a ekonomickou racionalitou v předsrpnovém Československu. Prague: Prostor, 2016, 325 pp., ISBN 978-80-7260-341-1. In the reviewer’s opinion, the book titled "Gold Public Conveniences: A Conflict between Communist Utopianism and Economic Rationality in Czechoslovakia before the Soviet Occupation" is an important contribution to studies of the evolution of economic thinking in Czechoslovakia in the 1960s and of the reform process culminating in the Prague Spring in 1968, hitherto unparalleled in Czech historiography. However, the author does not focus only on the economic theory prevailing at that time, but also examines it, mainly from philosophical and sociological perspectives, in a broader historical context, including paradigmatic Marxist works and Soviet disputes concerning the economic policy after the Bolshevik revolution. He is interested in the form and viability of the new economic model, or the Czechoslovak concept of the “socialism with a human face”, including its internal conflicts and limits of thinking and acts of various players. The greatest deal of attention is paid to Ota Šik (1919–2004), then Director of the Institute of Economics of the Czechoslovak Academy of Sciences and the principal author of the “third way” economic concept; the author also describes the restorative reaction of the political regime against the concept after the defeat of the Prague Spring. The reviewer presents the content of each chapter of the book and formulates some partial reservations.

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Staulul și sirena. Dilemele unui marxist român

Author(s): Cristian Preda / Language(s): Romanian Issue: 1/2001

Constantin Dobrogeanu Gherea est le plus cohérent des marxistes roumains. Ses nombreux écrits qui datent des aimées 1883-1920, qui comprennent des études sociologiques, des articles de presse et des brochures de propagande, sont rein­ terprétés dans une perspective qui se veut non-idéologique, qui ré fuse, autrement dit, et l'espérance propre à l'eschatologie marxiste, et la haine des adversaires du marxime. Cette nouvelle lecture de l'oeuvre de Gherea se propose de recon­ stituer le portrait intellectuel de l'auteur roumain. Elle a quatre repères princi­ paux: tout d'abord, elle refait la perception directe qu'avait Gherea de la réalité roumaine; ensuite, elle analyse la manière dont le paradygme marxiste modifie cette perception; en troisième lieu, elle s'attaque au problème du sens théorique du marxisme dans la vision de Gherea; finalement, l'étude analyse les projets de réforme sociale avancés par l'auteur roumain, en insistant sur la question du suffrage universel. En guise de conclusion, Je point de vue de Gherea surla révo­ lu ti on bol ch évique.

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Granice kapitala kao zbiljske zajednice u delima kritika političke ekonomije

Author(s): Branko Balj / Language(s): Serbian Issue: 7/2007

Marx’ thinking of capital as totality and its immanent controversies, according to many authors, belongs to the past, and, because of that, his way of thinking is considered non-effective. The question is: is it so or not, because capital, in the shape of globalization manifests the richness of its inherent controversies, which could be reflected from the Marx’s intellectual position. According to my opinion, Marx’s intellectual position. According to my opinion, Marx’s reflection of the controversies of capital in his works Foundations of the Critique of Political Economy and Critique of Political Economy are much up-to-date, so it should be seen through the dimension of ubiquitous eulogy of globalization, which announces its ultimate possibilities, in the light of its necessary revolution.

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From Homo Sovieticus to Homo Economicus: The Transformation of the Human Subject in Polish Socialist Economic Thought

Author(s): Brian Porter-Szűcs / Language(s): English Issue: 03/2020

Whereas both classical and neoclassical economists based their theories on a static psychology of self-maximizing rationality that facilitated the formulation of universal economic laws, Marx proposed instead an evolutionary understanding of the human psyche, opening the possibility of dynamic economic laws that mutated in accordance with changing historical contexts. By the 1920s and 1930s, some socialist economists started to drift away from this position, arguing instead that the psychology of neoclassical microeconomics could sustain a socialist macroeconomics, as long as the necessary institutions were in place. In other words, they came to believe that Homo Economicus could maintain all his or her selfish desires and acquisitive inclinations, but if economic structures were property designed and if the state enforced certain rules and regulations, then exploitation and commodification would be vanquished and the pursuit of individual well-being would lead to collective prosperity. That line of thinking was shut down within the Soviet bloc by Stalin, who insisted that socialism could only be created if Homo Economicus was transformed into Homo Sovieticus. Among economists prior to 1956, an evolutionary understanding of the human psyche was not only promoted but vigorously enforced by the state. After the fall of the Stalinists, however, a neoclassical approach regained the upper hand, and economists (not to mention politicians) in the Soviet Bloc began to lose their faith in meaningful anthropological and historical change.

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Where Has Marxism Gone? Gauging the Impact of Alternative Ideas in Transition Bulgaria

Author(s): Georgy Ganev / Language(s): English Issue: 03/2005

Marxism dominated in Bulgaria for more than forty years until 1989 and then completely vanished from the public discourse within several years. Where has it gone? The present article addresses this question by noting that even if they are out of the public discourse, remnants of the previously dominant set of ideas should still be found in people’s thinking. It illustrates this general argument by outlining how the survival into post-communism of a pillar of Marxist economic theory—the labor theory of value—can explain several significant discrepancies between facts and perceptions, called the “experience gap,” shown to exist in Bulgaria at the beginning of the twenty-first century. On the other side, the presence of the experience gap in Bulgaria is a factor influencing the availability and the choice of policy options. Thus, the Marxist labor theory of value continues to live in people’s minds and still shapes today’s Bulgarian reality.

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Declining supply and rising demand for labour : the consequences in the Republic of Srpska

Author(s): Stevo Pucar / Language(s): English Issue: 1/2017

The aim of this research is to provide projections of the labor market in the Republic of Serbska, as a part of Bosnia and Herzegovina (RS) in the period 2017 - 2021, based on an analytical approach and precise indicators. The basic methodology in creating projections on the labor market in the Republic of Serbska (RS) is statistical extrapolation of trends in demand and supply of labor at the level of the RS. Data for this study were standard reports of statistical institutions (Statistical Yearbook, Labor Force Survey, etc.), as well as special reports generated for the specific needs of this research. The results show that in the next 6 years, the number of working- age population will shrink by a further 59,000 people with 867,000 to 808,000. Out of the total working-age population, ie the active population. labor force (the sum of employed and unemployed) is will not change greatly, while the level of the inactive population, ie. working-age population not seeking employment will drop significantly. On the other hand, our projections show that, even in terms of the decline in the working- age population, the demand for labor will continue to grow. Also, according to projections, the number of unemployed ie. the excess of supply over demand of the labor force will decrease in the period 2017-2021. All this will not be without impact on wage levels. Total average gross wages will rise by 2021, but wage growth in the manufacturing industry will be much more pronounced. Therefore, it is essential to increase productivity and added value of companies because it is the only way to compensate for this increase in wages.

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Analyzing Nigerian Army - Boko Haram’s Conflict through the Prisms of Marx’s Theory of Economic Determinism

Author(s): Moses Yakubu,Adewunmi Falode / Language(s): English Issue: 16/2021

This work analyzes the protracted conflict between the Nigerian authority and Boko Haram from the perspectives of Karl Marx’s theory of economic determinism. It explores the financial interests of corrupt officials as a plausible explanation for unsuccessful counter-terrorism. It also argues that the major factor responsible for the intractable nature of the conflict is the material benefit that the political elites derive from its prolongation. The authors use the theory of economic determinism to vividly show how the ruling oligarchs in Nigeria have thwarted every attempt to end the conflict. Using the qualitative research methodology, the work tends to illustrate how the desire for massive and unbridled wealth accumulation drove the political and military elites in Nigeria to hinder every effort made to resolve the conflict between Nigeria and Boko Haram. In other words, the work reveals the crucial links between wealth accumulation and the prolongation of the Boko Haram conflict in Nigeria.

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Marxova analiza društvenih oblika i ekonomska sociologija

Author(s): Toni Prug / Language(s): Croatian Issue: 1/2022

This article deals with the New Reading of Marx, an interpretation focused on the analysis of social and value forms and associated social relations. Marx’s analysis of social forms makes it possible to distinguish determinate abstractions (commodity and capital in the capitalist mode of production) from general ones (product, money), denaturalizing the economic vision of production, opening up a way for possible understanding of different modes of production and their social character. The article argues that the analysis of social forms opens up a path for re-approaching the field of enquiry that conventionally belongs to economics, whose abandonment marks sociology for most of its history, with the sociological analysis, thus rendering visible social dimensions of the object of investigation, whilst questioning and disputing the monopoly of economic theories and categories. The connection between Marx’s analysis of social forms and the work of other classical sociologists is demonstrated, opening up the discussion of its relevance for economic sociology. Reviewing the new economic sociology, the article shows how its Weberian roots drastically narrow the space for integration of Marx’s work. It is argued that the reading of Marx presented here can however be situated in a more broadly understood contemporary economic sociology that includes a wider range of approaches retaining the multi-paradigmatic character of sociology. In conclusion, the article discusses the relationship between domestic sociology and Marxism, arguing that sociological literature can be enriched by re-evaluating Marxism through the prism of the New Reading of Marx.

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The Rise and Decline of Polish Revisionist Marxist Economics: The Fates of Włodzimierz Brus and the Faculty of Political Economy (University of Warsaw), 1953–1968

Author(s): Piotr Koryś,Maciej Tymiński / Language(s): English Issue: 01/2023

The paper deals with the history of Polish revisionist Marxist political economy, which flourished between 1956 and 1968, mostly in the academic institutions of Warsaw. The fate of Polish revisionism in Marxist economics is presented in parallel to the intellectual biography of Włodzimierz Brus (one of its leaders) and the fate of the Faculty of Political Economy (Wydział Ekonomii Politycznej [WEP]), which he co-established at the University of Warsaw. The authors compare contemporary documents and existing analyses of the period with memories of Brus’s colleagues and students, collected decades after the events. The authors show that both the relative freedom of expression and academic research and the process of gradual closing of these possibilities were related to the changing balance of power within Party elites.

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GLOBALNA KRIZA I BOSNA I HERCEGOVINA

Author(s): Mirko Puljić / Language(s): Bosnian,Croatian,Serbian Issue: 10/2009

The financial crisis brought about by the break down of the USA mortgage market has affected almost all economies of the world. Its consequences are very severe: they include bankruptcies of major investment banks, great losses by many companies of the financial (banks) and non-financial sectors (automobile and construction industry), reduction of the business activities, lay-offs, consumption cuts, and, in consequence, a drop in the GDP growth rates. It is estimated that the GDP growth rates for EU and USA in 2009 will be negative. The effects of the global crisis on Bosnia and Herzegovina, as in case of other transition economies, are indirect. There will be fewer opportunities for borrowing, and the debt costs will increase. Foreign investors will exhibit more restraint, and our exports and foreign currency inflow will decrease. The situation will be especially difficult in metal (aluminum and steel) and construction industry. The crisis will exacerbate the existing poor economic and social state of Bosnia and Herzegovina. Its impact may be softened by employing certain programs of assistance to exports, investments and agriculture. This paper provides some suggestions in that sense. It also offers lessons to be learnt from the current global crisis (as “opportunities”), and reminds of the interpretation of global crisis provided in the Capital by Marx, and the Lexicon of Economics.

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Raya Dunayevskaya: Hegel ve Marx Arasındaki Diyalektik Sınırlar

Author(s): Dilan ERGÜN TEKİNGÜNDÜZ / Language(s): Turkish Issue: 29/2023

This article aims to discuss the dialectical relationship between Hegel and Marx, based on the Marxisthumanist thought of which Raya Dunayevskaya is the founder, through the concept of "alienated labor", which is one of the fundamental phenomena of Marxism. For Dunayevskaya, Marx's emphasis on humanism in Economic and Philosophical Manuscripts of 1844, is directly linked to his discovery of the revolutionary aspect of the dialectics of negativity, which was at the heart of Hegel's absolute idealism. Thus, from the moment when workers' movements discover the dialectic of absolute negativity, they are transformed into freedom struggles capable of human self-determination. Thus, the dialectical law formulated by Hegel as the ‘negation of the negation’ is read by Marx as the first negative, the sublate of alienated labor. For Dunayevskaya, Marx is the only one who, unlike traditional Marxism, can save the Hegelian dialectic from its mystic aura by transforming it into a philosophy of liberation. For Dunayevskaya, the dialectical boundaries between Marx and Hegel are determined by the absolute negativity/ dialectic of negativity that Marx thinks he depts to Hegel.

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The need for vendor development programmes to increase the efficiency of the automotive industry in Pakistan

Author(s): Mohsin Moin,Tooba Khan / Language(s): English Issue: 1/2023

Although there is always a need for further development in business models and industrial organisations via gradual improvements in their operations including production activities, warehouse management and supply chain management, it is quite obvious that from the present rise in inflation, a gap between the employees and the employers has been observed in the automotive sector due to a lack of vocational training or vendor development programmes causing uncertain attributes. The study aimed to highlight the significance of vendor development programmes in the automotive sector along with hindering factors and uncover the impediments that do not allow the encouragement of vendor development programmes in the said industry in Pakistan. The methodology for this research is qualitative, which will take the best measures by collecting the data from the vendors, especially from the operations department as this department is having deep insight and core knowledge about the organisation. The study concluded that financial constraint is the major factor that limits vendor development programmes in the automotive industry of Pakistan.

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ИНДИВИДУАЛИЗЪМ, КОЛЕКТИВИЗЪМ, ИКОНОМИЧЕСКА КУЛТУРА И ИСТОРИЧЕСКИ КАПИТАЛИЗЪМ

Author(s): Teodor Sedlarski / Language(s): Bulgarian Issue: 1/2023

This article summarizes key concepts in Immanuel Wallerstein’s book ‘Historical Capitalism’ related to the role of the cultural dimension of individualism collectivism. These include the societal developments needed for the early formation of the labor market, the social construction of ethnical identities and the gradual assimilation of ‘peripheral’ regions into the capitalism’s labor force in order to counter the rise of labor income in countries of the ‘core’. According to the author, ‘traditional’ kinds of division of labor – between ethnic groups, family members and age horizontals are being intentionally brought to life to control the pace of proletization as quasi proletarian ways of living require only minimal labor wages. At the same time in the ideological realm capitalism’s development is usually presented as closely intertwined with modernism and science’s progress, opposed to ‘traditional’, non rational ways, but a number of ‘traditions’ can be shown to have actually co-emerged with historical capitalism and not pre-dated it. This process is accompanied by the instalment of an universalistic and individualistic progressivist world view among the ‘intelligentsia’ classes, fostering the belief in competition and meritocracy, which has to enable the peaceful functioning of the tightly interconnected global capitalist system. In other words, capitalism’s use of culture and ideology is a prerequisite for its spread and efficiency.

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The Importance of Questioning and Challenging: A Higher Education Fail?

Author(s): Svetlana Vlady,Hershey H. Friedman / Language(s): English Issue: 3/2023

A primary goal of education, especially higher education, is to provide students with the tools to think for themselves—that is, how to think, not what to think. The authors demonstrate that many theories have not stood the test of time. This includes views and beliefs such as rational choice theory, maximizing shareholder value, greed is good, what it takes to be a great leader, and many more. Therefore, it is essential to teach students not to accept what they are taught without deliberation. Questioning so-called facts is a good trait, and higher education should not be about blind acceptance or indoctrination.

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Неолиберализмът на Фридрих фон Хайек като опит за разобличаване на колективизма и централизираната икономика

Author(s): Nikolay Alexandrov / Language(s): Bulgarian Issue: 1/2024

The article is dedicated to the socio-philosophical legacy of Friedrich von Hayek, one of the founders of neoliberalism and a representative of the Austrian School of Economics. In this regard, this text is an attempt to rethink Hayek's work in three main aspects: as an initiator of the return of liberalism to its ideological foundations from the Enlightenment, as an ideologue of neoliberalism and as a consistent critic of Keynesian capitalism and socialism. Here are some weaknesses in his teaching, both in terms of capitalism and in terms of social liberalism and socialism.

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Degrowth in the Semi-Periphery: Ecology and Class in Central and Eastern Europe

Author(s): Josef Patočka,Martin Čech,Eva Fraňková / Language(s): English Issue: 2/2024

The aim of this extended review essay is to discuss the potential relevance ofdegrowth-aligned social-ecological transformation for the specific contextof Central and Eastern Europe (CEE). We frame this discussion aroundthree recent books which we consider especially useful for this debate:The Future is Degrowth by Schmelzer et al. (2022, in Czech 2023) for anup-to-date and comprehensive overview of the concept of degrowth; Marxin the Anthropocene by Saito (2023) for an ecologically grounded debateon anticapitalist strategies stemming from writings of late Marx; and ThePolitical Economy of Middle Class Politics and the Global Crisis in EasternEurope by Gagyi (2021) that empirically analyses the specific position ofthe CEE semiperiphery and its implications for a radical social-ecologicaltransformation. We introduce and interlink the main ideas of these books anddiscuss their implications for the degrowth movement in the CEE context.We argue that to deeply transform our socio-metabolic relation with nature,it is crucial to cultivate and expand spaces of reproductive autonomy, andlink them to struggles of labour and social movements. We conclude byemphasising the role of internationalism from below.

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Османският „феодализъм“ и пречките пред развитието на българското земеделие през ХІХ век

Author(s): Petar Dobrev / Language(s): Bulgarian Issue: 1/2024

The malign influence of the Ottoman “feudal system” on the economic development of the Balkan region is a persistent theme in Bulgarian historiography. Like any empire that established its structures in the Middle Ages, the Ottoman state did not give much economic freedom to the rural population in its development, although there are serious historical disputes as to whether the existence of timars can be equated with European feudalism. Without entering into this debate, my paper examines developments in the late Ottoman Empire, most notably after the Land Law of 1858. While formally preserving the supreme ownership of land in the hands of the Sultan, the law in practice legitimized private property, which in turn legitimized a long-standing practice. The population of the Bulgarian lands began to accumulate land en masse, and the number of chiftliks held by Christians increased. Some of these chiftliks evolved into modern capitalist estates, but in the mass case the changes in agriculture were slow and geographically isolated. But to what extent can the reasons for this be traced back to alleged Ottoman “feudalism”? To what extent was the role of the state a hindrance, or were there other global factors that impeded the transition to capitalism in agriculture? Accordingly, was it the Ottoman legacy that hindered agrarian capitalism in post-1878 Bulgaria, where modern chiftliks remained an isolated phenomenon?

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