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Giant designs traced out by earth mounds could be thousands of years old.
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Giant designs traced out by earth mounds could be thousands of years old.
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Petrographic studies of indicator erratics in glacial sediments revealed the existence of at least two lithotypes of glacial tills (marked S and O/W), differing in source area of moraine material. The older one (S), represented by glacial till in Mąkolice, was deposited by the last advance of South Polish Glaciation in the area. The younger lithotype (O/W) includes glacial sediments of Middle Polish Complex. Among them, two varieties (sublitothypes), probably deposited by separate ice masses (but not ice streams), can be distinguished. These sublitotyphes are clearly recognizable only in the southern part of the area under research. Their relative spatial distribution and petrographic features confirm the validity of the conclusions based on the analysis of the relief, which suggests that the ice-sheet during the Middle Polish Glaciation (Odranian/Wartanian) entered the Piotrków region from two directions.
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The paper presents the latest results of research on genesis of glacial relief and dynamics of the younger Saalian ice sheet in the marginal zone in poorly recognized area of the interfluve of the Krzna and Bug rivers in eastern Poland. The presented model is significantly different from those interpretations of the relief genesis in this area, presenting ice-margin stabilization stage and then areal recession. In the light of detailed morphological, geological and structural research, the younger Saalian ice sheet was characterized by differentiated dynamics of ice lobes, both during transgression and recession. A comparison with the latest results of research on area between Piotrków Trybunalski, Radomsko and Przedbórz, the notion on presence of regional lobes in the marginal zone of the younger Saalian ice sheet and their differentiated (conditioned by morphology and lithology of pre-Saalian substrate) dynamics is also actual in central Poland.
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The article presents petrographic features of medium (4–10 mm) and coarse (20–60 mm) gravels for 64 samples from 28 sites together with TGZ (Theoretical Gravel Centre) index for 7 sites. It have been found that in the investigated area in glaciofluvial sediments petrography is generally similar. Also pointed was, that in the finer gravel fraction the Lower Palaeozoic limestones are rare, however crystalline and flint rocks are more evident. Petrography of the coarse gravel fraction proves that before the ice-sheet reached the Northern Polish Upland slopes, it must have moved along outcrops in the South-East Sweden and the Baltic floor. The connected TGZ index of the sediments investigated lies within 16,4–17,0°E and 57,5–58,7°N coordinates.
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This article presents the results of measurements of the anisotropy of magnetic susceptibility (AMS) of Quaternary sediments collected from 13 sites, located in zones I–IV of glacigenic forms in SE of the Łódź Region. Based on statistical analysis and graphical position of the principal axes of ellipsoids illustrating the magnetic susceptibility tensors, recreated directions of transport for 206 samples, mainly of glacial sediment of different ages and types. The usefulness of AMS analysis in determining the direction of transport in clasts of the till has been proved and also to verification of the directional results of other measurements in the sediments layered.
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The article presents the results of measurements of the longer axes orientation in the morainic tills at 11 sites and 12 outcrops in zones I–IV of the glacigenic forms in the area between Piotrków Trybunalski, Radomsko and Przedbórz. Zone III located in the western part of the said area corresponds to the well-recognised Widawka lobe in the Łódź region. Zones I, II and IV in the eastern part of the study area associated with the hypothetic Pilica-Luciąża lobe (S part of the Rawka lobe) and both coming from the Warta ice-sheet. Measurements of fabric clasts in zone III proved that the ice sheet has arrived from NNW and NW (330º–340º). In zones I, II, and IV transgression came from the NNE and NE (357º–52º). The lobe reached the Kamieńsk–Rzejowice–Przedbórz line. In the Łódź hump, the meridian belt between Kamieńsk and Łódź fabric tills are of various orientation interpreted as a confluence of the two lobes.
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The main aim of this paper is to present the concept of regional distance as a measure of economic diversity at the regional level. Additionally, the paper is devoted to the identification of regional inequalities in Poland, based on the metric presented. Estimates of the regional distance between specific regions (NUTS 2) and the mean level of development of the national economy or Mazowieckie Voivodship (the region with the highest GDP per capita in Poland) were based on calculations conducted using logarithmic equations. Two different distances were calculated: (a) the mean number of years required to achieve the present reference area level of development, (b) the mean number of years necessary to achieve the reference area GDP per capita, taking into consideration the growth rate of the reference area. The empirical example of regional distance application revealed significant inequalities between regions of Poland at NUTS 2 level.
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The article presents the analysis of city space of Kaliningrad, capital city of Russian exclave Kaliningrad oblast. I use the methodology proposed by Ewa Rewers – hermeneutics of a trace, and Karl Schl?gel – new optics to analyse architectural image of Kaliningrad. The historical and architectural layers of the city coexist and have impact on the identity of its inhabitants.
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A new vic-dioxime derivative including the hydrazone group ligand with four N-donor set and its coordination compounds with Co(III), Ni(II), Cu(II) and Zn(II) metal centres were synthesized. For this task, these compounds were characterized by spectral analyses like FTIR, 1H, 13C NMR, HMQC, molar conductances ΛM (-1), elemental analysis, magnetic moment and thermal behavior (TG) of the compounds was determined by simultaneous thermogravimetric. All of the coordination compounds were prepared under similar conditions from the ligand and the corresponding metal salts by putting them of a strong base. On the basis of the magnetic and spectral evidences a square-planar geometry for [Ni(HL)2] and [Cu(HL)2] complexes, octahedral geometry for [(HL)2Co.2H2O] and tedrahedral geometry for [Zn(LH)CI].H2O complex were introduced.
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The article is devoted to estimating the risk of floods in selected rivers of Lower Silesia. On the basic of empirical data concerning daily water levels of three hydrological stations on the rivers: Odra, Nysa Kłodzka and Nysa Łużycka the empirical distribution function of quaterly high water levels will be illustrated. To empirical distribution, the theoretical distribution will be matched and on its base the risk of floods danger will be calculated.
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The endorheic catchment of Lake Gardno is located in northwestern Poland on the Wolin Island at a distance of 0.2 km from the Baltic Sea cliff coast. Within the Lake Gardno catchment, on a monthly basis, water with its quantitative aspects and physicochemical properties was examined at every stage of its circulation. For the diagnosis of the circulation of water and solutes, as well asits mechanisms it was essential to determine the seasonal variability of the concentration of biogenic ( NO 3 –, NH 4 +, K + ) and denudative ions ( HCO 3 –, SO 4 2–, Ca 2+, Mg 2+ ), and ions supplied primarily from sea aerosols ( Cl –, Na + ). At the first stage of the water cycle, atmospheric water reaching tree-tops has the lowest mineralization at 1.8 mS • m –1. Throughfall and stemflow lead to an increase in the mineralization up to 8.7 mS • m –1 on average. The next stage, connected with the underground water circulation and leaching of soils, increases the mineralization of water up to 46.3 mS • m –1. The lake water was mineralized at 36.7 mS • m –1. The seasonal variability of the hydrochemical activity of water circulating within the Lake Gardno geoecosystem was represented by groups: with increased concentrations of solutes, with average concentrations of solutes and with reduced concentrations of solutes. The analyzed geoecosystem is characterized by a high concentration level of chloride and sodium ions at every stage of water circulation, which is related to the supply of sea aerosols.
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The aim of this study was to determine the number of hot days, very hot days and very frosty days as well as heat waves and cold spells in the Świętokrzyskie Mts (central Poland) during the 1981 – 2013 period. Datasets of minimum and maximum daily air temperatures from the IMGW-PIB stations : Kielce-Suków, Bodzentyn and Święty Krzyż were used in the study. During the last 35 years 17 heat waves and 12 cold spells occurred in the study area. The number of hot and very hot days and heat waves on the summits of the Świętokrzyskie Mts ( Święty Krzyż weather station ) was 2 – 5 times lower than at the valley stations. There was an evident increase in the occurrence frequency of hot weather extremes in the 2001 – 2010 period as compared to the end of the past century. There is no clear tendency to change in the number of very frosty days and cold spells. Two indices: WSNC and WSNZ were proposed as tools for the assessment of the intensity of heat waves and cold spells.
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Naša Dalmacija — kako je svima poznato — obiluje rodnom zemljom i divnim tropskim suncem; ali je manje poznato, da u njoj ima i vode u izobilju, samo — pod zemljom! Trebalo bi tu vodu, ili bar nešto od te vode, izvući na površinu, te početi natapati ono tle, pa da postane najplodnijim na cijelom Sredozemnom Moru, — pravi Misir, ili Obećana Zemlja. Nije mnogo rečeno, da bi se čudesa mogla stvoriti kad bi se Dalmaciji otvorile podzemne vode, kojili ima u njenim dubinama. I to ne ni u velikoj dubini, već na kojih šest-sedam do dvadeset metara pod zemljom.
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Најљепша и најпривлачнија знаменитост сјеверне Далмације јесте дивна Крка. У свом релативно кратком току (мало више од 60 кт) прави она бројне красне слапове. Чаробни призори вода, завијеност ријеке, горде клисуре кањона, осебујна вегетација, и сва остала романтичност, очарава путника.
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In the article are presented the geomorphological features of the region of Northern Velebit with a special emphasis on the Northern Velebit National Park. The fundamental morphometric and morphogenetic analyses once done analogously were made with the use of digital technologies and supplemented with new analyses and fieldwork. Of the general morphometric methods, hypsometry, the analysis of the gradient of the slopes, the analysis of the vertical division and the exposure of the slopes were used. The morphogenetic analysis is based on specific morphometric and field investigations. Within the framework of the morphogenesis the morphostructural relief was analysed, and of the exogenous influences, the greatest attention was dedicated to the karstic, glacio-karstic and fluvio-karstic relief forms. The analysis of the karst relief in the Northern Velebit National Park region, one of the fundamental phenomena of the park, showed that more than half of its surface area (50.6%) is represented by karst depressions (sinkholes and valleys) which speaks of an exceptionally powerful and long-lasting denudation. Along with the karst processes, glacial processes which at that time of the last glacial maximum considerably reshaped the karst relief forms and generally influenced the geomorphological evolution of Northern Velebit contributed significantly to the increased denudation. The glaciation of Northern Velebit, apart from the karst reliefs occasionally influenced the intensification of fluvial and the existence of limnic processes. Therefore, the knowledge of the geomorphological features of Northern Velebit and the Northern Velebit National Park is of extreme significance both for the preservation of geodiversity and for its further touristic valorisation and promotion.
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In eastern Algeria and particularly on the Aures Massif, the phenomenon of erosion takes several forms and manifestsitself spectacularly, especially on vulnerable and less-vegetated soils. Some soil scientists link soil genesis with the erosivityof rainfalls. This work aims at a spatio-temporal representation of rainfall erosivity according to a geostatistical approachthat begins with the estimation of certain erosivity indices and ends with a precise zoning.The study showed that the physical characteristics of this space are varied, but the mountainous areas are most sensitive,with erosivity index values ranging from 20 to 50, and some stations on the piedmonts record average values. By contrast,the desert zones offer low values of below 5 according to the index of Arnoldus. The stations exposed to the north havemarkedly the highest erosivity values. In addition, rainfall erosivity increased according to altitude, and the correlation betweenrainfall and rainfall erosivity was very significant. Zoning of erosivity will provide decision-makers and technicians with a toolfor management and decision-making to protect and ensure soil sustainability.
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The chemical composition of lake and mire sediments can be used as proxies of past changes in different accumula-tion environments. Here, I present these proxies that can be used to reconstruct the palaeoenvironment of the past 16,000 yearsfor many mineral-biogenic series from central Poland and establish regional similarities and differences. Past geochemicalstudies of biogenic sediments from this region were usually carried out in the context of the genesis of: individual accumulationreservoirs, the development of the relief of river valleys and watersheds; they were also used in combination with other methodsof palaeoecological research also reconstruct climatic changes in individual phases of the Late Glacial and Holocene. However,due to the complexity of matter circulation in the lithological and hypsometrical diverse transitional zone between the beltsof the Polish Uplands and the Polish Lowlands, an analysis was made to determine the relationship between the conditionsof biogenic sedimentation at individual sites using selected statistical analyses. In addition to its description of the geochemicalvariability of biogenic sediments, this analysis was supplemented by its reference to the spatial differentiation in the relation-ships between geochemical landscapes and the landforms of various orders. In turn, the method of lithogeochemical facies usedfor several profiles along the transect from the west to the east of the region made it possible to determine: the origin of watersupplying the studied biogenic accumulation reservoirs, the range of individual zones of their supply and the conditions of in-flow of allochthonous mineral matter.
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The Jenkinson and Collison method, originally used to automate the weather type classification developed by Lambfor the British Isles, was used to develop a catalog of atmospheric circulation types in Poland. Sixteen directional atmosphericcirculation types (ACTs) from this method were used for the characterization of circulation conditions in Poland. They weredetermined based on the direction of the geostrophic wind and the distinction between cyclonic and anticyclonic circulationbased on shear vorticity. Both circulation indices were calculated based on data from ERA5 reanalysis, namely the 850 hPageopotential height. Atmospheric circulation types were determined for a total of 195 grid points, including 109 located in Po-land. The study presents an analysis of spatial and temporal changes in circulation conditions in the years 1950–2021 in Poland,which indicates an increase in the frequency of anticyclonic circulation in Poland since the 1980s, notably W and NW advec-tion. The Sc, SWc and Wc types stand out among the cyclonic types with the greatest decrease in frequency across the entireterritory of Poland. The anticyclonic west circulation stands out for its statistically significant increase in frequency in winterthroughout the analyzed area.
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In Algeria, at the present time, there are no rainwater harvesting systems (RWHS) registered with the public authorities as an alternative to the public water supply. This is explained by numerous factors, the most important being inhabitants’ acceptance. The aim of this article is to investigate the current level of acceptance of an RWHS as a viable method for backing up the public water supply system. Our hypothesis is that inhabitants’ acceptance can be improved by the increasing awareness of the benefits of an RWHS. For the purposes of this study, an RWHS located in northern Algeria was designed, and its benefits were measured and discussed with the direct participation of residents living in the building. The first benefit was the potential potable water saving (PPWS) and the second was the benefit-cost ratio (BCR). The PPWS was estimated at 51 m3/year. The BCR was estimated at 7% (15% with local council funding). This paper shows that, in the case of an existing building, inhabitant acceptance of an RWHS depends on three factors: (1) the amount of rainwater delivered by the RWHS; (2) the cost of building and managing it; and (3) the extent of the modifications made to the building.
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This research shows efficiency of constructed wetlands (CWs) to purify waste water in the case of Biochemical Oxygen Demand (BOD). CWs such as surface flow (SF), subsurface flow (SSF), and hybrid (HYB) systems have been compared to provide an analysis about which system has better performance for BOD removal efficiency. Data were collected from different scientific articles and from all over the world. Meta-analysis technique was employed to aggregate data from scientific sources, facilitating hypothesis testing, and comparisons between different types of CWs. All the systems of CWs show satisfactory removal efficiency. HYB systems are shown to be the most efficient. One-way analysis of variance (ANOVA) has been applied to analyze differences between respective CWs using R software. It shows that there is a statistically significant difference between different types of CWs. Post-hoc Tukey’s Honestly Significant Different (HSD) analysis demonstrates a statistically significant difference between SF and HYB systems in the case of BOD removal efficiency. Also, Post-hoc Tukey’s HSD shows statistically significant difference between SSF and SF CWs. On the other hand, Post-hoc Tukey’s HSD does not show statistically significant difference between HYB and SSF CWs. The significant reduction rates for BOD removal efficiency, demonstrates that CWs can be used to diminish this kind of pollution.
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