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GEOLOGICAL EVALUATION OF RAVNA PLANINA IN THE FUNCTION OF WINTER TOURISM

Author(s): Jelena Golijanin / Language(s): English Issue: 2/2011

Geoecological evaluation of Ravna planina terrain in the context of its industrial exploitation is carried out on the basis of previous geomorphological analysis. The evaluation of this area is carried out from the point of its possible exploitation in the function of winter tourism. Development of winter tourism is mostly conditioned by the morphometrical characteristics of the relief that is dominated by mountain areas in the first place, due to their hipsometric characteristics, and to the features of the terrain slope and exposure. Therefore, mountain areas have better preconditions for the development of this branch of tourism in comparison to the low-lying areas. This paper provides the evaluation of morphometrical characteristics of Ravna planina terrain, in the possible function of winter tourism development, using GIS. The paper tried to present the needs of certain branches of tourism (such as Alpine and Nordic skiing and different kinds of extreme ski disciplines) as possible preconditions for winter sport tourism development. The evaluation in this paper is based on classification method that provided the scale of Ravna planina terrain relevant values.

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CLIMATE OF SOKOBANJA BASIN AND ITS INFLUENCE ON THE DEVELOPMENT OF AGRICULTURE

Author(s): Mila A. Pavlović,Aleksandar Radivojević,Ljiljana Dimitrijević / Language(s): English Issue: 1/2011

The climate of Sokobanja basin has a significant influence on forming the economic character of this area. In the relation with other, primarily physical-geographical characteristics, climate of the Sokobanja basin has one of the greatest influences on the activities of the people who live there. The aim of this work is to analyze the basic climate elements and accordingly perceive their influence on the development of agriculture, as one of the most important activities of the population of this area.

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INDEXES OF TEMPERATURE AND PRECIPITATION EXTREMES IN PODGORICA IN THE PERIOD 1951 – 2008

Author(s): Dragan Burić / Language(s): English Issue: 1/2011

World Meteorological Organisationhas defined a series of indices and proposed using of them in research of climate changes, in analysis of air temperature extremes changes, quantities of precipitation and other meteorological parameters. In large part of the Montenegro, annual values of air temerature and quantity of precipitation show statistically significant trend, or slight aridisation in the second half of the XX and by the beginning of the XXI century. In Podgorica, in the period from 1951 to 2008 trend of average annual temperature and annual precipitation sums is 0.155°C (1.0%), or -4.2 mm (-0.3%) per decade. The aim of this research was to determine on the basis of complex analysis of daily extremes indices what causes, in mathematical terms, growth of average annual temperature and decrease of annual quantities of precipitation on the sample of data for Podgorica, in the period 1951 – 2008. Acquired results indicate that the perceived tendency of warming in Podgorica is, first of all, a consequence of more often appearance of maximal and minimal daily temperatures which have warmer values. On the other hand, in mathemathical terms, statistically important increase of frequency of drought days and slight decrease of humid days give contribution to decrease, statistically insignificant, of annual amounts of precipitation in the period of 58 years.

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HYDROLOGICAL PICTURE OF NIŠAVA TRANS-BOUNDARY CATCHMENT

Author(s): Nelly Hristova / Language(s): English Issue: 2/2010

This work focuses on hydrographic and hydrological specific of Nišava River. It uses all hydrometric and cartographic information for the Bulgarian part of the catchment. Transboundary catchment of Nišava River includes four sub-basins, which are trans-borders too. There are a lot of karst areas in the river basin. The drainage density is 1.09 km/km2 . Water resources of Nišava River are 170 million m3. They vary between 300.0 and 84.0 million m3. The period of high water appears in March/April and finishes in June. The frequency of monthly maximum is biggest in April or May. The monthly minimum appears most often in September or October. Floods in the catchment of the river Nišava are most often in March, May and June. Some of the rivers lose its waters in the karst areas and dries up during the summer. The average number of days with ice is between 10 and 70. The chemical and ecological status of river water is good.

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THE CLASSIFICATIONS OF ATMOSPHERIC CIRCULATION

Author(s): Gorica Stanojević / Language(s): English Issue: 2/2010

The classifications of atmospheric circulation patterns are a specific research areawithin synoptic climatology. In general, there are three main groups of classifications: subjective,mixed and objective. In methodological aspect, the recent tendencies are presented in fullobjectification of classification procedure by mathematical-statistical methods. The classificationsof atmospheric circulation are very useful tools in climate change research; for reconstruction ofthe past climate, analysis of variability of the present climate and in the estimates of future climate.The practical application is to produce weather forecasts in meteorology and for more specificpurpose e.g. analysis of air quality, wind atlas, the studies of human health. There are manyscientific and operational applications of classifications circulation types, but there is a lack ofresearches who deal with this issue in scientific literature in Serbia. Only in recent years, there area few papers that explore the correlation between the climate variability in Serbia and the featuresof circulation types.

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ASSESSEMENT OF THE MINING PRACTICES EFFECTS ON THE WATER QUALITY IN THE IBAR RIVER WITHIN THE LEPOSAVIĆ MUNICIPALITY

Author(s): Gordana Milentijević,Blagoje Nedeljković,Jelena Đokić / Language(s): English Issue: 1/2010

Exploitation, development and primary extraction of the minerals result in release of theharmful substances, e.g. heavy metals, toxic gases, dirt, etc, that are often uncontrolled deposit inthe environment. Those deposited and overlooked substances remain as a heritage and challengefor the coming generations that would involve abundant human, technical and financial resourcesfor the environmental reclamation. The mining activities of the Trepča – RIF Kopaonik has bothpositive and negative influences within the Leposavić municipality, i.e., industrial development andenvironmental degradation. As a result of the mining activities the air, land and water resources bothsurface and underground are severely polluted. The main objective of this paper is to present adverseeffects of the mineral resources (lead and zinc) exploitation and primary extraction on the Ibar Riverwater quality degradation mainly by heavy metals. Since the heavy metals are frequently ingestedby the people through the food chain and given the high toxicity of them they are crucial parametersfor the water quality monitoring practices that should be carefully assessed and controlled. Thus thispaper includes comprehensive analyses of the heavy metals concentration (Pb, Zn, Cu, Cd and Fe)in the Ibar River within the Leposavić municipality.

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КЛИЗИШТА У СМЕДЕРЕВСКОМ ПОДУНАВЉУ

Author(s): Ljupče Miljković,Slobodan M. Miladinović,Miodrag Stepanović / Language(s): Serbian Issue: 2/2009

Landslides are one of the forms of general denudation process. In geographic science this occurrence is also called: talus rock deposit, gliding, or land–slide (in Serbian language also known as „urnis, lazina, bregolazina”). Land–slides in Serbia are widely expanded. The biggest presence they have in the south–eastern part of Pannonian plain, more precisely on the north slopes of Fruska gora and the part of the Danube basin between Belgrade and Smederevo. The biggest land–sliding complex in Serbia is next to the Danube, in the district of village Brestovik and it is called Rujiste. Land–slides in Smederevo’s Danube basin are of recent character and the process itself is recurring because the Danube by eroding right river bank, disrupts repeatedly the stability of the hill slopes. In town district of Smederevo, active talus rock deposit endanger buildings, roads and other infrastructure, industrial and residential objects, orchards, vineyards.

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ENDARGEMENT OF UNDEVELOPED AREAS OF SERBIA BY FOREST FIRES

Author(s): Milan Radovanović,Boško Milanović,Joao Fernando Pereira Gomes / Language(s): English Issue: 2/2009

Considering the significance of discovering the causes of forest fires, the hypothesis on the solar activity is presented (i.e. physical–chemical characteristics of the solar wind) as the possible cause of these natural disasters. The empirical confirmation of the mentioned hypothesis was disabled by the non existence of an adequate data base on the (regional) distribution of the number of fires and burned areas on the level of Serbia. Therefore an emphasis is put on theoretical explanations, but also on the characteristic situations in which there is an agreement between the processes occurring on the Sun and fire phenomena in the area of Serbia and the Balkans. The formations of the corresponding data base would enable the systematic explanation of endangerment of undeveloped areas of Serbia, but also the confirmation of the solar wind–forest fires hypothesis. The directions of the future multidisciplinary research should be directed towards the models for better prevention.

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ASSESSMENT OF THE RIVER HABITAT QUALITY IN UNDEVELOPED AREAS OF SERBIA APPLYING THE RHS (RIVER HABITAT SURVEY) METHOD

Author(s): Marko Urošev,Ana Milanović,Dragana Milijašević / Language(s): English Issue: 2/2009

Paper’s main goal is to establish “RHS reference site”, which will be the basis for future classification of river habitat quality in other regions of Serbia. River habitats in Golijska Moravica and Jerma basin have been assessed and classified by RHS method, and reference values are determined (which would serve for the next research of river habitats in Serbia). In Golijska Moravica and Jerma basin semi–natural and predominantly unmodified habitats with high diversity are dominant. If we compare HQA index of Moravica and Jerma with HQA indexes in some European countries (Austria, Germany) of same river type (small, shallow mountain rivers)we can conclude that sites in Moravica and Jerma basin have higher habitat diversity. Within river basins there are spatial differences of HQA index value. River sites in Moravica and Jerma basin have lower values of HMS index than sites in European countries. The impact of individual characteristics on total HQA and HMS score is also determined in this paper.Results of this paper are important for conservation of natural habitats, for river basin management plans and to estimate environmental impact of future water management activities in these basins.

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CONNECTION BETWEEN SOLAR ACTIVITY AND ATMOSPHERIC CIRCULATION IN PERIOD 1891-2004

Author(s): Boško Milanović,Milan Radovanović / Language(s): Serbian Issue: 1/2009

У раду је на годишњем и покретном декадном нивоу испитана повезаностизмеђу показатеља Сунчеве активности (коришћено шест „традиционалних“ параметара) и циркулације атмосфере (по Вангенгајм – Гирс типологији). Коефицијенти корелације на годишњем нивоу се крећу 0,017-0,328 и у појединим комбинацијама показују статистичку значајност. На покретном декадном нивоу вредности коефицијента корелације расту, при чему се статистички значајне крећуод 0,271-0,727. Применом вишеструке линеарне регресије на покретном декадном нивоу захвата се приближно од 57-82% варијансе критеријумских варијабли. Због високе редундансе показатеља Сунчеве активности, за одређивање значаја сваког одпредиктора је искоришћена „гребенаста“, риџ регресија (ridge regression).

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AN ANALYSIS OF HEAT WAVES IN BELGRADE AND NIŠ USING THE CLIMATE INDEX

Author(s): Valentina Drljača,Ivana Tošić,Miroslava Unkašević / Language(s): Serbian Issue: 1/2009

У овом раду је извршена анализа топлотних таласа помоћу климатскогиндекса трајања топлотног таласа - Heat Wave Duration Index (HWDI), за Београд и Ниш. На основу дневних максималних вредности температуре ваздуха, одређена је дужина и јачина топлотних таласа. Анализе су урађене за зимску (децембар, јануари фебруар) и за летњу сезону (јун, јул и август). У Нишу је због израженије континенталности забележен већи број топлотних таласа(и зими и лети) у односу на Београду. Од средине 80-тих година топлотни таласи имају већу честину, јављају се у просеку сваке године (или се чак годишње јави и више од једног топлотног таласа), док су се пре 80-тих топлотни таласи просечнојављали једном у две године (Ниш лети), или чак једном у три године (Београд лети).

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THE DUBOKA PIRACY

Author(s): Predrag Đurović,Ljubomir Menković / Language(s): English Issue: 1/2008

The Duboka drains the eastern side of Kopaonik Mountain. Geomorphologyand geology of the area indicate, and the office and field researches confirm, that the Duboka was formerly in the Rasina basin and now belongs to the Toplica system. Aminor Toplica tributary captured the Duboka headwater and diverted it into its drainagesystem. Capturing and captured s of the two systems are a geomorphologic rarity; the headwaters of the Rasina are diverted into the Toplica system, and the middle course ofthe Toplica (Blatašnica) captures the Rasina.

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GENERATIONS OF MEANDERS IN SERBIAN PART OF TISA VALLEY

Author(s): Dragan Popov,Slobodan B. Marković,Dragoljub Štrbac / Language(s): English Issue: 1/2008

This study discusses the evolution of the Serbian part of Tisa (Tisza/Theiss) valley in the context of phase meandering process during the Late Pleniglacial and Holocene. This study is focused on the subsiding central part of the Pannonian (Carpathian) Basin in the Vojvodina province. Palaeomeanders are reconstructed byusing digital elevation models. Large number of old river beds are eroded and filled with deposits, and only a few remainings of them can be found on modern maps. The identification of these channels were achieved by studying historical maps of the region,and by creation of a digital elevation model. Spatial disposal and altitude correlationallowed identification of several palaeomeander generations in the Tisa valley. The formation of different generations are the result of concurrence influences of neotectonic processes of subduction in the western part of the Great Hungarian Plain and climate variability during the Late Pleistocene and Holocene. Studying hydrogeomorphologic characteristics of meanders is based on determination and analysis oftheir characteristic parameters: wavelength, arc length and radius of curvature.

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The Effects of Solar Activity: Electrons in the Terrestrial Lower Ionosphere

Author(s): Vladimir A. Srećković,Desanka Šulić,Veljko Vujčić,Darko Jevremović,Yaroslav Vyklyuk / Language(s): English Issue: 3/2017

Solar flare X-ray energy can cause strong enhancements of the electron density in the Earth’s atmosphere. This intense solar radiation and activity can cause sudden ionospheric disturbances (SIDs) and further create ground telecommunication interferences, blackouts as well as some natural disasters and caused considerable material damage. The focus of this contribution is on the study of these changes induced by solar X-ray flares using narrowband Very Low Frequency (VLF, 3–30 kHz) and Low Frequency (LF, 30–300 kHz) radio signal analysis. The model computation and simulation were applied to acquire the electron density enhancement induced by intense solar radiation. The obtained results confirmed the successful use of applied technique for detecting space weather phenomena such as solar explosive events as well for describing and modeling the ionospheric electron density which are important as the part of electric terrestrial-conductor environment through which external-solar wind (SW) electrons can pass and cause natural disasters on the ground like fires.

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Responses of the Ionospheric D-Region to Periodic and Transient Variations of the Ionizing Solar Lyα Radiation

Author(s): Aleksandra Nina,Vladimir Čadež,Jovan Bajčetić,Milenko Andrić,Gordana Jovanović / Language(s): English Issue: 3/2017

Solar radiation has the most important role in periodical variation of terrestrial atmospheric properties. Under unperturbed ionospheric conditions, the solar Lyα line has a dominant influence on ionization processes in the lowest ionospheric layer, the so called D-region. In this paper, we present periodical and transient variations in influences of the Lyα radiation on this ionospheric layer. In the case of periodical lower ionospheric changes we consider diurnal, seasonal and solar cycle variations and show analysis of acoustic and gravity waves induced by solar terminator. Influences of solar flares and eclipses on this atmospheric layer are analyzed as examples of sudden ionospheric disturbances. For decades, Very Low Frequency radio signals (3 – 30 kHz) are successfully used as a tool for monitoring of changes in the lower ionosphere, based on radio wave propagation through Earth-ionosphere waveguide along given trajectories and registration of their physical parameters (amplitude and phase delay). For the analysis conducted in this paper, we used records of the VLF DHO signal, emitted on 23.4 kHz frequency from transmitter in Germany and received in Serbia.

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Remote Sensing Role in Environmental Stress Analysis: Еаst Serbia Wildfires Case Study (2007–2017)

Author(s): Ivan M. Potić,Nina Ćurčić,Milica M. Potić,Milan Radovanović,Tatiana N. Tretiakova / Language(s): English Issue: 3/2017

Wildfire has been one of the most dangerous environmental stressors nowadays. It is an important disturbance where ecosystem biomass is burned and where organisms are damaged or killed by fire. Therefore, the detecting and monitoring of this stressor are of great importance. During last decades, extensive forest fires have spread in Southern Europe, and they are registered in Serbia as well. During year 2007, several significant fires were registered in Stara Planina and Svrljiške Planine Mountains. The aims of this study were to detect land cover changes for the studied site from 2007–2017, to focus on monitoring the area affected by the wildfire, and to analyse the environment response to stressor. The study area is situated in East Serbia, partially covering the Mountains Stara Planina (western part) and Svrljiške planine (eastern part). The remote sensing techniques were used in the analysis and main satellite data were obtained via USGS Earth Explorer application. Six different classes were selected: Water, Forest, Pastures, Artificial area, Agriculture, and Bare soil. Results showed significant changes in two classes, Forest, and Pastures — the forest spread for more than 20% at the expense of pasture, which decreased more than 23%.

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CHANGES IN TEMPERATURE EXTREMES IN BOSNIA AND HERZEGOVINA: A FIXED THRESHOLDS-BASED INDEX ANALYSIS

Author(s): Tatjana Popov,Slobodan Gnjato,Goran Trbić / Language(s): English Issue: 1/2018

The paper analyzes trends in the extreme temperature indices based on fixed thresholds in Bosnia and Herzegovina during the 1961–2016. Based on data from 12 meteorological stations, trends in both warm and cold temperature indices were determined using the nonparametric Mann-Kendall test and the nonparametric Sen’s slope estimator. The observed tendencies in indices based on fixed thresholds were as expected in a warming world – warm temperature indices (summer days, tropical days and tropical nights) displayed the significant positive trends, whereas cold temperature indices (icing days and frost days) showed the downward tendencies. The annual occurrence of summer days and tropical days increased on average for 5.3 and 4.8 days per decade, respectively, whereas icing days and frost days displayed downward trends in the range of -1.7 and -3.6 days per decade, respectively. The obtained results indicate that the climate system warming was more a result of very pronounced positive trends in the warm temperature indices than the downward tendency of cold ones. The most prominent changes were observed in Banja Luka, Bugojno and Zenica regions. Both trends, positive in warm indices and negative in cold ones, become more pronounced in the 1990s and particularly since the beginning of the 21st century. Further research should focus on the assessment of the observed trends impacts on natural and socio-economic systems.

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CLIMATE TRENDS OF TEMPERATURE AND PRECIPITATION IN NIŠAVA RIVER VALLEY (SERBIA) FOR 1960-2015 PERIOD

Author(s): Marija Prokić / Language(s): English Issue: 1/2018

Since climate plays a crucial role on our planet and is an inseparable part of all human activities, it is necessary to precisely record all parameters in order to estimate current climate conditions, climate characteristics of a certain region, as well as to try to predict and calculate further trends of climate change. Therefore, for the purpose of this paper, air temperature and precipitation of four meteorological stations in the Nišava river valley in Southeastern Serbia (municipalities of Dimitrovgrad, Pirot, Bela Palanka and Niš) have been considered for the period 1960–2015 along with statistical methods for analysis of these parameters and prediction of their trends. Results have shown that there is a positive trend in mean annual air temperatures and average seasonal air temperatures for the whole region which can influence natural processes and human activities. For precipitation, it can be concluded that no significant change in mean annual precipitation for the observed period has occurred. However, there is a great difference in the amount of precipitation between consecutive years, especially from 2000 onwards which can cause very dry years or years with floods

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COPING WITH NATURAL DISASTERS: A CROSS-SECTIONAL STUDY WITH PEOPLE WITH DISABILITIES IN THE COASTAL ZONE OF BANGLADESH

Author(s): Md. Serajul Islam,Md. Sanaul Haque Mondal,M H M Imrul Kabir / Language(s): English Issue: 1/2018

Coastal zone of Bangladesh is highly vulnerable to different nature induced hydrological and climatological disasters. Disaster disproportionately affects a different group of populations. Among them, “people with disabilities” (PWDs) regardless of their gender face severe challenges in a disaster situation. The response mechanisms of disabled people in disaster context are also different. This paper aimed to examine the coping strategies of PWDs with a natural disaster in the coastal zone of Bangladesh. We conducted a cross-sectional survey among 150 disabled people from Mongla sub-district, Rampal sub-district and Sharankhola sub-district of Bagerhat district. Most of the respondents (60%) did not receive any training on disaster preparedness but the majority of them (88%) had knowledge on the location of the nearest disaster shelters and took shelter at government listed centers before or during the disaster. They were not satisfied with the facilities and services of those disaster shelters. Nearly two-thirds (64%) of the respondents received disaster forecasting through electronic media. More than one-fifth of the respondents (22.7%) changed their occupations after a major disaster and one-fourth of the respondents (26.7%) were displaced or migrated from their original house as a consequence of the disaster. Although disabled people are one of the most vulnerable groups in disaster milieu, they have drawn limited attention by the policymakers, academicians and development organizations. This paper provides few coping strategies of disabled people that will help the policymakers to think and take disabled friendly measures in policy documents and development interventions.

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GEOECOLOGICAL EVALUATION OF LOCAL SURROUNDINGS FOR THE PURPOSES OF RECREATIONAL TOURISM

Author(s): Milica Pecelj,Milica Lukić,Elena De Uña-Álvarez,Joaquim C. G. Esteves da Silva,Irina Freinkina,Sonja Ciganović,Uroš Bogdanović,Uroš Bogdanović / Language(s): English,Serbian Issue: 2/2018

The paper presents geoecological evaluation of the city of Loznica for the purposes of sports and recreational tourism based on quantitative method of diversity, V-Wert Method. Using the GIS tool by the quantitative method, the criteria of natural components (relief, forest, water surface and climate) are evaluated for the analyzed area. In the proposed method, the climate factor was supplemented by the analysis of the bioclimatic index Universal Thermal Climate Index(UTCI). When the evaluation was completed, the final results were obtained based on which the degrees of convenience of different parts of the analyzed area have been presented. Out of the total analyzed surface, which amounts to 705 km2, favorable surfaces comprise 21 km2 (2.98%), and very favorable surfaces comprise 33 km2, i.e. 4.68% of the territory. The largest area consists of conditionally favorable terrains — 333 km2 (47.23%). Since one of the basic strategic priorities of the City of Loznica is improvement and development of sports and recreational tourism, the aim of this analysis is to emphasize the potential of the mentioned area in terms of general suitability of the terrain for the development of this type of tourism.

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