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In this article are presented the algorithm of manufacture vaccines against dermatomycoses carnivores based on original research stages manufacture of vaccines. Shown biotechnological aspects of selection isolates the study of immunological properties of strains of dermatophytes, ways to optimize cultivation conditions and methods of working hours of raw material.The basic stages of biotechnology development inactivated vaccines against dermatomycoses dogs and cats, for example vaccines “Funhikanifel” inactivated associated against dermatomycoses dogs and cats. The authors have developed technological regulation manufacture of vaccines against dermatomycoses, allowing for high immunogenic properties and the harmlessness for immunization of dogs, cats and laboratory animals. In the article focuses on the selection of iso-lates of dermatophytes on morphological features that will continue to be crucial in the production of highly effective vaccine.Experimentally, the possibility of a vaccine using domestic raw materials, which has priority from the standpoint of national biosafety.
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Temperature inversion is a phenomenon in which air temperature increases with altitude. The studies on air temperature inversions in Cracow were based on various data and methods e.g. data from standard and automatic meteorological stations, radiosonde observations, lidar and sodar measurements. They showed the annual and diurnal variability of temperature inversions, but most of them did not investigate the multi-annual trends in the occurrence of temperature inversions. Due to the relationship between meteorological conditions and air quality, it is important to study the multi-annual, annual and diurnal variability of air temperature inversions. The main aim of this article is to determine the multi-annual variability of air temperature inversions in Cracow and its relation to synoptic situation. Moreover, the annual and diurnal variability of temperature inversions is shown. The study is based on data derived from NCEP - NCAR reanalysis and the classification of synoptic situation types by T. Niedźwiedź. In this paper two parameters of inversions are presented – frequency and intensity. The study confirmed that the frequency and intensity of inversions have annual and diurnal variation. Multi-annual changes in the numbers of days with temperature inversion were also observed – a statistically significant increase in the 1000 – 925 hPa layer as well as in the intensity of temperature inversions – a statistically significant increase in the 1000 – 925 hPa, 1000 – 850 hPa and 925 – 850 hPa layers. It was proved that a very strong relationship exists between the days with temperature inversion and the anticyclonic situation, especially with the air-flow from south, south-west and south-east.
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The purpose of this paper is to describe the variability of the physical and chemical characteristics of springwater in the Chochołowski Potok catchment. Eleven springs were selected for research purposes. The research was performed from November 2008 to October 2009. Ca 2+ was found as the most common cation, and HCO 3 – was the most common anion in the analysed springwater. The spatial variability of the physical and chemical parameters depends on the geology of an area. Most of the physical and chemical properties of springwater are characterized by seasonal variability. Only a few seasonal differences of the physical and chemical parameters of water are statistically significant (ANOVA). The seasonal changes in springwater chemistry are characterized by high ion concentrations during dry periods in the autumn and winter and low ion concentrations during snowmelt and rainfall-induced floods during the spring and summer. Four factors controlling the physical and chemical properties of springwater were identified.
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Stationary research upon soil erosion has been conducted in the Chwalimski Potok catchment since 2012 as a continuation of research started in 1994. In 2013 conducted two field experiments were conducted in order to evaluate the impact of high intensity rainfall on soil surface. The first experiment consisted of 5 and the second of 4 rainfall simulations. The rainfall was created by using a purpose-built rain simulator, consisting of 3 and 6 sprinklers placed around the testing plot. The paper focuses on the characterization of the course of these experiments. The achieved results compared with the results from the hydrological years 2012 and 2013 show that slope wash considerably increases during rainfall of high intensity and high amount.
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This paper presents the state of research regarding extreme phenomena at different spatial scales in Polish scientific publications ( mainly climatological ones ). The analysis covered papers concerning: various classifications and criteria for the identification of extreme phenomena, characterising the causes and effects of extreme phenomena, modeling and forecasting of extreme phenomena as well as using the knowledge about extreme phenomena in practice. The review of literature on extreme weather and climate phenomena allowed the authors to see a large number of problems connected with the research upon extreme phenomena. Problems concerning definitions, research methods and extreme phenomena forecasting were mainly dealt with in the paper. The effects of occurrence of hydrometeorological extreme phenomena are an issue of significant importance.
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The aim of the paper is to review the state of research on the phenomenon of derecho, with particular emphasis on studies conducted in Europe and on the American continent. The paper presents different approaches to the identification criteria of derecho. The structure and conditions for its formation were characterized. Long-term studies on the multi-annual occurrence of derecho on both continents were described. The presented review of literature led to the conclusion that there are still many opportunities to study mesoscale convective systems which cause derecho on the European continent
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Wind gusts are a dangerous meteorological phenomenon which may cause material damage and risk to human life. In recent years they have been observed more frequently. The purpose of this analysis is to examine synoptic situations favouring the occurrence of wind gust in Żeńsko (Western Pomerania ) and to characterize their seasonal, monthly and diurnal variations. The study uses data on wind speed and direction from the wind data collection tower at Żeńsko from the period between January 2008 and December 2009. Wind speed was measured at two heights – 25 and 50 m above ground level. The location selected for this analysis represents lakeland landscape, typical for this part of Poland. Wind Gusts at Żeńsko are observed throughout the year. The maximum of their occurrence is observed in March and August, while the minimum in May and September. During the day they most often occur in the afternoon hours. A synoptic situation favouring the occurrence of wind gusts is a baric col over Poland. They equally often occur during fronts transition, particularly with a cold front. The investigation revealed that wind gusts always occur on days with the advection of more than one air mass. They also occur with a high probability (over 25%) in the cases of tropical and polar continental air flow.
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The paper analyzes winter temperatures in the Polish part of the southern Baltic coast using the mean monthly temperature from the years 1951–2010 from the following stations: Szczecin, Świnoujście, Ustka, Hel, Gdynia and Elbląg and the maximum daily air temperature from the years 1986–2010 from the stations: Szczecin, Świnoujście, Kołobrzeg, Łeba and Hel. In order to characterize the circulation determinants in especially warm winters, the NAO index and types of circulation according to Lityński were used. The study showed a strong influence of the western airflow on winter temperatures, which distorted the upward trend in temperature by an extremely high intensity of advection. The particularly strong advection of air masses from the Atlantic in the last decade of the twentieth century contributed to the high, compared to other years, winter temperature on the Polish coast, especially in its western part
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The aim of this study is to identify extreme cases of the appearance of singularities in the annual air temperature course in the period 1826–2010 in Krakow. In climatological literature the term “singularities” denotes characteristic fluctuations in the annual course of temperature, occurring periodically every year. In this paper a special attention was paid to the duration and long-term variability of distinguished singularities. A 5-degree polynomial was used to smooth out the annual course of temperature. A model of temperature variation was calculated on this basis. Differences between the mean daily temperature values and those calculated from the model was taken into account to distinguish these singularities. It was found that in the period 1826–2010 in Krakow, warm anomalies slightly prevailed over cold anomalies. In the annual course, singularities occurred most frequently in spring, but the greatest differences between the daily mean air temperature and that calculated from the model appeared in winter. However, there was no clear recurrence of the analyzed events (singularities) in the multi-year period.
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Reintroduction of the European beaver (Castor fiber) in the Beskid Niski started in the 1980s. The increase in the beaver population coincided with the systemic, social and economic changes that took place both in the Beskid Niski and in the entire Poland. In the case of the Magurski National Park, they are part of a longer series of events of the twentieth century, related to intensive warfare and population exchange in this area. As a result, the structure of land use, as an effect of human impact on the natural environment, has undergone significant changes. The article attempts to assess the impact of changes in land cover on the European beaver population in Magura National Park. Particular attention was paid to the changes that take place in the immediate vicinity of the beaver sites. The intensity of land cover transformations within its impact zone was compared with changes that occur in other areas of the park, including those made by humans. The results of field surveys carried out in 1996, 2010 and 2021 were used in the research. Until 2019, information was obtained through segmentation and classification of orthophotos. The Mask R-CNN deep learning model and machine learning algorithms were used to extract information from cartographic materials. In the Magurski National Park area, from the 1980s to the present, there has been an increase in the number of beavers; the forest area and the density of buildings also increased, with a simultaneous decrease in the field and grassland area, as well as the density of the road network. During this period, beavers living in the study area showed a tendency to abandon their positions at the bottom of large river valleys near human habitations, in favour of inhabiting higher-lying areas, more distant from human activity zones. Currently, beavers inhabit the areas of abandoned Lemko villages and adjacent forests in the south of the national park. It is difficult to determine and requires further research whether the described change in the location of the beaver habitat results from the beaver’s desire to avoid humans or from other environmental conditions.
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The purpose of the study was to determine the dendroclimatic regions in Poland, based on the analysis of the similarity of the annual growth rhythm of trees of 19 European larch populations, which is the reaction of trees to the pressure of the climatic factor. Treering widths were taken as a measure of this reaction. For each population (site), a mean treering chronology was created that covered the period 1957–2016. Its values were converted into incremental indices. Then, 19 indexed chronologies were included in the principal component analysis (PCA) to identify their common features and group them. As a result, three dendroclimatic regions were distinguished, which coincide with the area of lowlands (Pojezierze Południowobałtyckie and Niziny Środkowopolskie), uplands (Wyżyna Krakowsko- -Częstochowska and Wyżyna Małopolska) and mountain areas (the Sudetes and the Western Carpathians). To identify climatic elements that had a significant impact on the size of the radial growth of larch in the dendroclimatic regions, the values of the main components (PC1, PC2, PC3) were correlated with the climatic parameters. Analogously, these analyzes were performed for three regional chronologies which were created by averaging the site indexed chronologies for a given region (group). The size of radial increments of all larch populations was found to be positively affected by low temperature and high rainfall in September in the year preceding growth, as well as high temperature in March and May and high rainfall in July in the year of ring formation. In turn, the high temperature in November of the previous year had a positive effect on the growth of larches growing in the lowlands and uplands and had a negative effect on the growth of larches in the mountains. High temperature and low rainfall in June had a positive effect on the growth of larches from the mountains, compared to those from the lowlands and uplands. Low temperature and high rainfall in October in the previous year and high rainfall in May in the year of ring deposition had a positive effect on the growth of larches in the uplands.
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The study discusses changes in the average annual air temperature over Europe in the years 1931–2020. The results of the research show that in 1987–1989, there was a sudden change in the thermal regime over Europe and a discontinuity appeared in the course of this climatic element. In the years 1931–1988, despite the high inter-annual variability, the temperature trend was zero. A positive, statistically significant, temperature trend appeared after 1988. The entire warming in Europe, which can be estimated at ~2.3 deg, occurred after 1988. The discontinuity in the course was caused by an abrupt change in macro-circulation conditions in the Atlantic-Eurasian circulation sector, which manifests itself as a fundamental change in the frequency of the macrotypes of the mid-tropospheric circulation (500 hPa) according to the Wangengejm-Girs classification, causing an equally fundamental change in the weather structure. The change in macro-circulation conditions was forced by a change in the thermal state of the North Atlantic – a sharp increase in the intensity of oceanic heat transport to the north. The analysis showed that the annual variability of temperature over Europe was mainly influenced by natural processes, the variability of which explains ~65% of its variance. Radiative forcing, which is a function of anthropogenic increase in CO2 concentration in the atmosphere, explains only 7–8% of the variability of the average annual temperature over Europe, being a secondary or tertiary factor in shaping its changes.
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Hot or warm extremes are days with exceptionally high air temperatures in a given place and/or season. They may have significant impacts on human health and life, the natural environment, and the economy. The global rise in near-surface air temperatures translates into increases in the frequency, intensity, and duration of such events, which contributes to the intensive development of research on them. This review aims to summarize the state of knowledge of hot and warm extremes in Europe, with a special focus on their definitions, physical drivers and impacts, long-term variability and trends. The study demonstrates that research on temperature extremes is making remarkable progress, but there are still issues to be explored to understand these complex events.
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The growing season length indices derived from air temperature are frequently used in climate monitoring applications as well as to predict the response of forest ecosystems to climate change. The indicator most widely used in the studies of forest ecosystems is the length of the thermal growing season (temp ≥5°C), less commonly the parameters of the forest growing season (temp ≥10°C). However, only a few studies used long-term series of temperature measurements in the forest. In this article, we determined the temporal changes in the parameters of the thermal (TGS) and forest (FGS) growing season in the Experimental Forests of the Warsaw University of Life Sciences in Rogów (51o40’N, 19o55’E, h = 194 m MSL) in the years 1951–2020. The analysis is based on the dataset (daily mean air temperature) obtained from a meteorological station located near the forest complex and from a forest under-canopy station located in a more than 120-year-old fresh mixed forest. The results show a significant extension of the growing season in 1951–2020, the TGS lasted on average 2.8 days/10 years, and the FGS 2.4 days/10 years. The extension of the TGS and FGS was a consequence of both its earlier start and later end. The start of the TGS was characterized by a statistically significant negative trend (1.3 days/10 years), and most changes were characteristic for the last three decades (4.4 days/10 years). The last 30 years were also characterized by a statistically significant trend towards the later end of the TGS. The TGS in 1991–2020 was longer than in 1951–1980 and 1971–2000 by 9 days, while in 1981–2010 by 5 days. Changes in the length of the TGS resulted primarily from its earlier beginning: in the multi-year period 1991–2020, the TGS started 7 days earlier than in 1951–1980. In the case of the FGS, these changes were weaker, although there was a statistically significant negative trend in the start dates and a positive trend in the FGS length. The FGS started almost a month later than the TGS (average on April 28) and ended 4 weeks earlier (average on October 5) and lasted 160 days. TGS in the forest was shorter than outside the forest by 3 days, and FGS by 1 day. The acceleration of the beginning of TGS during the last three decades was faster than the beginning of the frost-free period, indicating a possible increase in vegetation exposure to spring frost. This may pose a threat to the development of plants in the first phase of vegetation.
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Based on climatological data from 1901–2020 from the Research Station of the Department of Climatology of the Institute of Geography and Spatial Management of the Jagiellonian University in Krakow, the multi-year course of selected elements of Krakow climate was characterised and the role of local spatial development plans was indicated in terms of minimising the effects of the urban heat island and global warming.
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In order to forecast certain microclimatic parameters in a room, such as relative humidity, it is necessary to collect a large amount of data. For this reason, an electronic system for providing comfortable conditions in a room has been developed, which is based on the becoming largely popular Internet of Things (IoT) technology. On the basis of the obtained data, the future change of the relative humidity in a room can be forecasted, which aims to ensure the health and well-being of its inhabitants. It should be noted that working with large datasets requires more sophisticated methods for prediction, and for this reason, this paper presents results obtained from a modified ordinary differential equation approach for forecasting relative humidity. For the purposes of the study, a program code was developed in Matlab. The resulting predicted relative humidity values are comparable to actual measured values, which would help to improve indoor air quality and provide thermal comfort to occupants.
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The article presents the results of nature-based and geodetic query of two neighbouring endorheic borrow pits, i.e., Bagry Wielkie and Staw Płaszowski (Bagry Małe), situated almost in the centre of the Krakow city. The movements of water tables in 2016–2023 were observed (from the moment of ecological disaster in the Staw Płaszowski, in February 2016) and bathymetric maps were presented. Based on geodetic measurements carried out in 2016–2022 and direct observations of nature, documenting biodiversity of both reservoirs in 2019–2022, the authors reviewed the state of biosphere in this location. Surveying, observations and interviews allowed parameterization of both water bodies (morphometric data and bathymetric maps) and creating up-to-date database(location on maps, qualitative and quantitative elements of flora and fauna). The material makes base for further studies with the application of more advanced photogrammetric technologies and UAV technologies, which can make data contained in this publication more accurate.
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The work discusses the mechanisms operating within the climate system leading to variability and changes in the atmospheric climate over Europe. The first part discusses the operation of the main factor regulating the variability of atmospheric circulation, which is the North Atlantic thermohaline circulation (NA THC). The variability of NA THC, through its influence on the shaping of the mid-tropospheric circulation and the distribution of geopotential heights, determines the variability of the lower circulation, and thus the variability of climatic elements over Poland and Europe. The analysis showed that the variability of NA THC largely explains the variability of sunshine duration, air temperature and relative humidity, but does not satisfactorily explain the variability of other climatic elements.
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