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The first New Year’s gift of 2009 to the citizens of many Balkan countries has come in the form of the season’s first significant snowfall, blanketing large areas in Macedonia, northern Greece, Serbia, Kosovo, Bulgaria and Albania.
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Over the last decade of the 20th century the history of the spatial planning was accredited as a subject at schools worldwide, gained its special periodical and accompanying professional organization. When it comes to the Belgrade school of planning, the subject called spatial planning was introduced by the accreditation of the new curriculum at the Department of Spatial Planning of the Faculty of Geography in Belgrade in 2007. Nowadays at the international level and in our country, a serious theoretical discussion on the reach, direction and practical purpose of this subject is underway, and the questions which are posed thereby are sometimes provocative, controversial and far-reaching. These are the most common questions: What is the definition of the planning history? Why teach it? Who can teach it? How to teach it? What is the suitable content of the curriculum of the planning history? Although, this paper aims at the consolidation of the topics and providing the logical connections between the answers to the above questions, it, at same time, reflects the diversity of the individual approaches to planning history, which are the result of the peculiar circumstances in which spatial planning is taught in some countries, with different traditions of planning and different value systems. Nevertheless, the aim of the paper is the definition of something which can be called "intellectual nucleus" of a great topic called history (of spatial and urban) planning and which should be based on the logical theoretical and methodological premises, and, at the same time, should be comprehensible to students, through the flexible curriculum, and it should be applicable in practice.
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Forest fires are common phenomenon in many countries, including Poland. Forest divisions are the institutions responsible for their monitoring and control. Their task is to detect, fight and counteract the fire forest effects. For a long time forest divisions have maintained the database of forest fires, since 2010 in digital version (Information System of the State Forests – SILP, Llas.2).The information gathered in SILP includes the classification, size and location of fires.The Information for the years 2010–2014 was obtained from the Forest Division Suchedniów (Świętokrzyskie province). Most fires were small, often limited to undergrowth and soil cover (less than 1 ha), two of them were classified as medium-size fires(over 1 ha). In post-fire areas a series of shallow geological borings was made. In most profiles no fire traces (layers of charcoal, individual coals etc.) where found. Such traces were preserved on flood plains, under the edges of terraces, where post-fire layer was covered by colluvial deposits. The study of forest soil pH indicate that fires which occurred many years ago did not leave any significant changes in the pH level, while in fire areas several years old pH level was lower.The results of contemporary post-fire sediments studys may be helpful in paleogeographical and geoarchaeological reconstructions(e.g. O’Connor, Evans 2005). In geological profiles it is common to find single charcoals, rarely layers. Their presence, changing the amount of sediment raises a number of controversies and problems with interpretation. In the Druć River valley (Belarus) the layer(0.2–0.35 cm) of post-fire charcoal (14C dating: younger than 200 years old) is covered with sandy colluvia (thickness 30 cm) with numerous of Neolithic and Iron Age artifacts. In this case the thickness of post-fire sediment many times exceeds sediments observed in Suchedniów Forest District, and suggests the occurrence of a very large forest fire (probably anthropogenic). After the fire, intensives oil erosion began in the burnt area, which in a short time covered fossilized charcoals layer by colluvium containing the artifacts.
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The article shows the application of GIS method for an automatic identification of landforms in the area of junction formed by the Warta, Widawka and Grabia Rivers. The analysis is based on Digital Elevation Model designed in compliance with topographical maps on a scale of 1:10 000 and its DEM-based derivatives. DEM-based maps have been built with use of the ISODATA algorithm in order to classify the morphometric characteristics of terrain. The landforms have been determined on the basis of numeric terrain model derivatives and presented on a morphometric map. In order to verify the results, the identified landforms were juxtaposed with the geomorphological mapping created during the preparation of detailed geological maps. The comparison showed the validity of almost all indicated landforms and their considerable spatial differentiation. The spatial and localisation differences of landforms have been presented in the form of map sets.
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The elaboration presents the development of the road and rail transport network of Opole. It also suggests directions for the modernisation and expansion of the transport system of the city. The author maintains that the following investments should become priority for Opole: 1. the construction of the diametrical road in the centre of the city; 2. the continuation of the construction of the western and southern bypass road along with the bridge over the Odra river; 3. the consistent widening to two lanes and the modernisation of the streets: Niemodlińska, Oleska, Ozimska, Wrocławska and Strzelecka; 4. the prospective development of the integrated system of the city’s public transport based on the urban public bus transport company and the existing railway system to be operated by Opolska Kolej Regionalna (Opole Regional Railway Company); 5. the creation of a coherent system of bicycle roads along the diametrical arterial streets with links to the residential, recreational and commercial areas of the city.
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The main focus of the paper is on the container system development in the Baltic Sea Region studying cotemporary changes and organisation, as well as explaining the main driving forces of this situation. The Baltic Sea is a transport corridor between Eastern and Western Europe. Over the last decade maritime transport in the Baltic Sea area has changed significantly. The disintegration of the Soviet Union forced Russia to start developing its own Baltic ports and terminals and to find new routes to export its oil and gas. The Baltic ports have welcomed a remarkable growth, especially in oil transportation and containerised flows. The geographical configuration of the region naturally places it away from major global shipping lines. This situation is accentuated by the organisation of maritime regular lines, centred in Northern European ports. For this reason, the regional container network is mainly made up of feeder services.
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The article presents the results of analysis of purchase-sale transactions concluded in the years 2007–20015 within the administrative boundaries of Uniejów. The aim of this study is to identify the types of real property being the object of purchase-sale transactions, including their locations, and to highlight the general situation on the real estate market in the analysed area.
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Soil research was carried out near Olsztyn. The terrain under study (approx. 330 ha) is widely varied geologically and includes outwash plains, kame hills as well as ice dead moraines, flood terrace of the Łyna River and Kortówka River valleys and thaw hollows. It was found that depending on the lithological and relief conditions, the superior landscapes (automorphic) are covered by brown, rusty and weakly developed or lessive, pseudogley and anthropogenic soils. In the forest ecosystems, their reaction is acidic while in agrocenoses it is regulated by the application of lime. In the accumulating landscape (subordinate) the soil type is determined by the method of soil substrate transportation (alluvial, deluvial), while in the hydromorphic landscapes it is determined by humidity conditions. Dehydration of peat soils has resulted in their transformation into peat-muck soils.
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The paper presents the Department of Landscape Architecture and Agrotourism University of Warmia and Mazury in Olsztyn. The landscape in terms of space is an artificially separated element of time-space in which everything spreads and lasts continually. The human being requires to organise and compose it in a physical, tangible, visual and stable way. Composition is the union of form and funcional essence of things, and this is what creates a specific kind of order, or beauty. Composition is a structure, an internal organisation of elements. It is very imortaend thing incrating landscape is tektonik end geometikcal forms seting in order. This is give posibillity to put in ideal hole organical form end arhitectonical form. Mutual relations between integration, balance and development in the natural world – the landscape and the man – his works of arts, come into existence.
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The paper presents the characteristics of a rural park according to an inventory made 26 years ago, as compared with the current state. Particular attention was paid to tree stand preservation, land management and development, and park maintenance. The authors share the opinion that the park needs renovation, including the removal of excess tree and shrub seedlings, as well as the determination of footpaths and walkways. In addition, a detailed land management plant should be drawn up. Animal farms and vegetable gardens located in the immediate vicinity of the park should be transferred or closed down.
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The paper compared the sets of species in modern gardens of Roztocze in the villages of Teodorówka and Korytków Duży with the infield gardens reconstructed in a way around the farm houses brought from those villages to Lublin Village Open Air Museum. The examinations were carried out during the years 2003 and 2004. The setting and choice of plants in the infield gardens at the area of the Museum were reconstructed on the basis of accounts of the latest owners of the houses – they refer to the period of about one hundred years ago. The species are still being planted in the village gardens of Roztocze are, among others: Rosa rugosa Thunb., Philadelphus coronarius L., Syringa vulgaris L., Artemisia arboretum L, Artemisia absinthium L., Vinca minor L. The plants which can’t be found in modern gardens are some species of fruit trees and bushes and also Sambucus nigra L., Ruta graveolens L., Reseda odorata L., Hespris matronalis L., Althaea rosea var. nigra, Valeriana officinalis L. or Carum carvi L. The largest group of plants forgotten by modern housewives are herbs – they were once widely used in medicine and folk rites.
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The park in Kłodzin was established in the 19th century. It is located on a hill with a panoramic view of the Pasłka River valley. The park, rectangular in shape, occupies a total area of 0.73 ha. A manor house built in its south-western part was burnt during the Second World War. The ruins were pulled down in 1956, and only the foundations have survived until today. After the parceling out of land that took place in the years 1945 – 1946, the estate was taken over by the State and was used by the State-owned Farm Morąg. In 1990 it passed into private hands. Well-preserved fragments of old-growth forest, composed of Acer platanoides L., Tilia cordata Mill., Quercus robur L. ‘Fastigiata’ in the columned and conical form, and Picea abies Link, can be found along the southern and eastern boundary of the park. There are no trees in the central part of the park, except for a single, widely-spreading English oak. There is an alley of lime-trees at the eastern boundary of the park, and a tree-line composed of limes and maples at the southern boundary.
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Wierzchowiska, ancient land belonging to the Koźmian family is located near Lublin, in the region of Piaski, near the Lublin – Zamość route. From 1995 the owners of the land have been Cioczek family. The manor is used as the Restaurant Palacowa. The entire land is 15 ha in size, of which the park takes up 6 ha. The park itself came about in the years 1900–1905. The estate had very instable luck, until the year 1866, when Koźmian family came into possession. After the Second World War the property became a Treasury ownership. The composition of the park is characteristic of the landscapes found at the end of the XIX ages; a typical English garden displaying strong ties with the outside surroundings. There are 943 woody plants in the park, represented by 27 species, among which dominate: Tilia cordata, Betula pendula and Alnus glutinosa. Ancient forest dominate over the whole area. 60-year old linden double lane is situated in the western part of the land. 31 nature monuments were chosen from the whole forest.
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The goal of this work is to support the monumental verdure and the spatial disposition of the Warmian Calvary near Dobre Miasto by documentary evidence. The work also aims to formulate guiding rules for arranging the area and present care. The guiding rules have been formulated from the point of view of the eplanned complex revitalization of the structure. The inquiry material is the park ecosystem – climate and water conditions, topographic configuration, natural features of the soil and flora, their state and interactions. The issues of landscape composition and it’s style have also been examined here. The park in the aspect of nature forms a specific ecosystem and it has an original microclimate.
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The aim of paper was natural and cultural evaluation of Żemaitijos National Park. The park is located on north-west part of Lithuania. The research was done in 2010. Methodology included field and indoor studies. Żemaitijos National Park was divided into landscape unities. Natural and cultural evaluation was made according to Żarska method [2005]. It was formulating criteria and bonitation points. It was distinguished areas with very high, high, and medium natural and cultural values [without areas with low values] on Żemaitijos National Park.
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An attempt to evaluate urban park spaces in the city of Olsztyn (NE Poland) was made in the present study. The evaluation criteria were as follows: validity of inventory data, vegetation cover condition, functions of the park spaces, ecological and environmental values of park vegetation. It was found that 7 out of 12 analyzed parks need modernization and changes in management strategies so as to optimize their usefulness.
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Xerothermic grasslands on the chalky slopes deviding arable fields near Zamość (South Poland) were subject in 2004-2005 to phytosocioligal investigation with the Braun-Blanquet method. The study area is dominated by the Inuletum ensifoliae association of the Festuco-Brometea class. Two variants of the association were distinguished: (1) the initial one, developed on the fields abandoned long time ago, with weak presence of Inula ensifolia and more abundand Linum flavum, and (2) the typical one, well established, floristically richer, with abundand Inula ensifolia. Three other associations representing Trifolio-Geranietea sanguinei, with Trifiolium rubens, Vincetoxicum hirundinaria and Peucedanum cervaria, as well as one of the Rhamno-Prunetea, with Cerasus fruticosa, occurred on a very small part of the area in patches under 25 m2. Cessation of extensive grazing and mowing several years ago has caused expansion of trees and shrubs of Rhamno-Prunetea class – a major threat to the studied xerothermic communities. In addition they are being enriched in nutrients leached-out and running down the slope from the arable fields in the upper range.
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In this paper, we present the history and development of urban climate research in Wrocław, undertaken at the University of Wrocław (UWr), mainly at the Department of Climatology and Atmosphere Protection (DCAP). The main scientific topics, such as mesoclimate, bioclimate, urban heat island, and air quality in Wrocław are described. There were two milestones in urban climate research at UWr. First, the turn of the 21st century was associated with the introduction of automatic weather stations, mobile measurements and acoustic soundings, supported with GIS analysis, for the spatio-temporal studies of Wrocław (bio)climate. In the second decade of the 21st century, our research is mostly related to urban air quality. New measuring techniques have been introduced, supported with numerical models (WRF, WRF-Chem), and much greater attention has been devoted to scientific research applications (the LIFE-APIS/PL project).
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Foundation of the buildings on the loessial soil is often associated only with difficulties resulting from the possibility of the collapse of the ground. For these reason, loess is too often unfairly disqualified as the construction subsoil in spite of its good strength and strain parameters. Thanks to continuous development of research and publications of the results, reliable data regarding loess are spread and, as a consequence, loess becomes more and more common soil used in the geotechnical engineering. Loess collapsibility has been studied since the middle of the 20th century, nevertheless, only the computer techniques and specialist laboratory and microstructural tests, that have been developed from the end of last century, helped us to find an answer to the important questions regarding the occurrence of this phenomenon. Detailed mechanisms that cause sudden loess volumetric reduction due to humidity and load, and the elements that affects the collapsibility are still studied. Furthermore, varied technics are researched, including in-situ tests, which allow estimating the risk of collapse, as well as the methods of its elimination. The aim of this paper is to systematize the directions of current studies of European loess collapsibility and to indicate their most significant results. The review was made on the basis of the scientific publications published in the Polish and international journals as well as the Journal Citation Reports (JCR) Web of Science database.
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The paper presents the results of updating of numerical models of the rectangular steel plate members in a plane state of stress, the updated parameter was a support length. Three different members loaded in a static or dynamic way were analyzed. The article shows examples of purely numeric updating. The data used to the update of numerical models was obtained from numerical simulations and it corresponds to the data, which can be measured by using the Digital Image Correlation (DIC) system. The main aim of the paper is to check the possibilities of the DIC system application in updating of numerical models.
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