Ekstremalne wartości wskaźników chwiejności atmosfery w Polsce i ich związek z mechanizmami ograniczającymi rozwój konwekcji

Author(s): Daniel Celiński-Mysław,Angelika Palarz / Language(s): Polish Issue: 148/2017

The primary goal of the study was to examine the temporal and spatial variability of values of selected atmospheric instability indices over Poland for the period 2005–2014. The research involved six indices most frequently applied in convection forecasting – Convective Available Potential Energy, K-Index, Lifted Index, Severe Weather Threat Index, Showalter Index and Total Totals Index. The data from three Polish upper air sounding stations ( Łeba, Legionowo, Wrocław ), as well as SYNOP codes on present and past weather and reports on severe meteorological phenomena from the European Severe Weather Database were used in this study. It was found that extremely high values of the selected indices were characterised by strong temporal and spatial variability. Moreover, a detailed analysis of the days when no convective events were observed, despite extreme values of instability indices, demonstrated that the occurrence of isothermal or inversion layers were the most common mechanisms inhibiting the development of severe convective phenomena. Convection was also inhibited when the area was free from an influence of atmospheric fronts, convergence zones or low-pressure troughs.

Miesięczne anomalie termiczne na Alasce (1951–2015)

Author(s): Agnieszka Sulikowska / Language(s): Polish Issue: 148/2017

The aim of this paper is to present both anomalously warm months ( AWM ) and anomalously cold months ( ACM ) in Alaska and to refine the linkage of Pacific Decadal Oscillation ( PDO ) with their occurrence. The study is based on mean monthly temperature data from 15 weather stations located in Alaska recorded during the period of 1951–2015. The anomalous months were defined as having an average temperature different from the long-term mean by at least 2 standard deviations. Temporal variability, spatial extent and temperature magnitude of AWM and ACM were characterized. In total ( considering all 15 stations ), there were 243 cases of AWM and 298 cases of ACM, which occurred during 100 and 123 months of the 65-year period respectively. AWM occurred most frequently in January and from June to August while ACM from February to April and in November and December. To some degree months with the biggest number of AWM were the same as months with the smallest number of ACM and vice versa. This indicates that during particular months synoptic and/or local conditions may be more favourable for the occurrence of positive or negative anomalies. Both AWM and ACM covered from 1 to 11 weather stations simultaneously, though the majority of the anomalous months of each type were observed at single stations or at two neighboring stations. Generally, the scale of the anomaly tended to be larger during ACM than AWM ( i.e. down to –17,0°C compared to maximum 15,6°C for AWM ), during winter than summer, and in the central part of Alaska than at the seaside. There is a clearly visible increase in the frequency of AWM and a decrease in the frequency of ACM after 1976 when PDO shifted from dominantly negative to positive values. Comparing two periods, 1951–1976 and 1977–2015, one can notice that in the latter the mean annual number of ACM in Alaska decreased by one-third and the mean annual number of AWM doubled. The spatial extent of ACM was also considerably smaller ( on average ) and of AWM – larger. In total about 80% of AWM ( ACM ) occurred during the positive ( negative ) values of PDO index. Monthly temperature anomalies in Alaska are mainly driven by atmospheric circulation patterns. AWM coincide with advection of warm air masses from the south while ACM tend to occur in association with northern cold advections. Local effects, which include radiative cooling, temperature inversions and local winds ( i.e. chinook ), also have a great contribution to the occurrence of anomalous months in Alaska.

Wypływy wód podziemnych w dnach mis jeziornych na przykładzie Jeziora Raduńskiego Górnego (Pojezierze Kaszubskie)

Author(s): Roman Cieśliński,Jacek Piekarz / Language(s): Polish Issue: 148/2017

The aim of the study was to locate and describe groundwater outflows in a selected lake basin. The second aim was to measure spring discharge and measure physical characteristics of the studied waters ( temperature, conductivity ). The time scope of the work comprised the period from January 2011 to September 2012. The spatial scope of the work included the area of Lake Raduńskie Górne located in the Kashubian Lake District in northern Poland. The study consisted mostly of fieldwork and reviewing archived materials. Four groundwater outflows were located in the course of the study. Their total discharge was 4.6 l·s-1 and ranged between 0.5 and 2.5 l·s-1. This produces an annual yield of about 145,000 m3·yr-1. This value is comparable to that for other lakes in the world. In effect, Lake Raduńskie Górne receives about 0.15% of its water from under-lake springs. This is a minute value in comparison with the lake’s total groundwater recharge ( 97 mln m3 per year ). However, it must be assumed that the actual number of under-lake springs is many times greater than that identified in the course of this study, which means that the share of water supplied in this manner is likely much higher and its effect on water chemistry and water levels in the lake is also likely much more pronounced.

Ocena możliwości wykorzystania satelitarnych danych optycznych i radarowych do identyfikacji typów użytków rolnych

Author(s): Ewa Grabska / Language(s): Polish Issue: 148/2017

Fusion of satellite data from different sources is a technique commonly used in studies focused on land cover and land use. Combining images of various spectral bands allows to increase objects differentiation and thereby improve overall classification accuracy. In this study, I focused on crops maps creation using integrated optical and radar data. Landsat 8 multispectral data from OLI sensor and Sentinel-1A SAR ( Synthetic Aperture Radar ) data were applied here. The study was performed for a test area of the Żywiec Basin, which is a part of the Polish Carpathians. The advantage of this small, agricultural region was that it is covered by a mosaic of different-size cultivated fields. I tested six methods of satellite data integration ( IHS, HPF, PCA, Brovey, Ehlers and wavelet transforms ) and two classification algorithms ( Support Vector Machines and Random Forest ). The results demonstrated that the use of integrated optical and radar data is effective for crops classification – the highest overall accuracy achieved in this study was equal to 87.9% and was obtained for Random Forest classification and Ehlers fusion.

Urban Audit – Statistika gradova

Author(s): Zora Živanović / Language(s): Serbian Issue: 11/2014

The aim of this paper is the presentation of the Urban Audit project, which has existed in Europe for more than a decade. As the collection of comparable statistics for many European cities, Urban Audit is an important source of information about the quality of living conditions in urban areas of Europe in which the majority of population is concentrated. This paper describes the developmental phases of Urban Audit. Special attention is paid to the spatial levels that are distinguished in this project, as well as to the typology of the analyzed cities. Finally, a reference to the possibility of inclusion of Serbia in the Urban Audit is presented. One of the indirect intentions was to prove that 'statistical geography' is interesting and important, and above all a very useful activity of collecting, analyzing and presenting data.

Zagłębienia bezodpływowe obszarów lessowych Polski. Stan i perspektywy badań

Author(s): Renata Kołodyńska-Gawrysiak / Language(s): Polish Issue: 106/2017

Closed depressions (CDs) are typical geomorphological features of the loess belts in Europe and their origin is highly debated in literature. This paper presents the current state of research on CDs in the loess belts in Poland. A review was conducted of several studies describing CDs. The existing genetic hypothesis and the scope of future research are described. Morphometric features of CDs, distribution and geological conditions were described in several publications so far. In the selected CDs, colluvial sediments and fossil soils were studied. Various processes (primary and secondary): deflation, uneven loess deposition, suffosion, extrusion of strongly saturated layers, thermokarst were reported as probable genetic processes. CDs act as important archives allowing a reconstruction of natural and anthropogenic processes operating in the past. More research is needed for a better understanding of the origin and evolution of CDs. This will help better understand the importance of the Late Glacial and Holocene stages for the morphogenesis of the loess belts in Europe.

Дестинације у функцији брендирања држава и нација

Author(s): Jelica Stamenković / Language(s): Serbian Issue: 3-4/2017

Branding a tourist destination is a long-term, complex and demanding job. It involves more than logos and slogans; it is a complex and comprehensive process of strategic planning that requires a holistic approach and a methodological understanding of consumer behavior, all in order to form and present their values more effectively than competitors do. Tourism is a significant factor of economic stability, because it contributes to an increase in foreign exchange inflows, in the absence of economic activities, the development of tourism can negate the negative effects of unemployment and improve the environment. Of all the specific types of branding, interconnection and dependence, is the most common in branding countries and specific destinations. The image of the state greatly affects tourism, the visit of the tourist to specific destinations in that country. Some popular destinations are very successful in branding the country.

Поплаве у Србији у периоду 1999-2009 година- хидролошка анализа и мере заштите од поплава

Author(s): Dragana Milijašević,Marko Urošev,Ana Milanović / Language(s): English,Serbian Issue: 1/2010

The review on greatest floods recorded in Vojvodina and central Serbia within the period from 1999 to 2009 is given in this paper. For 13 hydrological stations, that recorded the greatest floods for the present period, probability of occurrence of these floods has been accomplished. Based on analysis of time series of discharge and water level maximum, performed by applying probability theory and mathematical statistics, and calculated theoretical probability distribution function of floods, probability of occurrence of flood has been obtained. Most often the best agreement with the empirical distribution function had a Log-Pearson III, Pearson III distribution. These results can be used for dimensioning of hydro-technical objects for flood protection. The most significant causes for floods recorded in this period were melting of snow and intensive rainfall. In this paper the current situation of flood protection and future development of flood protection measures were also presented.

Вероватноћа појаве великих вода на реци Ђетињи

Author(s): Dragana Milijašević / Language(s): English,Serbian Issue: 2/2010

Based on extreme water levels data, using the method of series, a forecast for protection of river has been accomplished, i.e. probable water level maximums of the Đetinja river at Šengolj were measured. High flows were analyzed with a probability from 0.01% to 99.9%. These probabilities indicate the occurrence of high flows of certain values once in 10.000, 1.000, 100, 33, 20 etc years. Applying a hydrological forecast, one can perceive the possibility for using water resources for various purposes, as well as protection of areas and people from flooding. A review of the greatest floods in the Đetinja drainage basin in the last hundred years is given in this paper.

Неки аспекти антропогеног утицаја на генезу клизишта на територији града Јагодине

Author(s): Sanja Mustafić,Predrag Manojlović,Marko V. Milošević / Language(s): English,Serbian Issue: 2/2010

The influence of anthropogenic factor on the landslide genesis is analyzed in this paper. Buildings, traffic, water supply and electro infrastructure are introduced in natural landscape as the result of human, living and economic activities in space. The conditions and processes which these objects can cause on the relation object-relief, and therefore initiate the occurrence of landslides, are the change of morphometric characteristics and the modifications of the water balance of slope. The zone with both qualitative and quantitative transformations of relief represents interactive zone in which the influence of man as a genetic factor or modifier of this colluvial process can be observed.

Хидролошке карактеристике и проблеми хидроакумулационог система Чалма

Author(s): Stevan Savić,Dragoslav Pavić,Dragan Dolinaj / Language(s): Serbian Issue: 1/2008

Srem, as traditional farming, orchard and wine-growing region, faces the problem of shortage of water needed for agriculture. During the seventies of the last century brook valleys in the southern part of Fruska Gora loess plateau were intended to be dammed. Thus, artificial lakes could have been formed. It took long period of time to put these projects into practice and numerous projects have not started yet. After the dams had been built and lakes filled with water, planners faced hydro-geological problems at many locations. Nevertheless, these accumulations fulfill their primary function, i.e. they ensure water for irrigation and protect agricultural land from floods. There is a hydroaccumulation system, Calma lakes, near the village of Calma. Its primary function was to ensure water supplies for agriculture, but eventually it got new significance which can be noticed in fish raising and sport fishing development.

Pola opadów w Polsce związane z niżami Vb van Bebbera

Author(s): Jan Degirmendžić,Marek Walisch,Aleksander Szmidt / Language(s): Polish Issue: 13/2014

The article presents the course of the average annual trajectory of van Bebber’s Vb cyclones. The most rainfall-efficient section of the trajectory, i.e. the occurrence region of cyclones which produce the highest precipitation in Poland, was delimited. A map of average daily precipitation totals associated with Vb lows was constructed as well as a map indicating the maximum rainfall i.e. the highest sum of daily precipitation at the weather station in the period 1958‒2008 associated with the Vb cyclones situated close to the most rainfall-efficient segment of the trajectory. Vb route begins at the Balearic Sea and ends over southern Finland. The highest rainfall in Poland is associated with lows situated in the vicinity of the middle section of the trajectory – over eastern Hungary, western Romania or southern Slovakia. The highest average amount of rainfall can be observed in south-eastern Poland, particularly in the Żywiec dale, in the Tatras, and over the Lublin Upland. Maximum daily rainfall associated with Vb cyclones occurred on Śnieżka peak and reached 129.2 mm.

Fizjograficzne uwarunkowania obiegu i retencji wody oraz migracji zanieczyszczeń w małej zlewni strefy podmiejskiej Łodzi

Author(s): Paweł Jokiel / Language(s): Polish Issue: 13/2014

In the article some problems connected with the role of physiographical conditions in water circulation process and migration of substances within a little drainage basin situated on the outskirts of large town (Łódź) were discussed. The description was given in two basic aspects: runoff forming and retention shaping. The results referred especially to the role of sculpture of the Earth’s surface (inclination of slopes), soil permeability and ground susceptibility to shaping the runoff forms. Due to the water retention not only surface retention issue but also problems with channels, water reservoirs, water capacity of the rhizomes range area and groundwater resources mentioned. Great attention was given to the presentation and analyses of the spatial variability of the drainage basin characteristics. To illustrate it digital maps were used, which based on elementary squares network. These maps are the most important results of the research.

Jakość gleb wybranych ogrodów działkowych Łodzi

Author(s): Arkadiusz Niewiadomski,Łukasz Szubert / Language(s): Polish Issue: 13/2014

Paper presents the results of research of physical and chemical soil properties of allotment gardens in Łódź. 15 soil samples taken out from humus layers were analyzed. In the selection of most allotment gardens the vicinity of major transport routes and industrial plants were accounted. Characteristics of the soil substrate was made taking into account the geological factors influencing the genetic and qualitative value of soil especially on agricultural production. Authors drew attention to the variability of soil properties and compared the obtained results to other Polish cities. It was found that the tested soils show high sorption capacities and small, in comparison with other cities, degree of heavy metal (cadmium, chromium and copper) pollution. They also highlighted the significant production potential of soils of allotment gardens.

Źródła ciepła niskotemperaturowego dostępnego dla gruntowych pionowych wymienników ciepła. Uwarunkowania środowiskowe i techniczne

Author(s): Marta Wiśniewska,Jacek Forysiak / Language(s): Polish Issue: 13/2014

Utilization of low enthalpy heat from the subsurface parts of the earth is one of the way of geothermal energy management. Heat pumps offer the possibility to obtain low enthalpy heat. Geothermal heat pumps (GHP) with vertical ground heat exchangers are beneficial because of the economical efficiency and small impact on the environment.Moreover they are one of the renewable energy sources. The article presents the most important environmental determinants: geothermal gradient, natural terrestrial heat flow, thermal conductivity of rocks and local hydrogeodynamic conditions. This paper also indicates the basic technical conditions for installation of ground source heat pumps and pays attention to the thermal properties of rocks. The status of GHP in Poland is lower compared to other European countries. One of the problems is insufficient recognition of the specific ground-water conditions for vertical ground heat exchangers which affects the economical efficiency of GHP installation

Morfologiczne i geologiczne tło procesu obiegu wody w małej zlewni położonej w północnej części Wyżyny Łódzkiej

Author(s): Paweł Jokiel,Zygmunt Maksymiuk / Language(s): Polish Issue: 5/2001

This article refers to "The Convention on the Protection of the Biological Variety" ratified by Poland in 1995. Its content directly concerns the geographical variety as the background of the water circulation process. The authors discuss the geological structure and the surface features as well as the changes of these elements of the enviroment as the many factors deciding about the surficial retention, infiltration and [Jltration rates, intensity and quantity of the immediate, or the underground runoIT. The object of interest is the Dzierźązna drainage basin - the exploration area of the Łódź University Department of Hydrology and Water Management which is in the western part of the northern Łódź Upland margin. This area is known for the thickest Pleistocene covernear Łódź. It is also the zone of numerous glacitectonic accumulations very diITerentlitho logically, and the zone of Tertiaryand Quaternary covers.The character of the relief and the lithologic conditions in the basin (fig. 3 & 4) cause structure differentiations of the water circulation elements, the development of the river network, the thickness of the active change zone, etc.The Dzierżązna drainage basin because of its big spatial variability of the environmental conditions, has always been variously used and managed by people. The signs of this management, among others water dammings near mills and fulling-mills, clay workings, sandpits or gravel pits are still very distinct elements of the landscape and have their influence on the present water circulation in this area.

Warunki gromadzenia i drenażu oraz kierunki ochrony zasobów wód podziemnych w strefie podmiejskiej Łodzi na przykładzie zlewni Dzierżąznej

Author(s): Paweł Jokiel,Piotr Moniewski / Language(s): Polish Issue: 5/2001

This article discusses water conditions of a small drainage basin situated in suburban area of Łódź. The problems have been discussed against the background of the hydrogeological conditions of this area, where ground waters play a very important role not only as the component of nature but also as an important source of water supply for the Łódź urban agglomeration.The figures 1, 2, 4, 5, 6 represent the basic properties of the useful aquifers occuring in the northern part of the Łódź agglomeration including among others thickness, depth and the character of aquifers, permeability, and the degree of exposure of the useful aquifers.Apart from this, a division into hydrogeological units has been presented in it, too.In the active change zone of drainage basin explored by the Łódź University Department of Hydrology and Water Management there are only waters of the Quaternary deposits horizon. The fig. 7 shows a space layout their water - table.At last 2 water horizons in the Quaternary deposits have been identified in the explored area, of the two the lower on is locally under hydrostatic pressure (fig. 8). These horizons are intensively exploited and because of the frequent lack of isolation they are in danger of contamination. The presented article is based on the introductory results of the research carried out on the water cycle and water balance in the drainage basin of the area, where water conditions are subject to changes as the result of antropopression.

Charakterystyka sieci rzecznej małej zlewni położonej w strefie krawędziowej Wyżyny Łódzkiej

Author(s): Adam Bartnik,Edmund Tomaszewski / Language(s): Polish Issue: 5/2001

Hydrologiczna i krajobrazowa rola źródeł małej zlewni w zachodniej części strefy krawędziowej Wzniesień Łódzkich

Author(s): Zygmunt Maksymiuk,Piotr Moniewski / Language(s): Polish Issue: 5/2001

In this article the authors have represented the introductory research results of the springs located in Dzierżązna drainage basin which touches the Grotniki-LuĆInierz sandr in the western part of the Łódź Upland margin zone. First of all, the location of the springs, their morphology and the output were subjected to an analysis.The springs can be found in the erosional undercuttings located at the dry valley mouths.They possess distinctly developed long shaped, steep scarped, 2-3 m deep spring niches with flat, strongly waterlogged bottoms (fig. 2).The discussion of the research material lets us state that the highest outputs and the low variability occur in the Ciosenka river springs - the left tributary of the Dzierżązna river.The contribution of the spring water in the total Ciosenka river runoff is about 57%. The Dzierżązna river springs are also characterized by the low variability but their output is much smaller (tab. l). Their contribution in the total Dzierżązna river runoff is hardly 20%.Different hydrogeological conditions result in the output differentiation of the described springs.

Struktura użytkowania ziemi w dorzeczu Dzierżąznej charakterystyka i aspekty hydrologiczne zagospodarowania zlewni

Author(s): Stanisław Krysiak / Language(s): Polish Issue: 5/2001

The Dzierżązna and Ciosenka (Dzierżązna's tributary) drainage basins are characterised by significant variety of land use forms. The southern part of the basin has large proportion of build-up areas, with single-family and single-storey housing prevailing on the outskirts o[Zgierz. The morphologically diversified Smardzew level is dominated by forest. North of the forest, where more fertile brown soils spread, agricultural land dominates. The middle part of the study area, between Lućmierz and Emilia and Kolonia Jeżewo, with large proportions of aeolian and glaciof1uvial sand, is covered by [orest and agricultural land. Recreational useo[ the forest, with many allotment gardens, is typical [or this area. Also extensive wastelands found here confirm little productivity potential of the sandy soils. The northern part of the basin has a mixed arable-meadow-forest land use, resulting from large diversity of edaphic and moisture conditions.The map of forms and directions of land use at a scale of 1:10 000 based on fieldwork carried out in July 1998 (Fig. l) has enabled to recognise the present state of managemento[ the area and processes typical for the suburban area o[ Łódź. The detailed picture o[ landuse can serve as a basis for estimation of CN parameter and for evaluation of potential retention of the Dzierżązna drainage basin with the SCS method.