Взаємодія кримінально-виконавчої інспекції з поліцією щодо отримання інформації про притягнення засудженого до адміністративної та кримінальної відповідальності

Author(s): Т. Chabanenko / Language(s): Ukrainian Issue: 135/2016

The article is devoted to consideration of ways to improve the cooperation of criminal executive inspection with the police regarding the provision of information about administrative and criminal responsibility as to the convicted, released on probation during the period of the probationary period. The author suggests to make changes to the existing order of formation of the police database and the order of obtaining information by criminal and executive inspection about the convicted by means of reflection in the existing police database of information on setting, stay, removals of the convicted and informing by law-enforcement authorities on detention, compilations of the administrative report, entering of data into Pre-Judicial Investigation Unified Register concerning the convicted person who is registered in the relevant criminal and executive inspection.

Teismų praktika korupcijos bylose: kai kurie Jungtinių Tautų Konvencijos prieš korupciją nuostatų dėl bausmių juridiniams asmenims skyrimo ir turto konfiskavimo įgyvendinimo aspektai

Author(s): Inga Daukšaitė,Eglė Kavoliūnaitė-Ragauskienė / Language(s): Lithuanian Issue: 90 (4)/2015

The research paper analyses Lithuanian case-law on three issues: imposition of sanctions upon legal persons, confiscation of secondary proceeds of crime and protection of bona fide third persons‘ rights in the procedure of confiscation of property. In 2013, the United Nations Convention against Corruption (hereinafter – UNCAC) review group in its report on Lithuania noticed that the legislation on the abovementioned issues in Lithu¬ania stands in line with the requirements of the UNCAC, however, it was unclear whether UNCAC provisions relating sanctions to legal persons and some aspects of confiscation of property were being implemented correctly in the case-law. Taking into account the fact, that the case-law on solely corruption cases in Lithuania is quite sparse, the authors decided to make a case-law review of all cases relating the previously mentioned issues during the last 5 years. This allows following the trends and usually used argumentation in court decisions thus enabling to draw substantive conclusions. The work presents the development of legislation in the analysed fields, summarises and presents case-law of the last 5 years and mentions the main risks or hypotheses why or where case-law of Lithuanian courts may divert from the formulations established in particular articles of the UNCAC, namely, Articles 26, 31(6) and 31(9). The research paper consists of three main parts devoted to three analysed issues (imposition of sanctions to legal persons, confiscation of secondary proceeds of crime and protection of bona fide third persons in the procedure of confiscation). Each of the parts has the same internal structure. The first section presents the genesis of the respective current provisions in the Criminal Code of the Republic of Lithuania, the second section clears out differences of the subject matter of the respective formulations of the UNCAC and the Criminal Code of the Republic of Lithuania, the third section provides a systematised view towards the case-law of Lithuanian courts in respect of all three issues, and, finally, the fourth section lists main risks and hypothesis on the possible discrepancies between the subject-matter of Articles 26, 31(6) and 31(9) of the UNCAC and the case-law in Lithuania. The results of the research show that in practice there are all preconditions for proper imposition of sanctions in respect of third persons. As regards confiscation of secondary proceeds of crime, it is clear that courts impose it only accidently, mostly because the case does not contain any data on the further usage of the proceeds of crime. Protection of bona fide third persons face no risk as courts in general are very reluctant to impose confiscation of proceeds of crime to third persons, although the formulation of respective Article 72(4) of the Criminal Code of the Republic of Li¬thuania literally leaves a theoretical possibility to fail to fully protect bona fide third persons rights.

Krivičnoprocesna korupcija

Author(s): Marko Pavlović / Language(s): Serbian Issue: 3-4/2013

In the penal process in the Republic of Serbia there is a series of shortcomings which are a source of corruption. The very submitting of criminal information, attended by information hearing with its submitter, might be a source of corruption. Then, extraordinary assigning a subject to certain judges also emerges as a source of corruption. As origins of corruption during the procedure, too, there appear the extreme construal of the innocence presumption, legal vacuum in view of labour state for criminal acts exerted during work and related to work, as well as failure of trial in a due time. Prevention of corruption, firstly, consists in timely punishment of committers of corruptive criminal acts. By unifying many procedures for several criminal acts and many committers, a penal procedure is, by rule, deformed and generates corruption. Rn especially important source of corruption is the absence of the public, and thereafter the lack of proper mechanisms for the control of judicial and prosecuting work. †he principle of free judiciary opinion in Serbia is compromised in such an extent that we should consider introducing a sort of the negative legal theory of probation. Finally, professional expert and scientific opinions are frequently a necessary element in legal clarification of a certain case, and, as such, they are strong counter-corruptional tool.

Značaj posebnih dokaznih radnji u otkrivanju i dokazivanju koruptivnih krivičnih dela

Author(s): Goran P. Ilić / Language(s): Serbian Issue: 3-4/2013

In this paper, the problem of corruption is analyzed, i.e. of corruptive activities coming under the attack of penal legislation. The author stresses that it is, in discovering and proving these so–called instances of black corruption, necessary, instead of the classical reactive approach, to resort to the proactive one, which involves the application of specific probational actions. Since they are techniques that infringe significantly upon the domain of basic liberties and rights, it is, by legal arrangement of this matter, inevitable to consider corresponding standards declared in international documents, supreme national legal acts and the practice of international tribunals, before all the European Court of Human Rights. Accordingly, the basic principles are presented in the paper which give support to the arrangement of specific probational actions in the Code of Criminal Procedure from 2011. These are general propositions for the implementation of specific probational actions, proceeding with the material collected b– their implementation, which also includes the so–called accidental finding, as well as about the way of registering and conserving the data and material on specific probational actions. †he author concludes that it is, for a successful fight against corruptive criminal acts, necessary, apart from legal regulations on specific probational actions, to establish institutional mechanisms for their consequent implementation, too.

Проблемы уголовно-правовой ответственности за незаконное потребление электрической энергии

Author(s): Kristina Semenovich / Language(s): Russian Issue: 4/2014

The aim of the study is to evaluate the problem of the legal responsibility for illegal consumption of the electric energy. The author present the problem of illegal power consumption, characteristics of the criminal acts in the area of energy consumption, Russian legislative measures and the examples of approaches of the foreign lawmakers.

Zakonska inicijativa

Author(s): Author Not Specified / Language(s): Serbian Issue: 1-2/2014

Profilowanie kryminalne i lingwistyka kryminalistyczna jako multidyscyplinarne metody typowania sprawców przestępstw

Author(s): Monika Wasiak / Language(s): Polish Issue: XI/2016

Profilowanie kryminalistyczne jest wnioskowaniem o charakterystyce przestępcy na podstawie śladów jego akcji zaobserwowanych na miejscu przestępstwa. Centralnym pojęciem definicji profilowania kryminalistycznego jest wnioskowanie w oparciu o zebrany materiał dowodowy w toku prowadzonego postępowania. Fundamentalne znaczenie w profilowaniu kryminalistycznym nieznanych sprawców przestępstw mają oględziny miejsca zdarzenia i oględziny zwłok. W trakcie oględzin uwidacznia się i utrwala sposób działania sprawcy, kierunek działania, zachowanie sprawcy, rodzaj pozostawionych śladów i sposób ich powstania. Wskazywanym celem profilowania kryminalistycznego i lingwistyki kryminalistycznej jest dochodzenie do charakterystyki ujmującej najważniejsze cechy nieznanego sprawcy przestępstwa. Profiler zajmuje się śladami, ich genezą, wykorzystuje wiedzę z wielu różnych dziedzin nauk, współpracuje z wieloma specjalistami. Ostatecznym celem profilera jest powiązanie stosownych fragmentów wiedzy z człowiekiem, wskazanie osoby, którą można w określony sposób scharakteryzować, która odznacza się właśnie określonymi cechami. Praca profilera to także wzajemne relacje z wieloma osobami zaangażowanymi w rozwiązanie zagadki zmierzającej do wykrycia sprawcy i rozwiązania sprawy.

Przestępstwa stwierdzone a postępowania wszczęte i ich wykrywalność w Polsce w latach 2000-2012

Author(s): Magdalena Adamczyk / Language(s): Polish Issue: X/2016

Celem artykułu jest ukazanie kształtowania się tendencji postępowań wszczętych w relacji do przestępstw stwierdzonych przeciwko życiu i zdrowiu oraz ich wykrywalności w Polsce w latach 2000–2012. Omówione zostały podstawowe kategorie tej grupy przestępczości: zabójstwo, uszczerbek na zdrowiu oraz udział w bójce lub pobiciu w odniesieniu do całego kraju i poszczególnych województw.

ZWALCZANIE I ZAPOBIEGANIE PRZESTĘPCZOŚCI PEDOFILSKIEJ – ASPEKTY PRAKTYCZNE I PRAWNE

Author(s): Andrzej Czop / Language(s): Polish Issue: IX/2015

Autor przedstawia problematykę zapobiegania i zwalczania przestępczości pedofilskiej. Wskazuje na zdynamizowanie działań międzyresortowych w tym obszarze na przestrzeni ostatniej dekady. Eksponuje rolę policji jako wiodącego organu, który prowadzi zarówno rozpoznanie operacyjne tych patologicznych zachowań jak również tworzy i wdraża programy profilaktyczne mające za zadanie ochronę najmłodszych przed seksualną przemocą. Autor w studium przypadku prezentuje sukcesy organów ścigania w walce z cyberprzestępczością ze szczególny uwzględnieniem pornografii dziecięcej. Sporo uwagi poświęca także zmianom prawnym, które mogą pomóc w zwiększeniu efektywności ścigania sprawców przestępstw pedofilskich. Za najważniejsze autor uważa zespolenie i koordynację działań różnych podmiotów, dla których ważne jest dobro dziecka.

Соціальні мережі як один із інструментів накопичення та протиправного використання персональних даних громадян

Author(s): R. Chernysh / Language(s): Ukrainian Issue: 136/2017

It is well known that in recent years, social networks have ceased to be exclusively a tool for communication. Every day, millions of users around the world provide information (including personal data), which at any moment can be used either against them or, in certain circumstances, to the detriment of national interests. Especially sharply delineated issues raised for our country in terms of its actual stay in a state of undeclared war.However, attention should be paid to the fact that a significant part of the personal data of users of social networks reported voluntarily. Most social networks involves placing personal page on name, date of birth, gender, place of birth (residence) place of study / work, office, information about family position, information on parents, brothers / sisters, children and so on. In most, the user account contains different statistical characteristics of his stay in the system, date, time and duration of the last entry and stay in the system, the address used when connecting a computer and more.We can conclude that each page of a user’s social network – is readily available and relatively unlimited archive of his personal data.The issue of preserving a secret personal given users is important and requires its further scientific development. Given the need to ensure adequate protection of constitutional rights and national interests from illegal encroachments, within the framework of the planned measures provided for by the Decree of the President of Ukraine №32 / 2017 «On the decision of the National Security and Defense of Ukraine of 29 December 2016» On the state and threats cyber security urgent measures to neutralize them», it seems necessary at the highest state authorities to take immediate steps for the development of innovative approaches to protecting the interests of individuals, society and the state in the information sphere.

Характеристика об’єкта злочину, передбаченого статтею 206-2 Кримінального кодексу України

Author(s): Inna Fedulova / Language(s): Ukrainian Issue: 136/2017

The scientific approaches towards the definition of the object offense as a mandatory element, which defines a socially dangerous act is studied; characterization of the object of an offense in the scope of the Article 206-2 of the Criminal Code of Ukraine is carried out, including the classification of «vertical» and «horizontal»; the article analyzes the classification of crimes in the sphere of economic activity in accordance with their direct objects, defined place in the Article 206-2 of the Criminal Code of Ukraine in the system of crimes in the sphere of economic activity.

Досвід участі громадськості у заходах щодо запобігання корупційній злочинності в Україні

Author(s): Andrij Volodymyrovyč Biletskyi / Language(s): Ukrainian Issue: 136/2017

The article presents the results of empirical research experience of public participation in efforts to prevent corruption. The survey was conducted among ordinary citizens and members of the public anti-corruption organizations. It is stated that citizens are willing to passively or indirectly contribute to the preventive activity of other anti-corruption subjects. At the same time, corruption prevention measures provided for anti-corruption legislation are fully executed by public organizations. Resistance and lack of understanding with the government, distrust of law enforcement officials and the imperfection of the legislation are the obstacles that hinder the public to effectively counter corruption in the state.

APDAIRAUS TEISINGUMO BEIEŠKANT: APELIACIJOS RIBŲ IR TEISMO LAISVĖS SANTYKIS

Author(s): Raimundas Jurka,Egidijus Losis,Vytautas Sirvydis / Language(s): Lithuanian Issue: 2/2016

This article focuses on issues involving the consistency of legal principles in criminal proceedings. Answers given for solving this problem are foreseen as a precondition for implementing so-called cautious justice. The authors analyse how common and special legal principles work together or to each other in the context of criminal justice, and the main challenges faced in court appeal hearings. The analysis begins with theoretical statements and evaluations, and concludes with current practical examples, including suggestions for legislative ideas. The authors, mainly with respect to practical examples from current criminal cases and emphasising the official doctrine of the Constitutional Court of the Republic of Lithuania, try to provide an answer on whether the legal principle tantum devolutum quantum appellatum is an absolute or relative one, as well as whether this principle could be prevailed over in the context of other principles and what legislative measures could be used to do this.

ŠVELNESNĖS, NEGU ĮSTATYMO NUMATYTA, BAUSMĖS SKYRIMO PAGAL BK 62 STRAIPSNIO 2 DALĮ PAGRINDAI IR JŲ TAIKYMO PROBLEMOS

Author(s): Tomas Girdenis / Language(s): Lithuanian Issue: 2/2016

This publication examines the problems faced by Lithuanian courts in applying a more lenient penalty than provided for by law under the provisions of paragraph 2 of Article 62 of a Criminal Code. It has been noted that the application of this article in judicial practice is mixed and that these applications sometimes even contradict each other (in some cases, an analogous situation is assessed in three different ways by the courts). This article provides the brief characteristics of paragraph 2 of Article 62 of a Criminal Code. Two main issues are also analysed: 1) implementation problems involving one of the main provisions of paragraph 2 of Article 62 of a Criminal Code – “the presence of mitigating circumstances“; 2) an interrelationship problem involving mitigating circumstances and the provisions of this paragraph of a Criminal Code, answering the question “can the same circumstance be considered as one of the required mitigating circumstances at the same time as applying it as one of the remaining provisions of paragraph 2 of Article 62 of the Criminal Code?” The author provides his critical view on these problems and gives suggestions on ways to solve them.

NUSIKALSTAMAS IR TYČINIS BANKROTAS: TEORIJA IR PRAKTIKA

Author(s): Albertas Milinis,Nerijus Strikulys / Language(s): Lithuanian Issue: 2/2016

The term bankruptcy is used in various ways in modern law. In the most general sense, bankruptcy refers to a particular state of insolvency of an individual or legal entity, namely the inability to pay debts to creditors. In a legal sense, this procedure is processed in court. In most countries around the world (including Lithuania), not only legal persons can go bankrupt, but also natural persons. In the European Union, Council regulation (EC) No. 1346/200 is applicable to collective insolvency proceedings. In the Republic of Lithuania, in particular cases in which it is stated that a person has caused his/her or his/her company’s insolvency intentionally, the question of responsibility of such persons can be raised. It should be noted that in terms of legal liability, bankruptcy is not just an institute of civil law, but also of criminal law. This article deals with the delimitation of civil and criminal liability for causing bankruptcy by the deliberate actions of persons. The Law on Enterprise Bankruptcy of the Republic of Lithuania describes intentional bankruptcy as purposely bringing a company to bankruptcy. Meanwhile, Article 209 of the Criminal Code of the Republic of Lithuania provides criminal liability for a person who deliberately mismanages a company, leading to its bankruptcy and thus causing severe material damage to creditors. It can be seen that in practice there are often problems in defining the boundaries of criminal and intentional bankruptcy, so this article aims not only to address the concepts of these types of bankruptcy, but also to identify delimitation criteria for them and analyse the related practical issues that relate to these criteria.

PRIEŽASTINIO RYŠIO GENEZĖ IR EVOLIUCIJA FILOSOFIJOS IR BAUDŽIAMOSIOS TEISĖS ŠALTINIUOSE

Author(s): Linas Žalnieriūnas / Language(s): Lithuanian Issue: 2/2016

This article gives an overview of the emergence and development of causation as a scientific category, as well as a specific criminal law institute, in the sources of philosophy and law. Causation content is analysed in chronological order by reviewing the sources of causality at different periods in civilisation. A more detailed analysis is carried out on major works and theories that have contributed to understanding the evolution of causation. The article compares different branches of science and law to determine how causation theories evolved and which ones provide the basis for the creation of today’s mechanism for proving causation. It attempts to answer the question, “Is the initial understanding of causation developed in philosophy significant for the criminal law of today?” The article explains the basis for the formation of causation theories used in current criminal law in Lithuania. It provides an introduction to discourse on the problematic of causality, which will reveal the genesis and evolution of causation.

ASMENŲ PARODYMŲ PATIKIMUMO PROBLEMINIAI KLAUSIMAI

Author(s): Rasa Žibaitė-Neliubšienė / Language(s): Lithuanian Issue: 2/2016

This work analyses additional criteria for evaluating the reliability of the testimony of certain groups of witnesses that are not directly specified in the Criminal Procedure Code, but are formed in court practice. Case law distinguishes groups of witnesses whose reliability of testimony requires more intense (tougher) evaluation: firstly, witnesses whose reliability requires more intense (tougher) evaluation due to their personal qualities; and secondly, witnesses whose reliability requires more intense (tougher) evaluation due to their procedural status. Evaluation of the testimony of these witnesses is inseparable from additional procedures (such as the use of technical means, creating acoustic and/or visual barriers, and other factors) through which a more reliable testimony is obtained. Not least in importance is ensuring proper opportunities for the defence to carry out their procedural functions and to achieve that the judgement justification with the testimony of witnesses, testimony reliability of which requires more intense (tougher) evaluation, on the decisive extent would be last resort, not the rule, would be created.

КРИВИЧНЕ САНКЦИЈЕ ‒ СРЕДСТВО КОНТРОЛЕ КРИМИНАЛИТЕТА ПРАВНИХ ЛИЦА

Author(s): Dragan Jovašević / Language(s): Serbian Issue: 74/2016

Although contemporary criminal law accepts the system of subjective criminal liability for a committed crime, numerous European legal documents as well as criminal laws, especially those that have been adopted lately, envisage exceptions from this system. Thus, a new form of criminal liability is being introduced: objective liability based on the causation. One of the forms of objective liability is the criminal liability of legal entities, which has been considered disputable for a long time. Obviously, legal entities cannot be held accountable for all types of criminal offences. They cannot be held liable on the grounds of legal provisions regarding mental competence and culpability (as the elements of subjective criminal liability), nor can they be imposed all types of criminal sanctions recognized in criminal legislation in general. In their new or revised criminal legislation, many countries have recognized and inagurated the objective criminal liability of legal persons for committed criminal offences alongside with the predominant system of subjective liability (based on the perpetrator's mental competence and culpability). It is indisputable that some legal entities (such as state authorities) cannot be prosecuted and held liable in criminal proceedings; consequently, there are some exemptions from criminal liability (particularly when it comes to the state and state bodies), but it does not exclude criminal liability of responsible officials (natural persons) for causing the consequences of a criminal offence. Due to the specific character of legal and contractual capacity of legal entities, law in general and criminal legislations in particular prescribe special legal grounds for establishing criminal liability of legal entities, which differ from the subjective liability of a natural person (perceived as a conscious and reasonable human being acting on his/her own free will) where the consequence of a criminal offence is a result of one's own conduct embodied either in the commission of a criminal offence or in the omission to act. Therefore, contemporary criminal laws have determined special types of criminal sanctions, such as: punishment, security measures, conditional (suspended) sentence and confiscation of material gain obtained by comitting the criminal offence, as well as the instruments, proceedings and conditions under which they may be imposed. Within the framework of the forthcoming reform of the entire penal legislation in the Republic of Serbia, the Serbian legislator may use the legal solutions envisaged in the analyzed documents and criminal legislations as a solid model for implementing the international standards in the field of criminal liability of legal entities. Hence, this paper discusses the particularities governing the application of criminal sanctions for legal entities in the Republic of Serbia, particularly as an instrument of crime control.

Problem legalizacji narkotyków miękkich w Polsce na tle regulacji prawnych przyjętych w Republice Czeskiej oraz w Królestwie Niderlandów

Author(s): Marcin Fiedukowicz / Language(s): Polish Issue: 76/2016

The aim of this publication is to bring closer legal regulations referring the issues legalization and availibility of soft drugs in Poland. Comparing regulations of penalities of the Polish Drug Act allows setting neccesary guidlines for change to the polish prohibition model.

Komentarz do wyroku Sądu Najwyższego z dnia 3 grudnia 2014 roku, II KK 219/14

Author(s): Zbigniew Wardak,Magdalena Mazurek-Wardak / Language(s): Polish Issue: 76/2016

The article is approving gloss on the resolution of teh Supreme Court of December 3 2014, No. II KK. 219/14