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Uživanje ljudskih prava

Author(s): Author Not Specified / Language(s): Bosnian Publication Year: 0

Ljudska prava su univerzalna i nedjeljiva te se primjenjuju na sve ljude, uključujući i interspolne osobe. Univerzalna deklaracija o ljudskim pravima (UDHR) potvrđuje da su sva ljudska bića rođena slobodna i jednaka u dostojanstvu i pravima i da svakoj osobi pripadaju sva prava i slobode propisane tim instrumentom, bez diskriminacije po bilo kojoj osnovi, kao što su rasa, boja kože, spol, jezik, vjera, političko ili drugo uvjerenje, nacionalno ili društveno porijeklo, imovinsko stanje, rođenje ili bilo koji drugi status. Evropska konvencija o ljudskim pravima (ECHR) (ETS br. 5) također štiti sve ljude i sadrži otvorenu listu zabranjenih osnova za diskriminaciju.

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Zakonsko priznavanje spola i roda

Author(s): Author Not Specified / Language(s): Bosnian Publication Year: 0

Širom Evrope, informacija o spolu se zahtijeva za zvaničnu prijavu novorođene bebe, koja priznate spolove ograničava na dihotomiju “Ž” i “M”. Ovaj zahtjev se zasniva na uvjerenju da je spol “jedna od ključnih odlika identiteta osobe” i da se svi ljudi mogu jasno svrstati u jednu od dvije kategorije. Zauzvrat, ovim zahtjevom se vrši pritisak na roditelje da dijete učine ne samo “zakonski ‘nedvosmislenim’, već i fizički nedvosmislenim”. U većini država, kada se spol jednom upiše, teško ga je poslije promijeniti (ukoliko je uopće zakonski moguće), što uzrokuje “značajne poteškoće dotičnoj osobi”.

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ZAJEDNICA ŽIVOTA OSOBA ISTOG SPOLA U REPUBLICI HRVATSKOJ

Author(s): Radenko Jotanović / Language(s): Bosnian Publication Year: 0

U Republici Hrvatskoj je donesen zakon kojim se reguliše zajednica života lica istog spola. Radi se o Zakonu o životnom partnerstvu osoba istog spola (u nastavku teksta Zakon), koji je na snazi od 5.8.2014. godine.5 Ovaj zakon je usvojio Hrvatski sabor na zasjedanju održanom 15.7.2014. godine sa 89 glasova „za“ i 16 glasova „protiv“. Na taj način je, pored bračne i vanbračne zajednice, koja je regulisana Obiteljskim zakonom,6 priznato i životno partnerstvo i neformalno (de facto) životno partnerstvo kao zajednice koje predstavljaju porodični život. Praktično to znači da se obje porodične zajednice, (van)bračna i (neformalno) životno partnerstvo, tretiraju na jednak način.

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ZAJEDNICA ŽIVOTA OSOBA ISTOG SPOLA U REPUBLICI SLOVENIJI

Author(s): Mirna Alibegović / Language(s): Bosnian Publication Year: 0

U Evropskoj konvenciji za zaštitu ljudskih prava i temeljnih sloboda, svakom čovjeku se garantuje pravo na poštovanje privatnog i porodičnog života, muškacima i ženama, koji su zreli za brak, garantuje se pravo na brak i pravo na zasnivanje porodice bez konkretnog navođenja uslova da je riječ o braku između muškarca i žene. Nadalje, u Evropskoj konvenciji se bez ikakvih restrikcija jasno navodi da je uživanje prava i sloboda iz konvencije zagarantovano svakom čovjeku, bez diskriminacije na osnovu spola, rase, boje kože, jezika, vjere, političkog ili drugog mišljenja, nacionalnog ili socijalnog porijekla, povezanosti sa socijalnom manjinom, imovine, rođenja, ili bilo koje druge okolnosti.

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ZAJEDNICA ŽIVOTA OSOBA ISTOG SPOLA U REPUBLICI SRBIJI

Author(s): Darko Radić / Language(s): Bosnian Publication Year: 0

U pozitivnom pravu Republike Srbije, brak se određuje kao zakonom uređena zajednica života žene i muškarca. Ovakav stav zakonodavca, odnosno nastojanje da se institut braka definiše, ima svoje uporište u moralnim normama i duboko ukorijenjenom sistemu pravno-političkih vrijednosti, odnosno oslanja se na domaću pravnu tradiciju.

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PRAVA OSOBA ISTOSPOLNE ORIJENTACIJE U BOSNI I HERCEGOVINI

Author(s): Boris Krešić / Language(s): Bosnian Publication Year: 0

Istospolna zajednica nije priznata u pravnom sistemu Bosne i Hercegovine. Legalizacija istospolnih zajednica predstavlja jedan od narednih koraka koje Bosna i Hercegovina mora ispuniti ukoliko se želi pridružiti Evropskoj uniji. Iako zakonodavac istospolnim partnerima ne pruža nikakvu zaštitu, ipak postoje određene oblasti u kojima osobe istospolne orijentacije imaju određena prava.

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ZAKLJUČAK

Author(s): Author Not Specified / Language(s): Bosnian Publication Year: 0

Brak je oduvijek predstavljao jedan od temelja porodice i predmet interesovanja društva, koje kroz pravnu regulativu nastoji pružiti odgovarajuću pravnu zaštitu, kako bračnim supružnicima, tako i braku kao instituciji. Međutim, reforme u nacionalnim zakonodavstvima, normativni akti međunarodne zajednice, naročito Evropske unije, kao i opšte prilike u savremenom društvu determinisali su značajne promjene. U gotovo svim savremenim pravnim sistemima, partnerima iz vanbračnih zajednica su priznata određena prava i dužnosti, što je odgovor na sve veći broj vanbračnih porodica. S druge strane, ukidanje diskriminacije na osnovu seksualne orijentacije i sve značajniji uticaj udruženja LGBT osoba, rezultirali su priznavanjem određenih prava i partnerima iz istospolnih zajednica. U nekim zemljama se otišlo i dalje od toga, pa se istospolnim partnerima dozvoljava zaključenje braka, usvajanje djece, medicinski asistirano roditeljstvo itd.

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PRAVA I SLOBODE TRANSRODNIH OSOBA: PRAVO NA SAMOODREĐENJE RODNOG IDENTITETA

Author(s): Damir Banović / Language(s): Bosnian Publication Year: 0

Kada se govori o pravima transrodnih i transeksualnih48 osoba, ona se često poistovjećuju sa pravima LGB osoba. Odnosno, poistovjećuje se koncept ‘seksualne orijentacije’ sa konceptom ‘rodnog identiteta’. Ti pojmovi u pravnoj teoriji, pozitivnom pravu i u pravnoj praksi trebaju biti odvojeni jer se radi o različitim konceptima koji mogu ali ne moraju nužno biti povezani. Rodni identitet predstavlja jedan od fundamentalnih aspekata ljudskog života. Biološki spol se po pravilu dodjeljuje prilikom rođenja te postaje društvena i pravna činjenica. Relativno mali broj osoba doživljava neusklađenost sa svojom unutrašnjom percepcijom roda ili/i spola i onoga koji im je dodijeljen prilikom rođenja. Ljudska prava transrodnih i transeksualnih osoba su dugo vremena bila ignorisana i zanemarena, iako su problemi s kojima se transrodne i transeksualne osobe suočavaju veoma ozbiljni i često veoma specifični za ovu populaciju. Transrodne osobe upravo zbog neusklađenosti svog rodnog identiteta i spola pripisanog pri rođenju doživljavaju visok stepen diskriminacije, netolerancije i otvorenog nasilja. Iako je broj transrodnih i transeksualnih osoba relativno mali, radi se o veoma diverznoj grupi.

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ZDRAVSTVENA SITUACIJA SAMOHRANIH MAJKI KROZ EKONOMSKU PRIZMU

Author(s): Selma Lučkin / Language(s): Bosnian Publication Year: 0

Situacija koja je već odavno prisutna na našim prostorima – male alimentacije, psihološko opterećenje majke i djeteta, još dodatno je otežana trenutnom činjenicom da veliki broj djece ne ostvaruje pravo na izdržavanje od strane roditelja s kojim ne žive. Razvod, odnosno odvojeni život djece i roditelja, bez obzira na razloge zbog kojih je do njega došlo, bolno je iskustvo i nova situacija, posebice za djecu. Mnogi roditelji, a posebice oni s kojima djeca nastavljaju živjeti, susreću se sa puno problema u svakodnevnoj organizaciji života i teško se snalaze u novonastalim situacijama.

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ABORTUS – OD PČELINJEG VOSKA DO SAVREMENIH METODA

Author(s): Milica Ležajić / Language(s): Serbian Publication Year: 0

Abortus ili pobačaj je naziv za prekid trudnoće koji može biti spontani, npr. uzrokovan povredom, bolešću ili nekim drugim prirodnim razlozima, i „veštački“ izazvan, odnosno abortus koji nastaje kao posledica hirurškog postupka. Veštački abortus se od prastarih vremena koristi kao primitivna metoda kontrole rađanja.

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REPRODUKTIVNA PRAVA U SRBIJI

Author(s): Jasmina Stevanović / Language(s): Serbian Publication Year: 0

Kao što je slučaj i s ostalim ljudskim pravima, države imaju obavezu da unapređuju reproduktivna prava, ali i dužnost da se u njih ne mešaju. Iako može zvučati jednostavno, u praksi je to često komplikovano i kontroverzno pitanje. U cilju da se ženama obezbedi potpuno reproduktivno zdravlje, države bi morale da obezbede pun opseg informacija i službi, i da koriste pravni sistem svaki put kada je to neophodno da bi zaštitile mogućnost žena da same donose odluke o svom reproduktivnom zdravlju.

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FEDERAL LAW ON PROTECTION OF THE RIGHTS AND FREEDOMS OF NATIONAL MINORITIES

Author(s): Author Not Specified / Language(s): English Publication Year: 0

By signing the Framework Convention on the Protection of National Minorities the FRY took on the commitment to ensure to members of national minorities, within its legal system, the minimum of rights and standards of protection envisaged by the Framework Protection. In line with the aforementioned the FRY passed the Law on Protection of Rights and Freedoms of National Minorities which took force on 7 March 2002. A public debate during which many criticisms and praises had been voiced preceded the promulgation of that Act. They contributed to a vast improvement of the text of Act. But the latter is still full of serious shortcomings: The basic shortcoming of this Act is its failure to ensure efficient legal remedies for the protection of minority rights. Every member of a national minority has the right to lodge a complaint with the court for compensation of damage incurred by violation of a minority right either at the hands of state bodies or a private person. But in practice such complaints are rarely lodged because members of national minorities lack faith in the judicial bodies and also dodge public exposure fearing that it might hurt their status. Added to that the Act envisages a possibility of appeals to the Constitutional Court by the Federal Ministry of National and Ethnic Communities and National Councils of National Minorities. Having in mind the fact that such appeals were rarely filed, possibly due to conditions thereof, it is very likely that the provision of Article 23, paragraph 2 shall not contribute to ensuring a genuine, efficient, legal protection of minority rights. The Act does not envisage the introduction of Ombudsman for National Minorities as an independent institution for protection of rights of national minorities, although the efficiency of this institution was confirmed internationally as a form of control of state bodies in their duties relating to adequate protection of those rights. Ombudsman for National Minorities would have an authority to monitor implementation of laws and politics with respect to the rights and freedoms of national minorities, to collect and register complaints and institute judicial proceedings for the protection of rights of national minorities. Possible shortcomings of this Act are the status and rights of "small" minorities. Definition of national minorities, notably, "national minority is a group of citizens of the FRY, whose number is sufficiently representative" indicates that the exercise of minority rights is conditioned by the number of members of a minority. This in turn implies that the right of members of so-called "small" national minorities to exercise their rights under the said law may be conditioned. Hence the emergence of the issue of relationship between "bigger" and "smaller" minorities. And finally the Act does not envisage any sanctions for the state bodies (at local, republican and federal level) abusing or breaching the rights of national minorities, or failing to take actions with a view to ensuring full and efficient equality of minorities and the majority people. The latter casts doubt on a genuine intention and readiness of a law-maker to realise what this law nominally envisages and recognises. In further text we shall give an outline or rather a summary of legal provisions which contain discriminating norms or those which enable discrimination in an indirect way.

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THE DISCIPLINARY SYSTEM FOR JUDGES IN POLAND. The case for infringement proceedings

Author(s): Author Not Specified / Language(s): English

This opinion accompanies the ESI report “Under Siege: Why Polish courts matter for Europe”.It sets out the legal basis for the European Commission to initiate infringement proceedings againstPoland in respect of recent reforms to the disciplinary system for Polish judges.

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Business Activities conducted by the Czech Roman Catholic Church following the restitution of property confiscated under the Communist Regime

Author(s): Nicole Grmelová,Radim Kříž,Petr Štěpánek / Language(s): English Publication Year: 0

The Roman Catholic Church has restituted property which has been nationalized under the Communist Regime. The restitution process paves the way for a separation between the state and the church in the foreseeable future. Thus, the Roman Catholic Church will have to invest the restituted property wisely to be able to cover the costs of its main activity, the spiritual care of its followers. Having analysed the business model of current activities of the Roman Catholic Church, this paper argues that the centralized top-down approach adopted by the Roman Catholic Church may not be efficient enough for the Roman Catholic Church to achieve economic self-sufficiency in the long run. The objective of this paper is to assess if the current economic activities conducted by the Roman Catholic Church in the Czech Republic can lead to its economic self-sufficiency by 2030. To this end, the authors will interpret the restitution model as determined by the corresponding legal rules and analyse the data covering the business activities of the Roman Catholic Church.

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The proposed Corporate Sustainability Due Diligence Directive and its provisions on civil liability and private international law in particular

Author(s): Tania Pantazi / Language(s): English Publication Year: 0

The newly adopted proposal for a Corporate Sustainability Due Diligence Directive introduces for the first time in EU law the duty of undertakings to perform corporate due diligence on environmental and human rights matters. The aim of the present paper is to examine the provisions of the proposed Directive on civil liability and private international law issues. The paper first provides a brief overview of the proposal, which serves as an essential background, and then focuses on the interpretation of the provisions on civil liability, based on their wording, aim and scope, existing literature on due diligence and case law. The rules are also examined in context with advancements in international and national law. The study concludes that, although several issues remain uncertain or to be decided by national law, the introduction of civil liability and private international law rules will substantially facilitate multi-jurisdictional claims against corporations on environmental and human rights matters. The paper contributes to the discussion on forthcoming European legislation on corporate due diligence by assessing private law issues which have been scarcely investigated in literature.

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NU ESTE DELOC „CĂLCÂIUL LUI AHILE” INTRAREA ÎN VIGOARE A LEGII NR. 367/2022 PRIVIND DIALOGUL SOCIAL ÎN DETERMINAREA COMPETENȚEI MATERIALE ÎN SOLUȚIONAREA CONFLICTELOR INDIVIDUALE DE MUNCĂ. ARGUMENT PENTRU O PRACTICĂ JUDICIARĂ UNITARĂ

Author(s): Verginel Lozneanu / Language(s): Romanian Publication Year: 0

The present study aims to argue solutions in determining the material competence of the courts in the resolution of individual labor conflicts after the entry into force of Law no. 367/2022 on social dialogue. From our point of view, too rigid opinions have been expressed in the legal literature and the judicial practice is already non-unitary.

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Правосубектността на физическите лица през погледа на дигиталните технологии

Author(s): Daniel Delchev / Language(s): Bulgarian Publication Year: 0

The legal personality of the individuals is one of the basic legal concepts that provides the basis for each of the branches of law; both in the past and in the present. With the technological rise and both the development of digital technologies and the daily dynamics of legal relations; the concept of „legal personality“ has not only not lost its significance; but on the contrary; gained a meaning in a completely new and expanded context. The legal personality of individuals has managed to enrich its meaning; refracted through the prism of the modern and the new; expanding its interpretation to include the modern definition of „personal data“ as a mean for the legal individualization of the individuals. This publication aims to examine the concept of the legal personality of the individuals and its main characteristics; while presenting the contemporary view on the context of the same; including personal data as a mean of legal individualization; the protection of these data and the role of the digital technologies in all these processes.

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По някои въпроси при смесените фактически състави на концесионните договори

Author(s): Katia Vladimirova / Language(s): Bulgarian Publication Year: 0

Concession relations arise and develop as a result of a complex factual composition, which consists of public law and private law elements. The emergence of concession relations is subject to public law. Concession contract execution, non-execution, consequences of such non-execution, penalties, damages, etc. such are subject to private law. The special nature of the concession contract, and more specifically its public law aspect, impose specifics when settling the disputes arising on the occasion of the execution, amendment and termination of these contracts and differences from classic civil and commercial contracts.

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По някои въпроси за българското обичайно наследствено право

Author(s): Neli Radeva / Language(s): Bulgarian Publication Year: 0

Bulgarian common lawis an integral part of the history of the Bulgarian state and law. In the Middle Ages, a number of researchers of the problem assumed that inheritance in our country took place in a way that was regulated by the Croatian and Russian sources, namely, by custom, only the sons, not the daughters, of the testator inherited. This was also preserved in the years of Ottoman rule, when only sons and male descendants inherited. In most Bulgarian lands, daughters and female descendants did not inherit. They were entitled to receive clothing and a dowry. After the Inheritance Law of 1890 came into force in Bulgaria, daughters were given the right to inherit the property of their deceased father. Despite the right recognized by law, the people did not approve of this. The usual provisions governing the division of the father's property are also diverse.

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Protection of the EU and the National Financial System against Money Laundering and Terrorist Financing

Author(s): Savina Mihaylova-Goleminova / Language(s): English Publication Year: 0

This chapter presents the key aspects of preventing abuse of the European Union’s financial system for money laundering and terrorism purposes, including organisation of the national system to counter money laundering, terrorist financing, and proliferation financing. Prevention of the use of the financial system for the purposes of money laundering or terrorist financing is highlighted, including OECD measures, the practice of Bulgarian courts, etc.

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