SPOZNAJNA TEORIJA KARLA POPPERA

Author(s): Rifat Redžović / Language(s): Bosnian Issue: 08/2009

Autor je u ovom radu ukazao na specifičnost učenja jednog od najvećih filozofa nauke uopšte i zasigurno najvećeg teoretičara epistemološke misli u XX stoljeću, Karla Poppera. Baviti se problemom istinitosti naših znanja i posebno naučnih jeste od izuzetnog značaja za nauku i metodologiju, koja uporno traga za onim načinima koji će nam pružiti najbolje rezultate u tom procesu čovjekove aktivnosti. Mogućnost da se na osnovu kritičkog pristupa sagleda bilo koja teorija jeste onaj kvalitet bez kojeg se na nauku ne bi moglo niti smjelo gledati. Želja da se naučna spoznaja odredi kao apsolut ili kao jedini oblik sigurnog znanja izrodila je cjelokupnu kontraverzu filozofsko-epistemološke misli i sukobljavanja oko tako imaginarnih fenomena kao što su: istina, nauka, rast naučnog znanja, pseudonauka, metafizika, sloboda volje, konvencija, društveni inženjering. Bitnost Popperovog učenja, koja se obrađuje u ovome radu, upravo se ogleda u pristupu koji ne želi verificirati nikakve istine, već se cjelokupna metodološka aktivnost koju predlaže Popper zasniva na pokušajima opovrgavanja naučnih teorija koje se, možemo reći, na darvinistički način bore za svoje mjesto u naučnom sistemu, tako da one teorije koje više vrijede zauzimaju i bolja mjesta na osnovu kriterija koji se ogleda u tome da se svaka teorija mora podvrgnuti nemilosrdnim i, što je moguće, ozbiljnijim provjeravanjima i empirijskim testiranjima. Falibilistički pristup u nauci ima izuzetno mjesto, posebno kada su u pitanju složeniji naučni sistemi, tako da u sadejstvu sa drugim metodološkim pristupima može biti itekako plodotvoran.

William Whiston, suur veeuputus ja kohutav spektaakel

Author(s): Roomet Jakapi / Language(s): Estonian Issue: 30/2005

William Whiston (1667-1752) was an English divine, mathematician and astronomer. His works nicely reveal the close relationship between science and religion in the early modern period. The paper aims to characterize Whiston's way of thinking in the light of his Astronomical Principles of Religion, Natural and Reveal'd (1717). In the 17th and early 18th century cosmologies, the location of Hell in the universe was a major issue. This horrible place of punishment could be located beneath the earth or on the sun. Whiston's view on this issue relies on the juxtaposition of biblical descriptions of Hell and scientific evidence regarding comets. Research for this paper was supported by Estonian Science Foundation grant no. 6099.

Логико-философски критерии в христологията според трактата "Против Севир" на Теодор Абу Кура

Author(s): Smilen Markov / Language(s): Bulgarian Issue: 18/2012

Although Theodore Abu Qurra (755–830) is not traditionally associated with Byzantine philosophy, he is recognizable as a successor of the Byzantine philosophical style. The concepts elaborated in his texts testify for a continuation of the theological synthesis that started in the aftermath of Iconoclasm. The intellectual style of Theodore is that of a mediator between the Arabic and the Christian civilizations. He works out common criteria for refuting the recurrences of Monophysitism and Nestorianism among the Greek-speaking population in Syria, living already in Arabic cultural milieu. Referring to the common Aristotelian root of both heresies and following the argumentation of Maximus Confessor and John of Damascus, he introduces the term “pragma” as a point of coherence of logical and ontological terminology. It is the ontological bearer of the essence and a logical member of the natural species. Its peculiarity, which is the existential limit of being, however, can be defined neither by ontological terms, nor by logical ones. It is noteworthy that during the 8th and 9th century Byzantine philosophy explains the personal identity not through terms, but through existential limits.

Тома от Аквино върху проблема за ангелската природа

Author(s): Gergana Dineva / Language(s): Bulgarian Issue: 18/2012

The present text is intended to be a critical answer to the upcoming article of Giorgio Pini The Individuation of Angels from Bonaventure to Duns Scotus, where he bases the interpretation of the angelic nature according to Thomas Aquinas on two main premises: first, that the angels are pure forms; and secondly, that only forms, which can be received in matter, can be numerically multiplied. By focusing on the principle of individuation of intelligible natures, we will try to show, that according to Thomas, the angels are not pure forms, although they are simple forms and species subsistentes. Then we will try to clarify, that his argumentation concerning the principle of individuation of angels is based mostly on the specific understanding of potentiality and actuality and on the view of order of being.

Раннохристиянският и ренесансовият неоплатонизъм – един паралел: Августин и Фичино

Author(s): Sergei Stefanov / Language(s): Bulgarian Issue: 18/2012

The Christian religion and the Neoplatonism have conceptual relations since the Late Antiquity and these relations are in many cases fruitful but constantly very problematic. The Weltanschauung of Christianity remains incompatible whit the one of pagan Neoplatonism although the attempts of some Christian authors to adopt certain Neoplatonic concepts. In the same time the Neoplatonism transfers the language of Christian religion into the culture of Late Antiquity, and the history of Christian Neoplatonism is the history of the overcoming of these “aporetic” circumstances. This article represents the attempts of Augustine and Marsilio Ficino of resolving the mentioned incompatibility by bringing together religio Christiana and the metaphysical visions of Plotinus. The evidences of the influence of early Augustine’s work over Ficino’s Christian Neoplatonism is shown most clearly in the way of reducing the second term of Plotinus’ doctrine of the three basic principles of being – the Intellect.

„Светлинната физика“ на Роджър Бейкън

Author(s): Alexandra Dokova / Language(s): Bulgarian Issue: 18/2012

This article aims to reveal the metaphysical background of Roger Bacon’s natural philosophy. Bacon attributes all natural causation to the “multiplication of species”. “Species” designates the “first effect of any naturally-acting thing”. It is the virtue or likeness of any natural power propagated from that power in all directions through suitable media. “Species”, or the first immediate effect of any natural action is definite, specific and uniform. As all natural effects are caused by the radiation of natural force, they are expressible in terms of “lines, angles and figures”. Central to Bacon’s philosophy of nature is the notion that all kinds of corporeal change are reduced to the “multiplicative force” of light. Assuming that the propagation of light is susceptible to mathematical analysis, the principal natural science is the Optics. Roger Bacon claims that the so called natural laws are the rules of rectilinear propagation, reflection and refraction of light. Roger Bacon’s theory of natural causation is illuminated by the concept that the basic structure and origin of the physical universe is due to the self-multiplication of light – the first corporeal form.

Етиката на Абелар – Диалогът между вяра и разум в "Collationes"

Author(s): Lydia Kondova / Language(s): Bulgarian Issue: 18/2012

Peter Abelard is not a typical medieval thinker not just because as a logician he is above all a philosopher, but also because of his ethics, which despite following the style of the Christian tradition, introduces new elements to Christian’s morality. The purpose of the ethics and the human knowledge in the Middle Ages is the salvation and this determines the character of the whole medieval philosophy. The reasons for the fragmentations of human knowledge stem from the primordial impairment of the human nature and the purpose of Abelard is to find a way for it to be overcome, even if only partially. Thus in the dialogue between faith and reason he gives rise to the knowledge that makes it possible to attain the ultimate objective of the human existence – the accomplishment of the perfection and the higher good in the salvation.

Лоренцо Вала и нормите на ренесансовата философия (За Ива Манова, Норма и реформа в ренесансовата философия)

Author(s): Georgi Kapriev / Language(s): Bulgarian Issue: 18/2012

Кръстьо Пейкич (1666–1730) и Мохамеданина, обучен в съгласие с Корана според Христовия закон (1717) – за автора и книгата

Author(s): Iva Manova / Language(s): Bulgarian Issue: 18/2012

Christ, the subject of this paper, was regarded by its author as a handbook to be consulted by those Catholic missionaries who carried out their activity among Muslims. It is intended here to offer an insight into this work, with regard to its context, content, sources, how it was to function as intended by its author and its peculiarities in respect to other writings in the same field. My analysis is meant to give an account of the Mahometanus as a manifestation and a revealing example both of post-Tridentine Catholic expansionism in Eastern Europe and of the Habsburg’s policy aimed at the religious integration of their subjects and the consolidation of Catholicism as the “state religion”. In the opening pages of the article, an overview of the scholarly studies on Kastyo Peykich and his works is offered. With respect to his biography, some new facts are reported here for the first time.

За злото

Author(s): Thomas Aquinas / Language(s): Bulgarian Issue: 18/2012

Понятието за активен интелект при ал-Фараби

Author(s): Atanas Nanev / Language(s): Bulgarian Issue: 18/2012

Even though Alfarabi’s works on intellect fail to cohere into a holistic theory but rather suggest various propositions on what intellect is, they do share some common ground. On one hand, it is uniform that the development through which the intellectual perfection of the soul takes place consists in three stages: the passive or material intellect, the actual intellect, and the acquired intellect; and what makes that development possible is the active intellect, which is the last in a line of incorporeal substances bind in a cosmological chain of emanation. It is the role of the active intellect in both physical world and human cognition that different groups of texts treat differently. Of course that discrepancy is not an exception but it seems to be a focal one as the notion of intellect is discussed.

Една византийска дискусия относно приятелството в писмата на Никифор Григора

Author(s): Divna Manolova / Language(s): Bulgarian Issue: 18/2012

The present article reconstructs and analyzes two rhetorical strategies of constructing epistolary friendship through the employment of specialized philosophical vocabulary and discussion. Case in point are two late Byzantine letters penned by Nikephoros Gregoras (ca. 1292/1295–1358/1361), a prominent historian, astronomer and philosopher at the Palaiologan court. The first part of the inquiry discusses letter 134, addressed to Ignatios Glabas, metropolitan of Thessaloniki from 1336 to 1341. The second half of the article is dedicated to letter 34, addressed to Maximos Magistros, a monk and later an archimandrite of the Chortaïtes monastery. Both letters seem to be written around the same time, i.e. during the second half of the 1330s. Letter 134 employs Aristotle’s theory of friendship as found in books VIII and IX of Nicomachean Ethics, as well as in Rhetoric. Here, with a subversive maneuver, Gregoras defends the claim that even those not equal in fortune could still be joined by the bond of friendship. Letter 34 exemplifies the opposite strategy: it praises the friendship of those who are the same in nature, employing Plato’s cosmological discussion in the Timaeus, as well as the corresponding commentary by Plutarch. In conclusion, the article argues for the primacy of rhetorical function over philosophical discussion in the two epistolary strategies employed by Gregoras.

Проблемът за душата в земно тяло при Марсилио Фичино. Предварителни бележки към Книга XVI, Глава 1–7 от "Платоновата теология".

Author(s): Zornitsa Radeva / Language(s): Bulgarian Issue: 18/2012

The current paper attempts to present a preliminary perspective, which should serve as a necessary condition for an adequate detailed analysis of Marsilio Ficino’s discussion of the problematic union between human soul and earthly body in Book XVI, Chapter 1–7 of his opus magnum, the Platonic Theology. This perspective consists of three main statements, namely: 1. The human body as an earthly husk, which conceals the divine origin of our soul, constitutes an essential part of Ficino’ concept of man. The main task of the Renaissance thinker in the discussion in Book XVI lies in an attempt to look through this husk, which finds its parallel in the disclosure of divine truths concealed behind the quaint images of prisca theologia. 2. The chosen mode of discussion, the quaestiones, allows the adducing of many “reputable opinions”: as regards its form, such a treatment is in certain continuity with the scholastic tradition; as to its content, it reflects the reception of platonic texts, which has conditioned to a great extent the thought of the first translator of the Platonic corpus in the Latin West. 3. Ficino argues above all against the Epicurean thesis of the mortality of the soul existing in a perishable body, while at the same time, paradoxically, he is in fact going to integrate (but that should constitute the subject of a separate study) the Epicurean notion of the subtle bodies of the gods in his own conception of human and divine animate beings.

Przekłady: Fenomenologia a dzieje filozofii

Author(s): Dariusz Bęben,Vladimír Leško / Language(s): Polish Issue: 30/2012

Even though Husserl himself did not write on the history of philosophy in true sense, his work is in fact a peculiar dialogue with philosophical tradition — from rejection to almost complete acceptance. What distinguishes Husserl’s research in this area is its full subordination to phenomenological reflection. His views are revised by Eugen Fink, who (with reference to Heidegger) claims that man, while living within the history, is unconditionally subordinated to it. Hence, Fink bases his philosophy in a claim that man exists historically on account of worldly rule of separation and division in both labour and fight. Jan Patočka’s work in turn, offers an unusual synthesis of historico-philosophical reflection and asubjective phenomenology. This is one of the reasons for which it has prominent place in history of phenomenological movement. Patočka is maybe the first philosopher in 20th century who, in confrontation with Hegel’s profound model, engaged openly in analysis of philosophy of the history of philosophy.

W poszukiwaniu sensu śmierci. Recenzja: Ireneusz Ziemiński "Metafizyka śmierci". Kraków 2010

Author(s): Marek Wójtowicz / Language(s): Polish Issue: 30/2012

Anonimowość transcendentalnej subiektywności a koncepcja filozofii jako ścisłej nauki

Author(s): Piotr Łaciak / Language(s): Polish Issue: 30/2012

In the paper I present the Husserl’s idea of philosophy as a strict science (Philosophie als strenge Wissenschaft) which he understood as universal and ultimately justified knowledge, free from any prejudices (Vorurteile) coming from naturalistic attitude. The prejudice of such an attitude is a thesis of the existence of the world (Thesis vom Sein der Welt). By complying with this thesis unreflectively, one becomes immersed in the world, which means that in the natural attitude the transcendental character of subjectivity remains unconscious and anonymous. This anonymity might be razed by transcendental reduction (transzendentale Reduktion), which aims at getting the transcendental ego rid of self-forgetting (Selbstvergessenheit). The subjectivity revealed this way is still, in its deepest aspects, anonymous as ultimately functioning ego (das letztfungierende Ich), for being an epistemological absolute, it is a source of reflection and through reflection it cannot become acknowledged. I discuss some difficulties related to the second type of anonymity in relation to Husserl’s demand of phenomenology realising the idea of philosophy as strict a science.

Gerolda Praussa krytyka poznania jako odbicia

Author(s): Tomasz Kubalica / Language(s): Polish Issue: 30/2012

The paper deals with Gerold Prauss’s critique of cognition taken as reflection of the surrounding reality in the consciousness of the agent (Abbildtheorie). The results of his critique are similar to the standpoint presented earlier by Neo-Kantians (Rickert, Cassirer). Prauss’s original contribution to the debate on theory of reflection consists in distinction between materialistic and non-materialistic theories of reflection, as well as in his argumentation basing on the notion of clarity (Deutlichkeit).

Poznać to, co ukryte. Recenzja: Manfred Lurker "Przesłanie symboli w mitach, kulturach i religiach". Warszawa 2011

Author(s): Marta Ples-Bęben / Language(s): Polish Issue: 30/2012

Logiczne i empiryczne równie pochyłe

Author(s): Krzysztof A. Wieczorek / Language(s): Polish Issue: 30/2012

The paper addresses so-called slippery slope arguments, which are usually used as warnings against accepting a certain view or undertaking some action for the reason of their negative consequences. Two types of this kind of arguments might be recognised, which differ significantly: logical and empirical one. Logical slippery slopes are rarely well supported. Most common flaw they contain is so-called fallacy of assimilation. Empirical slippery slopes, on the other hand, are definitely much more powerful kind of argument. Their soundness depends on the truth of premise according to which decision A1 will finally lead to unwanted outcome An. Yet, the assessment of this premise, and in consequence of the entire argument, often demands specialist knowledge in the field.

Filozof o wielu obliczach. Recenzja: William James "Życie i ideały", Bydgoszcz 2011

Author(s): Mirosław Piróg / Language(s): Polish Issue: 30/2012