Kilka uwag o „Logosie”, czyli filozofia kultury jako filozofia pierwsza

Author(s): Dariusz Bęben / Language(s): Polish Issue: 30/2012

The paper addresses history of German journal „Logos. Internationale Zeitschrift für Philosophie der Kultur”. I discuss its genesis and principles (internationalism, criticism, pluralism). Establishing „Logos” was a decisive attack on the entire positivist, materialistic and mechanicist way of thinking of 19th century. The most important task of the journal was realisation of the postulate of building a scientific philosophy of culture. I refer also to the „Logos” later drift towards Nazism, which led to journal’s collapse.

Czy recentywizm może wystąpić jako horyzont spełnienia logiki nieskończenie wielowartościowej?

Author(s): Józef Bańka / Language(s): Polish Issue: 30/2012

The author of the paper starts with reminding that recentivism (Latin: recens — actual) might be summarised in a claim that the depiction of certain event, although possible at all times, is true only at the present time. At the same time, the author explains that each act of existence is always a discovery of that existence. Seen along such lines, recentivism is a limitative idea taking some of the characteristics (such as being true or existence) as not reserved to some forms of time such as past and future. The author refers to Jan Łukasiewicz, who claimed that to understand future as “not ready yet” it is necessary to ascribe third value to propositions concerning future. Łukasiewicz also claimed that choice will be made between two-valued and infinitely-valued logic. With reference to this remark the author claims that Łukasiewicz’s infinitely-valued logic may be fulfilled in the horizon set by the recentivist ontology, which addresses every moment of “now” into “never ready” future. Hence, according to recentivism, to grasp the future as “never ready” n-value needs to be ascribed to propositions concerning future, that is, choice needs to be done in favour of infinitely-valued logic.

Kategoria relacji w rozumieniu Benedykta Hessego

Author(s): Maciej Stanek / Language(s): Polish Issue: 30/2012

The paper addresses Benedykt Hesse’s attempt to determine the category of relation through definitions and a list of its characteristics. I emphasise that the definitions were insufficient tool for philosophers of the Middle Ages and for this reason they used lists of their characteristics as well. In revived, 15th-century Cracow University Jean Buridan’s terministic concept was critically accepted and used for development of a new scientific formation — via communis — which tried to make an agreement between opposite philosophical standpoints, namely those of nominalism and realism, and hence invoking some historical background in the paper was necessary. Quotations from Benedykt Hesse were taken from his commentary on Categories from manuscripts of signatures BJ 2037, BJ 2043 and BJ 2455, as well as from anonymous commentary by one of Hesse’s students preserved in BJ 1900 manuscript.

Jan Duns Szkot, prekursor koncepcji intuicji. Recenzja: G.W.Salomon "Koncepcja poznania intuicyjnego u Jana Dunsa Szkota" Niepokalanów 2007.

Author(s): Jacek Surzyn / Language(s): Polish Issue: 30/2012

Benedykt Hesse — przedstawiciel naukowego środowiska krakowskiego w pierwszej połowie XV wieku

Author(s): Hanna Wojtczak / Language(s): Polish Issue: 30/2012

Re-establishing of the Cracow University in 1400 led to forming the Cracow School of philosophy being unique in its practicalism, tolerance, probabilism, concordism, eclecticism, Buridanism in philosophy of nature, ethics and anthropology, and focus on natural sciences, as well as in highlighting the methodological distinction of the orders of faith and knowledge, philosophy and theology. All of these characteristics might be found in the work of Benedykt Hesse, one of the main representants of Cracow academic community of the first half of 15th century.

Szkotowy projekt nauki transcendentalnej

Author(s): Jacek Surzyn / Language(s): Polish Issue: 30/2012

John Duns Scotus may be treated as a forerunner of a new way of thinking in metaphysics, which according to him is a transcendental science. In fact, he put his entire effort into developing a project of such a metaphysics. It should be taken as an alternative to Thomas Aquinas’ proposal, yet, what needs to be emphasised, the difference between them is not as strong as both Aquinas’ closest students and partisans of Thomism up to today may think. The innovation of Duns was to extend the subjective structure of cognition which enabled in-depth analyses of cognitive abilities of human mind. Thus, Scotus raised a distinctive question concerning the limits of any cognition possible and looked for the answer not in real subjectivity but in formally taken conditions of cognition which, on the one hand, are beyond real sphere, on the other, are not limited simply to the sphere of thinking, that is constituted by human mind. Metaphysics seen along such lines acquires a formal dimension, which, according to Scotus, makes it meet Aristotle’s demands of the most theoretical science concerning being qua being.

Komentarze metafizyczne Jana Burydana — stan badań

Author(s): Monika Mansfeld / Language(s): Polish Issue: 30/2012

The paper presents remaining manuscripts of Quaestiones in duodecim libros „Metaphysicorum” Aristotelis by Jean Buridan and the way in which they were divided into different redactions. Although Buridan’s commentaries were enormously popular at all European universities of late the Middle Ages and early Renaissance, they have not yet been adequately studied. Both their chronology and relations between different manuscripts in which the commentary was handed down remain unclear. Nine manuscripts containing Buridan’s commentary to Metaphysics are known. The most important research on them were done by B. Michael and L.M. de Rijk. Their results show that there are probably three different redactions of this text. Redaction A seems to be the oldest one and it is dated from the earliest years of Buridan’s lectures at University of Paris (1340s). Redaction B is surely the newest one. There is also the third redaction, “the lecture from Erfurt” (lectura Erfordiensis), yet, its relation with other manuscripts has not been defined so far. In my paper I focus on presenting the most important doctrinal, methodological and stylistic differences which make singling out of three redactions possible.

Transcendentalna "epoché" a problem przemiany "Ja"

Author(s): Agnieszka Wesołowska / Language(s): Polish Issue: 30/2012

The paper discusses phenomenological reduction as the transformation of ego. Possibility of overcoming natural-objective attitudes leading to revealing of what is the first from which everything that is immediately given takes its sense, is what Husserl calls phenomenological reduction (epoché). This overcoming, which causes a movement from natural attitude to more primal orientation in the genetic sense (meaning transcendental attitude), reveals the transcendental aspect of ego. Acknowledging the primacy of ego over other spheres of being, Husserl rehabilitates the value of subjectivity as transcendental sphere. For it shows that from transcendental point of view it is something more than the change of attitude. Exclusion from the world with reduction leads to revealing its transcendental reverse seen from the perspective of the transformed ego, the ego which acknowledges its constitutive life. With the change in the attitude the peculiar transformation change of ego follows, so that ego in the transcendental-phenomenological attitude becomes unprejudiced spectator of their own intentional (consciousness’) life.

O teoriach spiskowych

Author(s): Krzysztof Szymanek / Language(s): Polish Issue: 30/2012

The paper deals with so-called conspiracy theories, that is a kind of explanation of spectacular events, such as catastrophes and terrorist attacks, which is alternative to the mainstream explanations. What conditions should theory meet in order to become recognised as false or unjustified, that is “conspiracy”? Is it possible to draw up a standard test which could differentiate imaginary theories from the legitimate ones? Those questions are addressed in reference to the debate between Brian Kelley and Lee Basham.

Mit jako kluczowy element filozofii Friedricha W.J. Schellinga

Author(s): Weronika Chabińska / Language(s): Polish Issue: 30/2012

F.W.J. Schelling worked on mythological issues through his entire lifetime and it had great influence on his philosophy. Unfortunately, there are very few who make a reference to Schelling while dealing with this matter, and even if they do, they mention only philosophy of revelation, which was developed in the last period of Schelling’s work. Mythological issues appear in Schelling’s works in reference to philosophy of nature, philosophy of identity, as well as to his historiosophy, theory of art, and theological issues. The paper aims at showing that in all those areas myth was not just a minor addition to the Schelling’s theory, but it played an important, often crucial role.

Transcendentalizm a twórczość Tischnera. Recenzja: A. Borowicz "Transcendentalizm w filozofii Józefa Tischnera. Gdańsk 2010

Author(s): Agnieszka Wesołowska / Language(s): Polish Issue: 30/2012

Własności monady i diady w "Theologumena arithmeticae" przypisywanej Jamblichowi z Chalkis

Author(s): Agnieszka Woszczyk / Language(s): Polish Issue: 30/2012

The paper presents characteristics of the monad and dyad which might be found in aritmological treatise attributed to Iamblichus Chalcidensis. The treatise deals with the nature of and relation between principles of numbers — the monad and dyad. It contains mathematical analyses linked with traditional Greek theology, and ontological characteristics of the principles are derived even from etymological arguments. The treatise presents many problems, final solutions of which, for historical reasons, needs to remain guesswork. It is probable that Iamblichus, because of his attention for Pythagoreism, addressing the claism of Nicomachus, Antonius and “the ancients”, was in fact presenting also fragment of his own teaching concerning numbers and principles which organise the universe.

Individualism and the NewLogical Connections Argument

Author(s): Anthony Dardis / Language(s): English Issue: 4/2002

Jerry Fodor argues for individualism and for narrow content by way ofrejecting an argument based on the conceptual connections between reason-properties and action-properties. In this paper I show that Fodor’s argumentfails. He is right that there is a New Logical Connections Argument to bemade, and that it does show that water thoughts and XYZ thoughts are notdifferent causal powers with respect to intentional properties of behaviors.However, the New Logical Connections Argument also shows that they arenot causal powers at all with respect to intentional properties of behaviors,and so Fodor’s argument to individualism and narrow content is unsound.Along the way I show that Fodor’s version of the New Logical Connectionsargument has serious problems of overkill.

The Sanctity/Quality of Lifeand the Ethics of Respect for Persons

Author(s): Massimo Reichlin / Language(s): English Issue: 4/2002

It is often argued that scientific developments in the area of biomedicine callfor new ethical paradigms. Given the inadequacies of the traditional“sanctity-of-life ethics” (SLE), many have argued for a quality-of-life ethics(QLE), based on a non-speciesistic theory of the value of life. In this paper, Iclaim that QLE cannot account for the normativity of moral judgments,which can be explained only within the context of a theory of practicalrationality: the peculiarity of moral normativity calls for an ethics based onrespect for rational creatures. I then go on to argue that the ethics of respectfor persons (ERP) is not equivalent to SLE; that it can ground the moralprotection of human “marginal cases”; that it does not rely on a scientificallyimplausible notion of human nature; and that it is not vulnerable to thecharge of speciesism. Lastly, I suggest that ERP is a strictly philosophicalinterpretation of the Judeo-Christian moral tradition, and that is a betterinterpretation than SLE. If these assertions are correct, then the necessity ofa new moral paradigm is seriously undermined.

Spatiotemporaland Spatial Particulars

Author(s): Noa Latham / Language(s): English Issue: 4/2002

The aim of this paper is to offer a classification of particulars in terms oftheir relations to spatiotemporal and spatial regions. It begins with anexamination of spatiotemporal particulars, and then explores the extent towhich a parallel account can be offered of continuants, or spatial particularsthat can endure and change over time, assuming such particulars exist. Forevery spatial particular there are spatiotemporal particulars that can bedescribed as its life and parts thereof. But not every time-slice of aspatiotemporal particular yields a spatial region suitable for hosting acorresponding spatial particular. Events are spatiotemporal particularsthough not all spatiotemporal particulars are events. Objects and states arespatial particulars though not all spatial particulars are objects or states.Spatial and spatiotemporal particulars can be either bare regions, or thecontents or material contents of such regions, or property instantia-tions. Itis left open whether events are contents of regions, property instan-tiations,or both. But it is argued that objects are material contents of spa-tial regionswhile states of objects are property instantiations. Spatiotempo-ralparticulars can be changes or nonchanges. Events and states can beinstantaneous while objects cannot.

Moral Realism: A Naturalistic Perspective

Author(s): Michael Devitt / Language(s): English Issue: 4/2002

1. What is moral realism? The paper rejects standard answers (Sayre-McCord, Railton) in terms of truth and meaning. These standard answers are partly motivated by the phenomenon of noncognitivism. Noncognitivism does indeed cause trouble for a straightforwardly metaphysical answer but still such an answer can be given. 2. Why believe moral realism? It is prima facie plausible and its alternatives are not. Major worry: How can moral realism be fitted into a naturalistic world view? 3. But what about the arguments against moral realism? The paper looks critically at the argument from “queerness”, the argument from relativity, the argument from explanation, and epistemological arguments. 4. The paper concludes with some brief and inadequate remarks on fulfilling the naturalistic project.

Margaret Moore, The Ethics of Nationalism

Author(s): Nenad Miščević / Language(s): English Issue: 4/2002

Semantic Naturalismand Normativity

Author(s): Nenad Smokrović / Language(s): English Issue: 4/2002

In traditional semantic theory the meaning of a word or operator (logicalconstant) is permeated with normativity. It is held that if one grasps themeaning of a word (or logical constant), one ought to behave in a certainway. This view is labelled as normativism here. Normativists hold thatmeaning is intrinsically and irreducibly normative. The naturalistic approachto semantics, on the other hand, which tries to reconcile the traditionalapproach to meaning with a naturalistic world-view, has to naturalise thenormative character of meaning. Naturalists employ several strategies ofargumentation, two of which I deem to be particularly significant. These twostrategies are exemplified by P. Horwich’s revisionistic and C. Peacocke’sreductionistic approaches. This paper elucidates and critiques the former.My criticism tries to show that Horwich’s theory does not offer a successfulanswer to the normativist challenge.

Many Minds, No Persons

Author(s): W. R. Carter / Language(s): English Issue: 4/2002

Four non-Cartesian conceptions of a person are considered. I argue for one ofthese, a position called animalism. I reject the idea that a (human) personcoincides with, but is numerically distinct from, a certain human animal.Coinciding physical beings would both be psychological subjects. I arguethat such subjects could not engage in self-reference. Since self-reference (orthe capacity for self-reference) is a necessary condition for being a person, nophysical subject coincident with another such subject can be a person. I takeall of this to support the view that we (human persons) are identical withhuman animals.

Pagėgių vietovardis rašytiniuose šaltiniuose. Pirmieji paminėjimai

Author(s): Vytenis Almonaitis / Language(s): Lithuanian Issue: 44/2005

Pogegen (lit. Pagėgiai) ist eine der ältesten und bedeutendsten Siedlungen im historischen Gebiet Schalauen (lit. Skalva). In dieser Arbeit wird ein Versuch unternommen, die erste Erwähnung dieses Ortsnamens in den bekannten schriftlichen Quellen festzustellen. Bis jetzt wurden in der wissenschaftlichen und in der populären Literatur zwei Daten angegeben: 1281 und 1307. Auf das letzte Datum als das wahrscheinliche haben die Forscher P.Karge, H. und G. Mortensen, A.Salys, J.Jakštas hingewiesen. Das Datum von 1281 wurde im Zusammenhang mit der Erwähnung in den Enzyklopädienen, die im sowjetischen Litauen in den Jahren 1968, 1981, 1987 und 1989 herausgegeben wurden, verbreitet. In den Texten, in denen man sich an das Gründungsdatum 1281 von Pogegen hält, gibt es keinen konkreten Hinweis auf historische Quellen. Dabei findet man weder in der Akte, die 1281 dem Schalven Jandele ausgestellt wurde, noch in der Chronik von Peter von Dusburg wie auch in den anderen bekannten Quellen aus dem Ende des XIII. Jahrhunderts eine Erwähnung über Pogegen (oder über einen ähnlichen Ortsnamen). Somit kann man die Schlussfolgerung ziehen, dass in den sowjetischen Enzyklopädien das Datum 1281 fehlerhaft aufgezeigt wurde. Vermutlich ist das falsche Datum 1281 aus der Historiographie übernommen, und zwar aus dem Buch „Tautiniai santykiai Maž. Lietuvoje“ („Die Nationalitätenverhältnisse in Klein-Litauen“), das 1935 von Vincas Vileišis herausgegeben wurde und in dem ein Korrekturfehler unterlaufen ist:[...]