ISTORIJA KAIP NARATYVAS
2006 m. gruodžio 8 d. Vilniaus universiteto Filosofijos fakultete disertacijŕ Naratyvumo problema šiuolaikinëje istorijos filosofijoje gynë Filosofijos katedros doktorantas V. Žemgulis.
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2006 m. gruodžio 8 d. Vilniaus universiteto Filosofijos fakultete disertacijŕ Naratyvumo problema šiuolaikinëje istorijos filosofijoje gynë Filosofijos katedros doktorantas V. Žemgulis.
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The article deals with the analysis of philosophy of education in Lithuania. The constatation of weakness of the philosophy of education is explained from two perspectives. The first one analyses a new situation of philosophy in general and changes of philosophy of education in the world, when researchers try to define the relationship between philosophy and education in a present day situation. And the other perspective describes a rather closed situation in the educational science in contemporary Lithuania, when philosophy as a methodology becomes an unrecognizable „educational" methodology. The danger of such situation is exposed in comparison with the postmodern theory about the power of educational discourse and control (Foucault). Finally some suggestions of how to change this situation in Lithuania are formulated.
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The lack of transparency of decision-making processes typical of liberal democracies and the related crisis of citizens' trust in political institutions are among main reasons for the success of illiberal democratic parties. According to critics of liberalism, too many decisions today are delegated to bodies that are not democratically supervised. The proponents of the concept of deliberative democracy formulate various remedies for this situation. However, this is not the case of the most popular version of deliberative democracy today – the systemic approach to deliberative democracy. The author of the article claims that this approach may legitimize "undemocratic liberalism" - one of the causes of the current crisis of liberal democracy. The aim of the article is to present and criticize the systemic approach account of the role of democratically unattended expert bodies in the political system.
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The illiberal democracy is the political system where majority of citizens rule, but where is not the freedom of consciousness or where the liberal dividing of power is absent. In the modern history of Europe the best example of this political system we find in the Calvinist Republics as Geneva, Emden and Netherlands. It’s not the democracy in the contemporary meaning of this word because the notion of “citizen” is aristocratic. The citizens are the members of aristocracy and patricians of towns. But in this time the citizens are the people only. This system is not liberal, because the Catholics are persecuted. The aim of this text is the presentation vision and ideology of theses Republics. It’s the mixture of sovereignty of the people-citizens with the theocratic tendency of Calvinism. In the theory of Calvin, and in the practice of theses Republics we are the tension between the “too swords”: spiritual (Calvinist consistories) and temporal (political power). In the literature we are many of allusions that the theological-political thought of Jean Calvin is inspired by medieval papal theocracy. It’s theocracy with “purified” Word of God, and inspired by the fear of the “caesaropapism”. This fear was just. Every theocratic rule in the Calvinist republican regime is finished by the supremacy of temporal swords. This text present the process of change from papocaesarism to caesaropapism in every republican case.
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The article presents the method of analytic description as applied in the theory of questions. This procedure, described by Tadeusz Czeżowski and broadly used in the Lvov-Warsaw School, is applied first of all at the pre-theoretic stage of research, namely to construct the conceptual scheme of a given discipline and to classify the objects of investigations. Ajdukiewicz’s theory of questions and its developments, in particular recent works of Adam Jonkisz, are presented as examples of the applications of this method. Analytic description is contrasted with other procedures, which differ from it with respect to the empirical basis and theoretical perspective. On this background, differences between various currents in erotetic research as well as the sources of misunderstandings between the representatives of these currents are explained.
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The author presents a model of moral responsibility based on the actual sequence and the notion of reason-responsiveness, and draws an analogy between this model and Robert Nozick’s model of knowledge based on the actual sequence. In addition, the concept of semicompatibilism is introduced and explained.
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The David Lewis’s article concerns the issue of penal substitution in the dual context of the contemporary system of criminal law, in which punishment does not perform a compensatory function, and in the context of the Christian interpretation of Christ’s death as Atonement. It may seem that we do not believe in penal substitution, but in fact we do believe in it selectively. There are Christians who believe that Christ’s death is a payment of the debt of punishment owed by the sinners, but do not believe that a murderer’s friend can serve on his behalf a death sentence. Most of us believe in penal substitution with reference to fines but not other kinds of punishment. In both cases the beliefs concerning penal substitution are clearly inconsistent. However, if selective acceptance of penal substitution is so common, perhaps it makes sense after all.
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The author describes the founders of the anthropology of the senses, which, according to her interpretation, constitutes a research basis enabling to comprehend assorted ways of creating and transmitting cultural values (in diverse societies and historical epochs). The text describes consecutively the premises of research into the senses, conceptual obstacles, and precursory studies and the directions of their development.
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The author ponders on differences between the organisation of the sensorium – defined as a sensory apparatus functioning as a complex operational system impacted by culture and, at the same time, one that creates culture. A presentation of diverse meanings ascribed to particular senses in different societies and of heretofore pertinent research, which makes it possible to define culture as an entity in all of its aspects.
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A reflection on “sensible community”, with the author first discussing political / sensible dichotomies, i.a. that what is rational, common, and pertaining to all, as well subjective, affective, and unique – so as to subsequently acknowledge the impossibility of separating those two categories. In his opinion, sensibility does not exist in itself but constitutes group activity, while sensible experience is that of collective life.
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A proposal for a new conceptualisation of sensual experience, with the author suggesting the term: “interception” as part of a critique of “perception” dominated by dichotomies and assuming an absorption model of experience. Next, he describes the instrumental approach to senses existing in the humanities and enrooted in reflections favouring a production of the repeatable and constant experience that constitutes the foundation of knowledge. Within a departure from this conception Topolski resorts to the concept of the “medium” conceived not as something that mediates between the world and the sensual body, but as something that defines the location of the subject, placing it between the senses and subjects (human and non-human) and referring to its mobility and interactiveness.
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The author embarks upon reflections dealing with the intersubjective dimension of the sense of taste and considers education as well as the globalisation and migration of taste or sensual memory. Taste is not exclusively experienced in the body but also shared with the world. The author stresses that with this meaning in mind we should speak about two processes: the externalisation of taste by culture and the internalisation of cultural taste preferences. Both this particular sense and tasting thus appear as culturally mediated and always take place in a given geographical, political, and historical context.
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The presented interview pertains to sensory anthropology: desire connected with the changing hierarchy of senses (in Western culture), the absence of tactile anthropology, the creation of new types of knowledge (e.g. via dance, exhibitions, multisensory projects) or the attachment of academia to the written word. The conversation ends with a reflection on the future of research focused on the senses, including the development of a language capable of describing new sensory experiences.
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This interview, dedicated to the multidisciplinary work performed by a senselier, deals with numerous questions concerning the sense of smell: sensory education, sensory racism, olfactory art or the possible emergence of a universal sensory language.
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At attempt at presenting the contents and material dimensions of children’s drawings used by Karol Radziszewski for The Power of Secrets exhibition featured at the Ujazdowski Castle Center for Contemporary Art in 2019 and 2020. The article poses a question about the category of truth conceived as an implicit effect of the autobiographical gesture and the character of material “proof” that is supposed to testify about that truth. By referring to L’Âge d’Homme by Michel Leiris oraz Denis Hollier’s The Holofernes Headline (Notes about Judith), commenting on the latter, the author of the article attempts to show the convention of the Radziszewski exhibits, which she treats more as a staging than a revelation, a question rather than an answer, and a depiction of a rupture of the subject rather than a manifestation of cohesion. At the same time, Katarzyna Przyłuska-Urbanowicz proposes a new and wider comprehension of the concept of “queering” biography: a quest for precisely that, which remains strange and incomprehensible within us and which belies domesticated identity and the consistent narration spun about it.
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What is an ethnographic film today? The answer to this question is presented on the example of an oral history project conducted by the author and her research team in Cieszyn Silesia on both sides of the Polish-Czech state border, which consisted in collecting filmed narrative biographical interviews with elderly Silesian women. The film made of this material and the report on the work on it, as well as the discussion of traditional ethnographic films about the region constitute the context of considerations on the ethnographic film and an attempt to define this genre: it is primarily a (more or less) artistic documentation of a meeting with another human being, revealing his/her original voice, drawing attention to the cultural context of this meeting, based on thorough knowledge of the area, referring to important theoretical issues, reflecting the presence of researchers/filmmakers. The performative and subversive aspects are of great importance.
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The author of the article discusses Peter Liechti’s documentary film The Sound of Insects – Record of a Mummy (2009), confronting it with the animal fairy tale genre: not human figures, antagonistic relationship, indefinite time, forest space. The director who radically experiments with the animal fairy tale convention, speaks on the subject of human condition and death. The hero of the film is a contemporary “incarnation” of Harry Haller, a steppe wolf who beliefs that he is incompatible with the world.
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The article begins with generalized remarks on anthropological film and its relation to the mainstream anthropology as a scientific discipline as well as its entanglement in the dominant discourses and modes of narrating. These observations become a backdrop for more detailed considerations on the process of constructing (creating) narrative in my own film on the mediating role of filmmakers, filming and photographing in a contemporary Polish wedding (K. Dudek and S. Sikora, Making it interesting… On mediatization of wedding rituals, University of Warsaw 2009, 73’). The author refers to the film to explain complex ethical issues connected with collaboration, filming and creating meanings through juxtapositions (cf. J. Clifford).
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The legacy of Jan Amos Comenius can be understood as a continuously professional and social discussion on the issues of education and learning. The article presents the idea formulated by J. A. Comenius in the Great Didactics: “If a person is to become a man, he must be educated“. In his work called “The gate of unlocked languages”, Comenius postulated the thought of respecting the natural, physical, spiritual and social development of a human - a child, a student and an adult. In the work “Labyrinth of the World and Paradise of the Heart”, Comenius characterizes learning as „difficult and bitter entry into life“. The article focuses on confronting the ideas of J. A. Comenius with the current, turbulent, electronic and digitalised times. The context results in the need for more investigation in the area of the didactic process in schools and further education. The author introduces suggestions connected with the improvement of the teaching processes at elementary and secondary schools as well as at universities and in adult education.
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