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BİR TOPLUMSAL KAYNAŞMA MODELİ OLARAK HALKA DOĞRU ve ZİYA GÖKALP

Author(s): Aydin Selçuk / Language(s): Turkish Issue: 18/2013

Alienation matter between society and intellectuals as being one of the biggest obstacles for the advance of a society, is one of the forward signs of social undone and social degeneration. Due to the modernization efforts for centuries, more remoteness between society and intellectuals has caused alienation of them. In this way, Ziya Gökalp’s general philosophy and a call whose subject is that Turkish intellectuals want society to make what they submit to the society a culture have an important content for putting away the existing alienation. This formula whose aim is to make wholeness between the society and the intellectuals is an example of a strong national formation with eliminating the separation between the society and the intellectuals.

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JEAN-JACQUES ROUSSEAU’NUN İNSAN ANLAYIŞIYLA AYDINLANMA FELSEFESİNİN İNSAN ANLAYIŞININ KARŞILAŞTIRILMASI

Author(s): Mehmet Emin Kiliç / Language(s): Turkish Issue: 15/2012

Sophists and rationalists that constitute the foundation of enlightenment philosophy, who were named as first age proponents of the enlightenment, must be mentioned before we talk about 18. Century’s “Enlightenment Age” thinkers. Sophists, who are B.C. V. and IV. Century thinkers, placed the human at the center of their philosophic thoughts therefore nature philosophy was brought to second place of importance in Greek philosophy and human philosophy obtained the first place. Sophists, the thinkers of Greek enlightenment, followed the way of filtering everything with their minds against the traditional Greek thinking based on beliefs. Protagoras who said “Man is the measure of all things”, Gorgias who said “Nothing exists; even if something exists, nothing can be known about it; and even if something can be known, knowledge about it can't be communicated and explained to others”, Antiphon who said “Naturally we are all created same in everything” and Thrasymakhos who said “Justice is the advantage of the stronger” and Kallikles who had ideas that remind “Übermensch” doctrine of A.D. 19. Century thinker Nietzsche are the most significant representatives.

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Rzeczowniki ʽm i gwy w hebrajskiej wersji Ewangelii wg św. Mateusza (ShemTob)

Author(s): Piotr Goniszewski / Language(s): Polish Issue: 23/2016

The following article focuses on the two Hebrews nouns, ʽm and gwy, in the Hebrew version of the Gospel according to St. Matthew (ShemTov). In the first three sections we present the presence of nouns ʽm and gwy in the Hebrew Bible, the Dead Sea scrolls and rabbinical literature. Then, we make a brief introduction to the Hebrew Gospel of St. Matthew (ShemTov) and we analyze the terms in the text. In MtShemTov term ʽm is ambiguous and could mean: Israel as the chosen people of God (1.21; 4.16; 13,14.15; 15.8, 27.25), a group of different peoples (10.22; 21.13 ; 24,9; 27,27), and a community of people, mostly members of Israel (3.10; 4.23; 7.28; 14.5; 14.14; 14.19; 15,30.31.33.35.36; Mc 9.25; 20.34; 21.11; 23.1; 26.5; 27.20; 27.24; 27.27; 27.64; in the construction smichut: 16,21; 21, 23; 26,3.47; 27,3.12.41; 28,12). The second noun, gwy, in MtShemTov is used to refer to the pagan nations (4.15; 10,5.18; 12,18.21; 20,19.25; 21.43; 24,7.14; 25.32). Both nouns, ʽm and gwy, are related to the problem of the relationship between Israel and the Gentiles, which may shed more light on the genesis of MtShemTov and Sitz im Leben of this text.

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Król Saul jako przykład osoby chorej psychicznie w Starym Testamencie

Author(s): Klaudia Rosińska / Language(s): Polish Issue: 23/2016

Mental illnesses are an enormous problem in the contemporary world. An increasing number of people suffer with psychiatric disorders and almost every family has members with some such difficulty. This dissertation presents an analysis of the mental state of Saul, the first king of Israel. Saul’s case is certainly complex, and simultaneously provides a greater certainty of the first king of Israel’s psychological problems. Three illnesses appear to be most likely in his case: schizophrenia, a delusional syndrome, or bipolar disorder. Three criteria have been adopted to make a better identification of the illness that affected Saul. The first criterion is related to the subject’s age at the onset of symptoms. This criterion eliminated schizophrenia as the first symptoms of Saul’s illness appeared after he was thirty, which does not usually occur in cases of schizophrenia. The second criterion pertains to the type of delusions experienced by Saul. They were paranoid, relatively logical and without hallucinations. This type of delusion attests to the likelihood that Saul suffered from paranoid syndrome. The final criterion is related to the changeability of the king’s behaviour. Consequently, it revealed that the changes were not significant enough to be identified as a bipolar affective disorder. Since a direct confrontation with the patients and observation of their behaviour is impossible, these considerations are only an analysis of symptoms described in the Bible. It is unknown how accurately they were described by the author, and thus a diagnosis cannot be certain in the end. The case of Saul also reveals that rejection and isolation are at the foundation of psychological illnesses. The risk of mental illnesses significantly increases in the contemporary world when so many people do not feel accepted or loved.

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Pozorny smutek sprawiedliwego w Księdze Mądrości

Author(s): Marcin Zieliński / Language(s): Polish Issue: 23/2016

The article analyzes the issue of the suffering of a righteous man in the part I of the Book of Wisdom. It is often treated by the exegetes as a sad reality that affects the just, yet after a careful analysis it turns out to be apparent. The text’s analysis shows that the author intentionally avoids joining suffering with life of the just, and emphasizes that a pious, virtuous life and divine providence defends the just against suffering. The only case of suffering experienced by the just (Wis 8,9) is considered as the result of mistakes of which there is no one to be free, even a sage. Suffering can be removed by enacting the instruction of wisdom, which reveals herself not as a comforter but as the one who respects and teaches. The article also suggests the influence of the stoic thoughts which portrays the just as a true sage who lives virtuously and consequently, does not suffer.

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Eklezja siostrzana a realizm Kościoła partykularnego

Author(s): Jarosław Moskałyk / Language(s): Polish Issue: 23/2016

Every celebrations connected with baptism, including current rounds 1050 – of anniversary in Poland, should remind everyone baptized about their participation in the universal and endless value. Next membership in determined community, being real reflecting the baptismal nude, is supposed also to support tightening bonds between different options religious. Today it is possible to talk about the fact that in Poland since the certain time a completely different model already started prevailing of inside Catholic and inside Christian relations.

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Sprawności moralne w wychowaniu wobec wyzwań współczesnej polityki

Author(s): Ewa Wnuk / Language(s): Polish Issue: 23/2016

The purpose of this study was to present the relationships between education in moral values and the objectives achieved by policy. The author discusses the concepts of politics and education adopted by Aristotle, St. Thomas Aquinas and St. Catherine of Siena. On that basis he analyzes how the improvement of virtues affects our daily life, choices, social life and political engagement. The four cardinal virtues in terms of St. Thomas Aquinas have been discussed. It has been attempted to explain their importance in achieving moral maturity. The author pointed out the importance of moral predispositions of those involved in power. It also refers to the current situation in schools with all educational programs and prospects for education of young people who as citizens are to find themselves in the modern world. On the basis of the analysis the qualities of a good citizen and a politician have been indicated. The nation’s welfare is based on the righteousness of a ruler.

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Religijność jako kryterium jakości narzeczeństwa i małżeństwa

Author(s): Sławomir Bukalski / Language(s): Polish Issue: 23/2016

The article deals with the issue of the religiousness of nupturients and married couple perceived as the criterion of the quality of the engagement period and marriage. The first part of the article presents the criteria of mature religiousness. Only such religiousness may be connected with shaping the overall quality of people’s life and the quality of living in marital relationship. The second part of the article relates to the theory of the quality of marital relationship by Graham Spanier and Robert Lewis. Their model seems to be the widest-ranging in terms of the meaning of the issue in question, namely the quality of marital relationship. The third part of the article presents the connection between religiousness and the overall quality of marriage with interpersonal communication and the understanding of love.

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Egzegeza Mt 28,16-20 z hebrajskiej wersji Ewangelii wg św. Mateusza (shemtob)

Author(s): Piotr Goniszewski / Language(s): Polish Issue: 22/2015

The following article is an analysis of Mt 28,16-20 of the Hebrew version of the Gospel according to St. Matthew (ShemTob). The first chapter contains an original Hebrew text and Polish translation of Mt 28,16-20. The second one shows the literary structure of this fragment and the problem of the origin of MtShemTob. The main section contains a commentary on MtShemTob 28,16-20. It seems to suggest that the object of the apostolic ministry of the twelve disciples of Jesus should be only Jews.

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Znaczenie terminu „ciężar” (baros) w Nowym Testamencie

Author(s): Tadeusz Knut / Language(s): Polish Issue: 22/2015

This article contains the analysis of the word “burden” (gr. baros) in the biblical texts of the New Testament. The phrase is used in different contexts and grammatical forms. Four points of the biblical texts were discussed to show the meaning of “burden” in the literal and moral sense. The texts reflect on the burden connected with the human work and his psychophysical condition. The burden has also an eschatological meaning and is present in all works connected to the Christian faith in God, observance of the Law, defense of the faith and the apostolic mission of St. Paul. The summary also reflects on the use of this word by John Paul II in his homily in Gdansk in 1988 during the third pilgrimage to Poland.

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Meaning and function of the Sign of Jonah in Matthew 12:38-42 and 16:1-4

Author(s): Beate Kowalski / Language(s): English Issue: 22/2015

The article deals with particular texts that are not limited to the resurrection narratives in Matt 28. In what follows we will have a close look at Matthew’s understanding of Jonah’s sign. What did he mean with the sign of Jonah? Did Matthew understand it in terms of resurrection? And if so, did he follow examples of the past? Why did he mention the sign of Jonah in this particular context of his composition?

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Mojżesz, Jozue i Amalekici. Nowe spojrzenie na Wj 17,8-16 w kontekście współczesnych badań nad powstaniem Pięcioksięgu

Author(s): Janusz Lemański / Language(s): Polish Issue: 22/2015

The article tries to evaluate the contemporary proposal of reading Ex 17,8-16. The way of the presentation of a relation between Amalekites and Jhwh tells us that Amalekites are the model enemies of Israel. Moreover, the role of the rod of God, Moses, Aaron, Hur and Joshua let us think that the text had been developed when the traditions of Pentateuch and the historical books of the Old Testament were combined together.

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Nacjonalizm jako skrajność narodowa w nauczaniu społecznym Kościoła

Author(s): Roman Misiak / Language(s): Polish Issue: 22/2015

The Church’s Magisterium has not commented on nationalism in a systematic and comprehensive way yet. The article brings the nodal points on this subject and describes Pope’s reactionsto the risks of extreme nationalism aberration that manifest themselves, both in attitudes and ideologies, and lead to conflicts and wars. Actually, the papal pronouncements of Pope BenedictXV and senior Benedict XVI have been put into analysis. The matrix of the analysis is particularly the knowledge of Catholic social teaching, social philosophy and political science. Social teaching of the Church, drawing arguments from natural law and Revelation, gives the prominence in the human community to nations and national values. At the same time, however, it warns against treating them as the absolute values. This basic error of extreme nationalism substantially disturbs human equality and undermines the dignity of a man, sacrificing him brutally on the altar of national interests. Extreme nationalism perceived as a total ideology that tends to become almost a religion or inhuman socio-political system is strongly condemned in the social teaching of the Church.

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Nie do powiedzenia. O głosie u Lacana, Ettinger i Woodman

Author(s): Anna Kisiel / Language(s): Polish Issue: 33/2016

In the picture entitled “Self-portrait talking to Vince” Francesca Woodman, an American photographer, endeavoured to capture her own voice. That which had been uttered became thereby unutterable, resulting in a sequence of doodles coming out of the artist’s mouth: the chain interrupted within the frame of the photograph in its attempt to reach the listener. This picture is both the space and the reason for the confrontation of two psychoanalytical views – Lacanian and Ettingerian – on the notion of the voice. While in Jacques Lacan’s thought the voice is introduced as objet petit a, inextricably bound to the Other and desire, Ettinger – author of the matrixial theory, practising psychoanalyst, artist, feminist, and member of the Second Generation after the Holocaust – defines this concept as link a, thus emphasising the connection inspired by the prenatal encounter, its fragility and intimacy. Collating these two viewpoints and the photographic art of Woodman lets one open the potentialities of the voice in the field of visual studies and consider the relationship between this notion and the senses. Such a juxtaposition challenges the boundaries of not only photography – the medium seemingly sentenced to silence – but also theory, for which the image can provide a platform of dialogue, as it relentlessly resists the reduction to solely one perspective.

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Słowiańskie teorie spiskowe jako pozanaukowe narracje historyczne

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Słowiańskie teorie spiskowe jako pozanaukowe narracje historyczne

Author(s): Konrad Kośnik,Justyna Filipiuk / Language(s): Polish Issue: 02/2016

The article presents an analysis of non-scientific histories of the Slavs – most commonly found on the internet and rooted in anti-Slavic (non-scientific Judeo-Christian) conspiracies – from the perspective of historical and cultural psychology. The narratives presented include those of the ancient (Aryan) origins of the Slavs and the erasure from historical memory of a Slavic great power, which are used to support arguments such as amateur linguistic and historical interpretations. The mechanisms for constructing these narratives reflect the ethno-national identity of their creators.

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„Bardzo nieliczni czują, że ich życie nie jest życiem, lecz śmiercią”. F. Dostojewski i L. Szestow wobec idei szczęścia i egzystencjalnej satysfakcji

Author(s): Michał Kruszelnicki / Language(s): Polish Issue: 33/2016

In my paper I set the existential interpretation of Dostoevsky’s Notes from the Underground proposed by Lev Shestov against the religious and psychological interpretations of this novel in order to excavate a vital problem in Dostoevsky, which is the inversion of hierarchy in pairs of oppositional categories such as normality-pathology, happiness-unhappiness, harmony- dissonance, omnitude-lack, certainty-uncertainty, joy-despair, faith-doubt. Following Shestov I argue that Dostoevsky embraces those categories that are traditionally mistrusted and negatively valorized and by so doing he rehabilitates the “underground”, accursed and unhappy existence at the expense of regular, “normal” life, easily founding spiritual certainty and every day satisfaction. Such an un-problematic life Dostoevsky’s man from the underground regards as a false, smug and eventually – “dead”. In further part of my study I focus on the religious aspect of Shestov’s later philosophy and try to prove that the perspective of faith gradually introduced to his reading of Dostoevsky in no way cancels Shestov’s early philosophy of the underground, despair and tragedy. On the contrary: if faith “obtained” is likely to become yet another mask of “evidence” and “certainty” and in this way might put stop to existential doubts and spiritual dissatisfaction, then neither Dostoevsky, nor Shestov himself, can easily trust it. In this situation despair and tragedy cannot but hold in Dostoevsky’s and Shestov’s thought and the circle of searching and suffering must remain vicious. I demonstrate the consistency in Shestov’s philosophical thought on Dostoevsky and its constant adequacy for understanding one of the crucial existential dilemmas in the works of the Russian writer.

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De Anima Arystotelesa oczami Franza Brentano. Budowa ludzkiej duszy na podstawie Die Psychologiedes Aristoteles, insbesondere seine Lehre vom nous poietikos oraz w kontekście pozostałych prac ze zbioru Aristotelica

Author(s): Sonia Kamińska / Language(s): Polish Issue: 33/2016

This paper is a part of a project devoted to Brentano’s Aristotelian writings. I concentrate on his habilitation about Aristotle’s psychology, and especially on how he understood Aristotle’s division of mental life into three levels as well as the functions typical for these levels. I analyze two notions that Brentano introduces in his account: Zwischenglieder, meaning intermediary “levels” within the soul enabling smooth passages between the vegetative soul and sensory soul and between the latter and intellectual soul; and Gottverwandtschaft, i.e. human kinship with God, which is possible thanks to the noblest part of the soul. I also introduce two metaphors of the soul: cake-metaphor and fabric-metaphor.

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Logika miejsca i jej zastosowania w analizie niektórych rozumowań prawniczych

Author(s): Anna Kozanecka-Dymek / Language(s): Polish Issue: 33/2016

The subject of the consideration contained in the article is topological logic interpreted as place logic and its possible applications in a logical analysis of legal reasoning. The first part of the article is about significance of widely understood spatial element in a law and about a role of formal logic in legal sciences (especially in dogmatic of law) and in legal discourse. There are also given conditions imposed on logical systems which can be applied to analyse legal reasoning. In the second part there is characterization of topological logic interpreted as place logic. In the third part there are examples of formalization of sentences of legal language and of legal inferences using symbols occurring in place logic. In the article there is shown that such kind of logic can be applied to logical analysis some reasoning conducted in legal language, specifically such reasoning in which there appear sentences including, in an explicit or a hidden way, phrase “in place”, that is, information about that, where certain events are realized.

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Bertranda Russella koncepcja monizmu neutralnego

Author(s): Jacek Jarocki / Language(s): Polish Issue: 33/2016

The metaphysical view of Bertrand Russell, called neutral monism, is not widely known today, although its impact on the contemporary debate over mind-body problem is clearly visible. The aim of this paper is to answer the question: what was Russell’s neutral monism? Firstly, I present the views of Russell’s predecessors – Ernst Mach and William James. Then, I discuss Russell’s own thought which can be divided into three phases. The initial phase is the rejection of neutral monism (mainly because of Russell’s commitments to epistemology). The second phase – I call it the first neutral monism – appears in The Analysis of Mind, where he proposes a deflationary theory of the object and the subject. The last, third phase – called the second neutral monism, initiated in 1927 in The Analysis of Matter and An Outline of Philosophy – introduces the notions of intrinsic and extrinsic properties. Finally, I suggest that the agnostic metaphysics of Russell is too reductive for a dualist and too mysterious for a materialist. However, it might be also true that Russell’s view is more epistemological than metaphysical, and the frames of (misleading) Cartesian dictionary of mind/matter may be too narrow for neutral monism to be pertinently interpreted.

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Korzenie myśli libertariańskiej

Author(s): Hubert Staśkiewicz / Language(s): Polish Issue: 33/2016

In this article I discuss the roots of libertarian thought. First I draw a little-known late-scholastic philosophy of the Renaissance period. Then, the theoretical basis for the libertarian direction created: Anglo-Saxon philosophers the Age of Enlightenment and French anti-statists nineteenth century. A fundamental contribution to the popularization this philosophy played in turn: Austrian economics, which created such outstanding figures as Carl Menger, Ludwig von Mises and Chicago school of economics under the direction of Milton Friedman.

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