Wyobrażenia zbiorowe – próba kategoryzacji pojęcia

Author(s): Magdalena Rekść / Language(s): English,Polish Publication Year: 0

The aim of the text is to define and examine the concept of collective representations which was introduced by Émile Durkheim many years ago, but since that not many scholars have brightly analysed it. According to the author, collective representations can be described as the system of following elements: myths and stereotypes, collective memory, collective identity, axio-normative system (including culture and religion) and collective emotions. All the elements mentioned aboveThe aim of the text is to define and examine the concept of collective representations which was introduced by Émile Durkheim many years ago, but since that not many scholars have brightly analysed it. According to the author, collective representations can be described as the system of following elements: myths and stereotypes, collective memory, collective identity, axio-normative system (including culture and religion) and collective emotions. All the elements mentioned above are related to each other, so one can say that the system constantly works. That is why collective representations are not constant, they regularly evolve according to political atmosphere and ideological context.

Dlaczego Zachód wymiera? Oświeceniowe źródła trendów antypopulacyjnych. Wzorce konsumpcji, samorealizacji i zbawienia w doczesności

Author(s): Konrad Hennig / Language(s): English,Polish Publication Year: 0

The western societies are shrinking and getting older. These demographical processes have roots in civilizational solutions explored and imposed by the revolutionaries of Enlightenment. The cultural patterns created by the 18th century philosophers are still and continuously actual. The set of modern and postmodern ideas including consumerism, self-realization and salvation during mortal life are the core reasons of demographical problems of western societies. People aren’t eager to have families and children. They perceive the traditional way of life as a personal sacrifice. They feel a strong need to devote themselves to their own desires and joys. People live their lives as they were to be the last generation of their nations and seem not to be worried or even concerned by that fact.

Istota jej odmienna zgoła… O Tiutczewowskiej formule-micie rosyjskości i Rosji

Author(s): Marian Broda / Language(s): English,Polish Publication Year: 0

According to the canonical, for the Russian cultural tradition and the communal consciousness of the Russians, poetic formula presented by Fyodor Tiutchev, Russia is – unlike all the other countries, inexplicable in the notions of profane knowledge – the sacred Reality. As Wladimir Soloviev appropriately recognized the nature of the accompanying conceptualization the world, it assumes, expresses and explains the understanding of Russianhood and Russia in terms of a “soul” and the “soul of the world.” In turn, according to the identification-diagnosis by Andrzej Walicki, we are dealing here with “Tyutchev’s imperial vision,” which, please note, confirms both the content articulated by the poet in the poem On the Taking of Warsaw as well as his apoetical political texts. In the theoretical perspective, co-created by both of these interpretative methods, it is worth looking into the mythical content and implications of the analysed vision of Russianhood and Russia as well as the mental-social basis, and the consequences, of its still lasting vitality.

Żydowska Koncepcja Przymierza w ujęciu Maxa Webera

Author(s): Lucyna Chmielewska / Language(s): English,Polish Publication Year: 0

In Max Weber’s interpretation, the covenant was a political instrument of the Israelites. In Weber’s view, the original goal of the Sinai covenant was the political goal – strengthening the defense force of scattered Israeli tribes, and within the tribes it gave the durability of socio-economic relations between social groups, mainly between shepherds of small herds and a farmers or a city military patriciate owning land. The covenant had a defensive character with regard to the tribal union and socio-political character in terms of intertribal relations. Israel was developing and gaining its specific character as a cult and military union based on free shepherds and farmers, uniting during the wars against enemies. In the later age of prophets, the covenant became a catalyst for the process of rationalizing and ethicizing the Jewish religion. This process was, therefore, a consequence of the development of the political consciousness of the Israelites, expressed in the form of the covenant with Yahweh

Polski etos narodowy: pański, chłopski, mieszczański…?

Author(s): Jerzy Bartmiński / Language(s): Polish Publication Year: 0

Etos pracy czy kontrideologia pracy?

Author(s): Danuta Walczak-Duraj / Language(s): Polish Publication Year: 0

Wartości codzienne i podstawowe w świadomości młodzieży maturalnej w Puławach

Author(s): Janusz Mariański / Language(s): Polish Publication Year: 0

Kobiety i kultura Śląska Cieszyńskiego na przykładzie Dory Kłuszyńskiej

Author(s): Izabela Desperak / Language(s): Polish Publication Year: 0

The writers’ Europe: an imagined community

Author(s): Paul Michael Lützeler / Language(s): English Publication Year: 0

What seems clear is that, in these writings of novelists and thinkers, fundamental ideas about, and designs for, the institutions of a unified Europe were developed. Many of these writers were exiled authors, and their international or transatlantic experiences protected them against provincialism and nationalism. Only in the wake of the catastrophe of the Second World War, after Europe had lost her independence, did the time appear to be ripe for building a new continental association (at the time a Western European community) that would have unity, economic cooperation and peace as its goal. And at that very moment in history, the vocabulary and grammar for a new political language, for a new common discourse on European unity, economic integration and peace were available, thanks to the continued centuries-old efforts of European writers and intellectuals.

Approaching Europe. Conceptions of German intellectuals in the 20th and 21st centuries

Author(s): Leszek Żyliński / Language(s): English Publication Year: 0

The discovery and building of Europe by Europeans has been a process to which writers and intellectuals contributed as much as rulers and politicians.

German and European experiences in developing national identity and patriotism – sheer resemblances or mutual inspirations?

Author(s): Jakub Gortat / Language(s): English Publication Year: 0

The problem of a common European identity and a group of values that are recognizable for the whole European community seems nowadays to be a more current topic than ever before

Identity and differentiated integration in Europe

Author(s): Zbigniew B. Rudnicki / Language(s): English Publication Year: 0

The fundamental distinction between us and them (insiders and outsiders), characteristic of the process whereby we shape our identities, is universal and timeless. It is already present in the first family-tribal communities, providing the basis for the most typical social divisions, and then later for political divisions. From a modern, contemporary perspective, identity has taken on a special significance as it now extends far beyond the boundaries of local communities, becoming part of the consciousness of large social structures, i.e. of national communities.

Cu privire la conceptul „Sfârșitul / Moartea filosofiei” din perspectiva fenomenelor cultural-didactice actuale

Author(s): Valeriu Parnovel / Language(s): Romanian Publication Year: 0

The present paper is a study of the modern of „the crisis of Philosophy” in the realm of the new cultural and educational phenomena, such as, the penetration of Philosophy in all spheres of education, the establishment of the International Olympiad in Philosophy for school pupils, of the International Day of Philosophy, the development of the “Children’s Philosophy”. The approach of confrontation allows to present the crisis of Philosophy not as its decline, but vice versa, as a turning point towards its Socratic model of existence.

Времето, Бекет и философите

Author(s): Antoaneta Doncheva,Georgi Kapriev / Language(s): Bulgarian Publication Year: 0

The text examines the possible effects of relevant time theories in the texts of Samuel Beckett. The focus is mostly on philosophers read or mentioned by Beckett: Augustine, Descartes, Schopenhauer, Nietzsche, Bergson, Heidegger. Time is interpreted as external condition and as an internal characteristic, as well as their convergence. The article discusses time structure in Beckett's texts as a concentrate of his existential experience in a debate with imposed time theories. He does not fully solidify with any of them and builds his own systematically understanding of the temporal or chronotope in his art.

The Communication Background of Philosophical Counseling

Author(s): Aurel Codoban / Language(s): English Publication Year: 0

Paul Watzlawick is considered a theoretician of communication and radical constructivism, with comments in the fields of family therapy and general psychotherapy. And philosophical counseling appears as a communicative practice, which uses philosophy as the most formalized semantics of human culture. The work of Paul Watzlawick, Pragmatics of human communication… should be considered theoretical prolegomena to any philosophical counseling. Unlike other therapies, philosophical counseling does not produce its content, which belongs to the history of philosophy and human spirituality in general, but, according to the post-modern formula, redistributes it through communication.

Posthüman Aşkın Ezgisi: Phantomat ve Bedensizlik Özlemi

Author(s): Sadık Yemni / Language(s): Turkish Publication Year: 0

Yazdığım eserlerde insanın ölümsüzlük arzusu, azgınlaşmış egoların yıkıcı ihtirasları, üstün insan saplantısı, siborglar, transhümanizm, tekillik ufku, posthüman süreç, distopik uyarı, ütopik teselli ve kâinat denen yazılımın hamisinin parmak izini sıkça ele aldım. Şanslı biriyim. Çok erken yaşta bizzat deneyimleyerek bu dünyanın görünenden ibaret olmadığını öğrendim. Çocukluk ve ilk gençliğimde ne bulursam deli gibi okurdum. Altmış küsur yıl önce robotları anlata anlata bitiremezdim. On dört yaşında evimde kimya laboratuvarı kurmaya başladım. Birkaç yıl sonra semtte, lisede kimya şakaları ve roketleriyle ünlendim. Bilim ve tekniğe merak, diğer âlemlere hassasiyetlik ve yazarlık birleşince, insanın yürüdüğü yol öyküleri yazanlar kervanına katıldım ve kendime has bir ritim tutturdum. Muska(1996) adlı romanımda çocukluğumda yaşadığım bu parafizik deneyimlerin başlıcalarına ayrıntılı olarak değindim. Hatırlayabildiğim en eski paranormal deneyim sırasında dört yaşındaydım. Bu, anneannemin gözlerinden kendimi görme vakasıdır.

THE QIQI TUSHUO BY THE JESUIT JOHANN SCHRECK: EUROPEANS THEATRA MACHINARUM IN CHINA IN THE 16TH CENTURY

Author(s): Michela Cigola / Language(s): English Publication Year: 0

This article aims to investigate the role played by various missionaries of the Society of Jesus in the development and spread of European scientific and mechanical knowledge in China in the XVIth century and specially by Johann Schreck (1576–1630); Chinese name Deng Yuhan). Schreck was a jesuit with a wide range of interests and vast scientific and literary culture. He studied in Germany, France and Italy, where he became a disciple of Galileo Galilei (1564–1642).

HISTORICAL APPROACH TO PHYSICS ACCORDING TO KANT, EINSTEIN, AND HEGEL

Author(s): Young Suh Kim / Language(s): English Publication Year: 0

It is known that Einstein's conceptual base for his theory of relativity was the philosophy formulated by Immanuel Kant. Things appear differently to observers in different frames. However, Kant's Ding–an–Sich leads to the existence of the absolute reference frame which is not acceptable in Einstein's theory. It is possible to avoid this conflict using the ancient Chinese philosophy of Taoism where two different views can co–exist in harmony. This is not enough to explain Einstein's discovery of the mass–energy relation. The energy–momentum relations for slow and ultra–fast particles take different forms. Einstein was able tosynthesize these two formulas to create his energy–mass relation. Indeed, this is what Hegelianism is about in physics. Isaac Newton synthesized open orbits for comets and closed orbits for planets to create his second law of motion. Maxwell combined electricity and magnetism to create his four equations to the present–day wireless world. In order to synthesize wave and particle views of matter, Heisenberg formulated his uncertainty principle. Relativity and Quantum mechanics are the two greatest theories formulated in the 20th Century. Efforts to synthesize these two theories are discussed in detail.

FROM SCIENCE TO PHILOSOPHY: ALFRED NORTH WHITHEAD AND THE NOTION OF PROCESS

Author(s): Francesco Maria Ferrari / Language(s): English Publication Year: 0

Ilya Prigogine (1913–2003) discovered that importation and dissipation of energy into complex systems could reverse the maximization of entropy rule imposed by the second law of thermodynamics. Beginning from a sketch of what a complex system consists of and some epistemological consequences, I will show which instances of process approach are able to give some preliminary ontological basis for a more adequate understanding of nature with its own indeterminacy, surfaced as empirical evidence inner non–linearthermodynamics. The idea is to connect these issues for reinterpreting the verification principle in experimental method, avoiding Popper’s criticism to it and in agreement with falsification procedure.

PAUL DE SAINT ROBERT AND HIS TRUE MEANING OF A TERCET OF DANTE

Author(s): Gianfranco Medici,Federica Maffioli / Language(s): English Publication Year: 0

Count Paul Ballada de Saint Robert (1815–1888), man of great genius and scholar of various scientific disciplines, shows with the help of science what is the exact meaning of the verses 22.24 of the I chant of Purgatory. Many commentators on these verses of Dante’s (1265–1321) masterpiece, in order to avoid the difficulties of a literal explanation and ignoring the fact that Dante knew very well astronomy, provide only an allegorical and fanciful meaning. The explanation of Saint Robert, on the contrary, is based on the astrophysical phenomenon called “precession of the equinoxes” which was well known to Dante.