Intercultural discourse in the philosophy of education: Theoretical reflection between generality and singularities

Author(s): Maria Kultaieva / Language(s): English,Polish Publication Year: 0

Intercultural discourse within the philosophy of education is regarded as its self-reflectionin industrial and post-industrial cultural contexts, including their national specifi city. The distinctions between theoretical priorities of the philosophy of education in industrial and post-industrial societies are analyzed as founded either on the logic of generality or on the logic of singularities. The logic of singularities tends to dominate in post-industrial cultural conditions as the culture of the knowledge society and as an important element in its system of education. The theory of the society of singularities (A. Reckwitz) is verified through the analysis of the changes in the self-understanding of the philosophy of education, which is trying to adapt itself to new cultural and social challenges. The heritage of the Enlightenment is carefully preserved both in the continental European and in the American philosophical tradition with all their diversity and paradoxes of different epistemic cultures.

The dialectic versus dialogical character of philosophy and its influence on the upbringing of younger generations

Author(s): Marcin Rebes / Language(s): English,Polish Publication Year: 0

The interaction of different cultures, traditions and religions played a huge role in the founding of European culture. Since its very beginning, this “crashing together of ideas” has accompanied the dialectic, which has been its value and also the cause of crises. This dialectic has enabled dialogue between man and man, but also their decline. In contemporary societies in which post-truth has appeared, the form of the dialectic has been radicalized. There are two kinds of radicalization, resulting from the situation in societies and the dialectic infl uences on those societies. For example, on the one hand, the dialectic has led to the elimination of opponents, and, on the other, it has enabled dialogue and sacrifice for the other. This article deals with the influence of the dialectic and dialogue on the upbringing of the younger generations. By reflecting on these matters, we can strive to not only analyze the problems but also to present some of their historical features – mutual relations and complementation of each other, through philosophical thought and philosophical pedagogy in Poland and in other European traditions.

Wprowadzenie

Author(s): Łukasz Jan Berezowski,Katarzyna Muszyńska / Language(s): Polish Publication Year: 0

Przebudzenie filozoficzne a kultura włoska

Author(s): / Language(s): Polish Publication Year: 0

The original versions were primarily issued in "La Critica. Rivista di Letteratura, Storia e Filosofia", a journal edited by Benedetto Croce in the years 1903-1944. The presented work is accompanied by a historical and philological commentary of the editor as well as a list of printed references related to Croce (both source texts and critical editions available for Polish language).

Ze świata idei Benedetta Crocego: o kulturze, religii i przekładzie: komentarz historyczno-filologiczny

Author(s): Łukasz Jan Berezowski / Language(s): Polish Publication Year: 0

This chapter outlines the most relevant aspects and specifics of three selected treaties by Benedetto Croce translated into Polish. The aim of this work is to provide Polish readers with better understanding of the Italian liberal thought, historical background of the epoch and other determinants of Italy’s social and political life such as Fascist dictatorship, imperial colonialism, attitude of Italians towards Roman Catholic Church. Finally, the question of poetry translation has been raised with reference to the critical editions of Croce in Poland.

Znamiona obecności Benedetta Crocego w piśmiennictwie polskim: studium źródłoznawcze

Author(s): Łukasz Jan Berezowski / Language(s): Polish Publication Year: 0

This chapter reviews literature data concerning the works of Croce printed in Polish sources throughout the years. The collected positions include both source texts and critical writings as well as biographies and memoirs.

Ewangelicyzm wobec wyzwań ponowoczesności

Author(s): Marcin Hintz / Language(s): Polish Publication Year: 0

The article presents the relationship between the classical Protestant Thought and the postmodern World. The attempt is the 500th anniversary of the Reformation in the year 2017. The heritage of the big reformation movement in 16th century is the bright palette of Protestant churches among them Lutheran and Presbyterian, called often as evangelical. Protestant, especially Lutheran theology of the 16th century understood the human being as a Gods creature who is in permanent conflict with Evil symbolised by Satan. The anthropological formula of Luther`s theology was simul iustus et peccator. In postmodern World such description does not fit in to language and pattern of the majority of people who live in the virtual and digital reality. In the political context, they live in a post-truth World. Article refers the ideas of Zygmunt Bauman (Liquidity) and Richard Rorty (Contingency) as protagonists of the postmodern philosophy in confrontation with recent protestant thought. The conclusion is that the Protestantism should leave the older form of big narration and try to build a dialogue with postmodern human being.

Sceptycyzm w kulturze reformacji. Zarys problematyki

Author(s): Anna Kołos / Language(s): Polish Publication Year: 0

The relations between Reformation and scepticism has not been clearly examined by intellectual history scholars so far. The aim of this article is to sketch possible perspectives on elaboration on the subject of two fundamental sceptical currents which are closely related to the Reformation movement: the first one being fideism or christianised scepticism, and the latter one being ethical scepticism of Erasmus and Sebastian Castellio. These ideas have been placed within a broader framework of preceding tradition, the importance of exercising doubt has been underscored and the perspectives on Polish investigation has been suggested.

Porządek dobroczynności w etyce Tomasza z Akwinu

Author(s): Włodzimierz Galewicz / Language(s): Polish Publication Year: 0

This paper aims to provide a contribution to the perennial discussion on ranking of our duties to help others by analyzing Thomas Aquinas’s conception of the order of beneficence. After outlining Aquinas’s notion of beneficentia as a virtue guiding positive duties to others I present his prioritization of these duties as a version of multi-criteria approach, developing antecedent ideas of Aristotle and Cicero. In reference to these philosophers, I distinguish a few crucial principles used for priority setting in discharging duties to act for the good of others: the rule of greater commitment, the rule of closer connection, the rule of greater need, the rule of greater benefit and the rule of higher worth. Then I seek to to highlight how these principles and their sub-criteria are accounted for and applied by Thomas Aquinas, focusing especially on his considerations how to resolve conflicts among competing rules of preference.

Problem zła u Kanta

Author(s): Paweł Pieniążek / Language(s): Polish Publication Year: 0

Kant consequently achieved the moral subjectivation of evil, referring it solely to human will and to the moral law established by it. The article shows, however, the difficulties with explaining the possibility of evil in the mature thought of Kant. They emerged from the difficulty with determining the relation between will and moral law and underlay the evolution of his understanding of evil. If in the Groundwork of the Metaphysics of Morals and in the Critique of Practical Reason Kant identifies will with moral law, abolishing in this way the possibility of the choice of good and evil, in Religion within the Bounds of Bare Reason he tries to establish this possibility. The tension between the moral and historical dimensions of evil is also shown.

Miejsce szczęścia w Kantowskiej antropologii moralnej

Author(s): Joanna Miksa / Language(s): Polish Publication Year: 0

In my paper I propose to analyse the problem of happiness in Kantian philosophy by taking into consideration the antropological perspective. I undertake to show that contrary to what is often said about Kant, he respected the pivotal role of quest after happiness in human nature. Kantian anthropology consists of two parts: practical and pragmatic. Practical anthropology is a science whose object is the human nature as it is actually given. The happiness there is defined as a goal shared by the whole humankind. Pragmatic anthropology is a project of evolution of the human kind according to the laws prescribed by the pure practical reason. The notion of happiness is included in the notion of the highest goodness. Kant defines it as happiness that belongs to those who are morally good. The happiness is a subject of analysis in the framework of discussion on duties of virtue. The imperative of love for our next of kin should be put into practice through helping the others to achieve whatever that makes them happy – as long as their aims are compatible with the moral law. All the arguments I gathered in this paper make one say that according to Kant happiness and morality do not exclude each other. Happiness is a part of the description of the human nature and morality a project of the evolution of moral agents, but their moral evolution is not to consist in destroying their natural characteristics. Morality only requires taht a normative order should be introduced as far as satisfying natural needs is concerned and the assumption is that morality and our nature can become harmonised. Especially interesting is the duty of helping the others in their search after happiness. Its presence in Kant's philosophy can be interpreted as an argument for rethinking of the relation between morality and empirically given nature of the humankind. Even though as far as its origin is concerned, the moral law does not have anything in common with the empirically given nature of the humankind, still, the putting into practice of the moral law is not conceived as a plan to fight the human nature but rather to limit it according to the moral law.

Powściągliwość myślenia

Author(s): Krzysztof Kędziora / Language(s): Polish Publication Year: 0

In the article, I postulate a „philosophical modesty”. I elaborate on its understanding in the works of Jürgen Habermas and John Rawls. I reconstruct conditions („postmetaphysical thinking” and „reasonable pluralism”) in which philosophy operates today. I show what consequences they have for philosophy. I point to the substantial differences between these two thinkers.

Czym jest filozofia? Rola filozofii w kulturze

Author(s): Józef Piórczyński / Language(s): Polish Publication Year: 0

Achieving great results, science and its ideological form, scientism, cannot eliminate philosophy from culture. The loss of cognitive, emotive and existential value and actuality puts an end to every philosophy with its method, object, and solutions to its constituent matters. The incompleteness of human existence, which is determined by the search for meaning and truth, is constantly bound to negate of the ever-new attempts to resolve philosophical issues.

Etyka i pasja w pracy naukowca

Author(s): Joanna Madalińska-Michalak / Language(s): Polish Publication Year: 0

The paper focuses on the issues of ethics and passion in the work of a scientist. The growing interest in ethical issues within science is linked to the changes we are currently experiencing and the increasing sensitivity to the need to develop and adhere to ethical standards of research. At the heart of the highest standards in scientific work is the accepted way of working and living of scientists involved in the creation of scientific knowledge. The presented analyses direct our attention towards questions about the possible relationship between science and the scientist's valuable life, about the development of science in the context of changes and challenges currently occurring in science, and finally about the ethos of science and the scientist, for whom passion is one of the sources of freedom and power to construct one's own identity

Liberalismus oder Republikanismus bei Kant?

Author(s): Christoph Horn / Language(s): German Publication Year: 0

Should we assign Kant’s political philosophy rather to the tradition of liberalism or to that of republicanism? Prima facie one might think that liberalism must be the right classification since Kant emphasizes, in his Doctrine of Right, the original, innate right to freedom. Many interpreters believe that he, thereby, wants to express the primacy of human rights. In this article, however, I argue that Kant’s political philosophy should be seen as a combination of elements taken from liberalism as well as from republicanism. It holds even true that the more fundamental aspects are derived from the tradition of republicanism. If we look at ancient and early modern forms of republicanism, we see that the peculiar way in which Kant formulates his normative individualism mirrors his preference for the republican tradition.

Die Moral der Exekutive. Das Charisma der guten Politik und eine ‚Fichteanische‘ Gefährdung im modernen Institutionenstaat

Author(s): Rainer Adolphi / Language(s): German Publication Year: 0

As a structural problem of the normative dimension of contemporary societies, the article shows that increasing real justice deficits go hand in hand with high political expectations of ‘justice’, while on the other hand the achievements of the law are often no longer sufficiently valued. This has a background in a certain way in which modern moral and political spheres have diverged, for which the theoretical significance can be illustrated with Johann G. Fichte. Fichte had tried to renew once again the Western cul¬tural idea of the political with maximum moralization – and for this very reason ended up having massive gaps in relation to concrete questions of justice. Today’s mental constellation can be described as ‘inverse Fichteanism’. There is a threat of – especially in the institutional state – a general moralization of all correlations, and above all a (moral) general empowerment of politics (absolutizing the executive). This development stands at the end of an erosion that took place during the 20th century, and which was reflected in the great theoretical positions of decisionism and, on the other hand, of legal positivism.

„Actio libera in se" und „actio libera in (sua) causa" im Strafrecht und bei supererogatorischem Verhalten

Author(s): Jan C. Joerden / Language(s): German Publication Year: 0

This article deals with the phenomenon of the actio libera in causa. With this expression traditionally those case constellations in law and ethics are denoted in which a person commits an act in a state of mental incapacity, but is responsible for this state himself. For example, in a case in which A kills B while A is completely drunk, and cannot be held responsible for killing because he is completely drunk (see Sec. 20 of the German Criminal Code). It is now questionable whether one can still hold A accountable for killing B, considering that he himself freely brought about his own state of full drunkenness. In this context represented models of imputation in criminal law will be discussed. Furthermore, examples from the area of supererogatory action are used, in order to indicate which model of imputation should be preferred in criminal law cases of actio libera in causa.

Kafkaeske Schuld – Existentielle Schuld und Gastrecht im Ausgang von Kafkas Roman „Das Schloss"

Author(s): Stephan Grätzel / Language(s): German Publication Year: 0

Based on Paul Ricoeur’s ideas, the paper presents the “Kafkaesque guilt” as a modern, unconscious and diffused form of existential guilt, in which we owe our existence to others and therefore we are guilty of it. Existential guilt as mutual indebtedness manifests itself fundamentally in the right to hospitality. One can deal with it only in a narrative. The guilt for breaking the law of hospitality becomes clear in Kafka’s novel Das Schloss.

Adversus calumniatores medii aevi. How the Middle Ages Paved Way for Modern Age

Author(s): Marek Gensler / Language(s): English Publication Year: 0

The popular opinion sees Middle Ages as a “bad” period holding that it was a time of regress in civilisation and that it was characterized by exaggerated interest in religious or theological issues leading to a neglect of all other aspects of human existence. The two claims are refuted with arguments taken from history of civilisation and science, as well as from history of political doctrines and history of universities.

The Antinomies of Practical Reason

Author(s): Paul Guyer / Language(s): English Publication Year: 0

The official antinomy in the Transcendental Dialectic of the Critique of Practical Reason concerns the highest good. But the entire Transcendental Analytic of the first half of the Critique also concerns an antinomy, namely the antinomy between freedom and determinism that was the topic of the third antinomy of the Critique of Pure Reason. These facts raise two questions: what does the treatment of freedom and determinism in the second Critique add to that of the first? And how does transcendental idealism, which is supposed to be the key to the resolution of all antinomies for Kant, play into his solution to the question of the highest good? I argue that we need to look to Kant’s previous works, especially Section III of the Groundwork, to answer the first question, and to his subsequent works, especially the Critique of the Power of Judgment, to answer the second: the second Critique clarifies that we do have a certain kind of insight through pure reason into our noumenal will, and clarifies that the postulate of pure practical reason of the existence of God as the ground of the possibility of the highest good has to be understood through transcendental idealism.